Microbiology Chapter 12
Compare Plasmodium vivax to Plasmodium falciparum. Why is the latter so much more dangerous? (see page 670)
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Do many cause human disease?
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How are Cryptosporidium transmitted?
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How do ascospores differ from conidia?
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In what category are protozoans in terms of nutrition?
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Know that fungi cause athlete's foot, jock itch and infections of the fingernails & toenails. See p 605-6
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Know the definition of obligate intracellular parasite.
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Name four other Apicomplexa that are human pathogens besides Plasmodium.
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What are Apicomplexa? Why are they important?
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What are Microsporidia and why are they important?
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What are chemoheterotrophs?
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What are diatoms and why are they sometimes medically important?
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What are dinoflagellates and why are they medically important?
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What are hemoflagellates?
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What are protozoa?
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What are pseudopods and what is phagocytosis?
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What are saxotoxins and what can they cause?
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What are some characteristics of this medically important phyla?
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What are some of the ways fungi differ from bacteria in terms of environmental requirements and nutritional characteristics?
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What are the characteristics of algae?
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What are the intermediate and definitive hosts for malaria?
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What are the similarities and differences between systemic, subcutaneous and cutaneous mycoses?
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What are the three ways that protozoa can reproduce asexually?
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What causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (pages 633-635)? Why is it important?
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What disease does Entamoeba histolytica cause (See 738)? How is it transmitted?
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What disease is caused by Giardia lamblia (See 736)?
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What diseases do they cause? (see pages 356, 668, 673, 737, 738 & 740)
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What do they eat?
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What does Plasmodium cause and why is that important?
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What does domoic acid cause?
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What happens in protozoan conjugation?
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What is African trypanosomiasis and why is it important? (see pages 354 & 629)
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What is Aspergillus? What type of mycosis does it produce? What kind of pathogen is it? What kind of spores does it produce?
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What is Blastomyces dermatitidis? What type of mycosis does it produce? What kind of pathogen is it? What kind of spores does it produce?
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What is Candida albicans? What type of mycosis does it produce? What kind of pathogen is it? Where is it typically found? See p 606
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What is Chagas' disease and why is it important? (see pages 356 and 666)
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What is Coccidioides immitis? What type of mycosis does it produce? What kind of pathogen is it?
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What is Cryptococcus gattii? Why is it important? See p 632.
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What is Cryptococcus neoformans? What type of mycosis does it produce? What kind of pathogen is it? Where is it typically found? See p 632
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What is Histoplasma capsulatum? What type of mycosis does it produce? What kind of pathogen is it? What kind of spores does it produce?
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What is Leishmaniasis and why is it important? (see pages 356 and 672)
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What is Pneumocystis and why is it important?
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What is Pneumocystis pneumonia? See p 704
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What is Pneumocystis? What type of mycosis does it produce? What kind of pathogen is it?
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What is Rhizopus? What type of mycosis does it produce? What kind of pathogen is it? What kind of spores does it produce?
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What is Stachybotrys and why is it important?
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What is a cytostome used for?
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What is a sporozoite?
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What is an intermediate host and what is a definitive host?
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What is an opportunistic pathogen?
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What is aspergillosis? See p 705
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What is blastomycosis? See p 704-5
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What is ciguatera?
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What is coccidioidomycosis? (see 703)
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What is encystment, and why does it occur?
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What is histoplasmosis? See p 702
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What is in them that is responsible for photosynthesis?
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What is plasmogamy? Karyogamy? Meiosis?
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What is ringworm? See p 605
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What is schizogony?
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What is the life cycle of Enephalitozoon, a microsporidian?
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What is the life cycle of Plasmodium vivax?
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What is the life cycle of Rhizopus (sexual and asexual)?
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What is the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?
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What is the trophozoite stage?
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What is their nutritional type? cellular arrangement? food acquisition method?
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Which category of protozoans produces oocysts?
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Which important human pathogens are dimorphic?
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Which one is associated with ticks & has been found in Minnesota & Wisconsin?
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Which pathogen is the most common cause of yeast infections?
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Why are red tides medically important?
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Why can pulmonary infections due to Rhizopus, Aspergillus & Mucor be so dangerous?
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Why might malaria increase in the United States? (see pages 668-672)
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What are arthroconidia? Blastoconidia? Chlamydoconidia?
Arthroconidia: conidia formed by fragmentation of a septate hypha into single, slightly thickened cells Blastoconidia: consists of buds coming off the parent cell Chlamydoconidia: is a thick-walled spore formed by rounding and enlargement within a hyphal segment
How are fungal spores similar and different from endospores?
Bacterial endospores allow a bacteria cell to survive adverse environmental conditions. A single vegetative bacterial cell forms one endospore, which eventually germinates to produce a single vegetative bacteria cell.
What is the difference between budding and fission yeasts?
Budding: the parent cell forms a protuberance on its outer surface. As the bud elongates, the parent cell's nucleus divides, and one nucleus migrates into the bud. Fission yeasts: divide evenly to produce two new cells. During fission, the parent cell elongates, its nucleus divides, and two offspring cells are produced.
What are five different kinds of asexual spores?
Conidia, Arthroconidia, Sporangiospores, Blastoconidia, Chlamydoconidia
What is fungal dimorphism? Under what circumstances would you expect to find fungal dimorphism?
Fungal dimorphism: two forms of growth. Such fungi can grow either as a mold or as a yeast. The mold-like forms produce vegetative aerial hyphae; the yeastlike form reproduce by budding. Temperature dependent at 37C is yeastlike and 25C it is mold-like.
Why are spores important in the study of fungi?
Fungi are identified by their spore type
Compare fungi to bacteria. Be able to state major differences between the two
Fungi: cell type-Eukaryotic cell membrane-Sterols present cell wall-Glucans;mannas;chitin(no peptidoglycan) spores-Sexual and asexual reproductive spores metabolism-Limited to heterotrophic; aerobic, facultatively anaerobic Bacteria: cell type-prokaryotic cell membrane-sterols absent, except in Mycoplasma cell wall-peptidoglycan Spores-Enospores(not for reproduction); some asexual reproductive spores Metabolism-heterotrophic, autotrophic; aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, anaerobic
What is the study of fungi called?
Mycology
What is the difference between septated and coenocytic hyphae?
Septated hyphae divide molds into distinct, uninucleate cell-like units. Coenocytic hyphae when they contain no septa and appear as long, continuos cells with many nuclei
What forms of reproduction are used by fungi?
Sexual and asexually by fragmentation of their hyphae
What are some of the characteristics of molds?
The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium
What are hyphae?
The thallus(body) of a mold or fleshy fungus consists of long filaments of cells joined together
Why are fungi important in medicine?
Used to produce penicillin
What is a mycelium?
When environmental conditions are suitable, the hyphae grow to form a filamentous mass
What are sporangiospores?
a sac at the end of an aerial hypha
What are conidia?
a unicellular or multicellular spore that is not enclosed in a sac
What are pseudohyphae? How do they differ from hyphae?
buds that fail to detach themselves; these buds from a short chain of cells
What is a yeast?
nonfilamentous, unicellular fungi that are typically spherical or oval
What is a thallus?
the body of a mold or fleshy fungus
