Microbiology Chapter 1

True or false: Viruses are considered living organisms and are classified under the Woese system as members of the domain Archaea.

False

A(n) ______ is a microscopic agent, which is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat.

virus

Which of the following is not true regarding viruses?

viruses are eukaryotic

Select the correct statement regarding photosynthesis.

Oxygenic photosynthesis is more efficient than anoxygenic photosynthesis.

Microbes have played a significant role in the advances that have developed during the "Century of Biology", such as ____________ for amplifying DNA and ____________ .

PCR, Genome sequencing

Louis _____ developed methods of making dairy products safer and the formation of beer and wine using microbes.

Pasteur

Who developed techniques for handling liquids (such as beer, wine and milk) and also completed studies on infectious disease agents?

Pasteur

What 20th century discovery has been instrumental to the field of genetic engineering by allowing researchers to cut and splice specific DNA fragments into microorganisms?

Restriction enzymes

Who established the four postulates to verify the germ theory and developed many of the laboratory techniques still used in microbiology labs today?

Robert Koch

Which scientist established a connection between infections in the maternity ward and physicians with unwashed hands coming directly from autopsies?

Semmelweis

Which of the following choices is a correct way to type the binomial name of a microorganism?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which event helped establish the science of microbiology?

The development of the microscope

Which microbe(s) do NOT have a true nucleus?

bacteria

All ______ are microorganisms, but not all ______ are microorganisms.

bacteria and eukaryotes

Which two of the following groups of organisms arguably play the greatest role in biological decomposition?

bacteria and fungi

Recombinant DNA technology involves the transfer of ______ from one organism to another.

genetic material

Work by Louis Pasteur and other scientists to show that human diseases could arise from infection led to the ____ theory of disease.

germ

The microorganisms that live in or on the human body are called the ______.

microbiome

The evolution _____ of photosynthesis in microorganisms generated an oxygenated atmosphere over time.

oxygenic

A(n) ____ is the general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as ______.

pathogens

Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water?

photosynthesis

The deliberate manipulation of organisms by transferring genetic material from one organism to another, a type of genetic engineering, is known as ______ DNA technology.

recombinant

T or F: Only two of the main types of microorganisms are found in or on the normal healthy human body.

False

T or F: There are many different sterile environments on planet Earth.

False

True or false: A virus is a cellular agent that possesses membrane-bound organelles.

False

True or false: Semmelweis first promoted the use of disinfecting agents during surgery, such as the spraying of phenol in the operating room

False

Microscopic organisms are only visible with the aid of a _____

Microscopic

Organisms that are only visible with the aid of a microscope are ______.

Microscopic

As a leading microbiologist during the Golden Age of microbiology, ____________ disproved the theory of ____________ and completed several studies leading to the germ theory of disease.

Pasteur, abiogenesis

Global pandemics are tracked by epidemiologists at the _______.

WHO

Which of the following processes is the decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes?

bioremediation

_____ is the specific process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals.

bioremediation

Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the subdiscipline of microbiology referred to as ______

biotechnology

The development of the ____ established the science of microbiology by providing a means by which microorganisms could be viewed.

microscope

______ microbes that are associated with humans cause no harm.

most

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in nonliving or decomposing materials was known as ______.

spontaneous generation

The term ______ is used to refer to the fact that microbes exist nearly everywhere on the earth.

ubiquitous

Select the contributions of Robert Koch.

-confirmed the bacterial cause of anthrax -established postulates to verify the germ theory of disease

In the late ____________ , ____________ designed several simple ____________ .

1600S; van Leeuwenhoek; microscopes

In the mid ____________ , ____________ was the first surgeon to introduce aseptic techniques into the operating room in an effort to reduce microbes and prevent infection.

1800, lister

Around ____________ , ____________ established four proofs that could be used to determine an organism's pathogenicity and related disease. He also developed many of the laboratory techniques that are still used today.

1875, Koch

is the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material.

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that do NOT contain organelles?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which of the following are examples of biotechnology? (NOTE: Please change all question marks to checkmarks for correct answers or empty boxes for incorrect answers.) Beer and wine production Bioremediation Recombinant DNA Development of biofuels Biofilm production

Beer and wine production Bioremediation Recombinant DNA Development of biofuels

If a large outbreak of food poisoning occurred in the United States, epidemiologists from which governmental agency would be involved in collecting data and determining the source of the infections?

CDC

The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles?

Eukaryotes

Microorganisms have adapted to nearly every environment through the process of ______.

Evolution

T or F: From 1900 to 2000, the development of antibiotics and vaccination campaigns had the largest impact on the mortality rate from infectious disease.

False

T or F: Genetic engineering has been done on microbes and plants, but not on animals yet.

False

Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?

Lister

____ is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

Microbiology

T or F: Human proteins, such as insulin and hemoglobin, can be produced by yeast or bacteria.

True

T or F: Our understanding of epidemiology has led to a decreased mortality rate from infectious disease, but there are still infectious diseases in the list of top ten causes of death.

True

T or F: Swabbing the surface of your skin anywhere on your body and culturing that sample in the lab is likely to result in the growth of millions of bacterial cells on the culture plate, even if you practice good hygiene.

True

True or false: Lister first promoted the use of disinfecting agents prior to surgery.

True

True or false: Not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.

True

Which defines spontaneous generation?

abiogenesis

Which of the following is true regarding all prokaryotes, also known as akaryotes?

all lack a nucleus

_______ is the breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things.

decomposition

For human health and well-being, it is important to have a ______ microbiota.

diverse

Genetic _____ , or recombinant DNA technology, is a method of deliberately modifying the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products.

engineering

What technology involves the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products?

genetic engineering

What is biotechnology?

The use of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes

What is meant when microorganisms are described as "ubiquitous"?

They are everywhere

The germ theory of disease stated that ______.

microorganisms could cause infection and disease