Microbiology Chapter 18
_____ 70. T/F: Lyme Disease is a self-limiting disease with only the mild bull's eye rash as a sequela.
False
_____ 78. T/F: It is not necessary to treat RMSF.
False
_____ 73. T/F: Infectious mononucleosis has a short incubation of 7-10 days.
False (30-50 days)
_____ 72. T/F: Doxycycline and amoxicillin are used to treat Lyme Disease over the course of 7 to 10 days.
False (Treatment is 3-4 weeks)
True/False 38. Approximately 20% of those infected remain free of disease and they are known as non-progressors.
False (by 1%)
True/False 35. When the number of T cells decrease by ¾, the diagnosis changes from HIV to AIDS.
False (by ½)
True/False 32. HIV is a virus spread through certain body fluids that attacks the body's immune system, specifically, the CD4 cells, often called B cells.
False (T cells not B cells)
3. ssRNA retrovirus A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
58. Treatment for this form of plague must ensue within a few days or the disease will be fatal within the week.
Pneumonic
1. Define bacteremia:
the presence of bacteria in the blood.
True/False 17. The malarial cycle involves three hosts.
False
True/False 39. HIV is transmitted only through sexual intercourse.
False
48. Define embolism:
obstruction of an artery, typically by a clot of blood or an air bubble.
True/False 18. Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the vast majority of malarial deaths.
False
True/False 22. Malaria is primarily spread by the male Anopheles mosquito.
False
50. List three routes of transmission for Acute Endocarditis: A. B. C.
A. IV/SQ B. Trauma C. Surgical
9. Plasmodium falciparum A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
A. Malaria
_____ 16. The vector for plague is? A. fleas B. ticks C. mosquitoes D. gnats E. flies
A. fleas
57. List three forms of Plague: A. B. C.
A.Bubonic; B.Pneumonic; C.Septicemic
52. List causative agents for Subacute Endocarditis: A. B. C.
A.Streptococcus sanguis; B.Streptococcus oralis; C.Streptococcus mutans
10. Staphylococcus aureus A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
B. Acute Endocarditis
8. Rickettsia rickettsia A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
13. Enlarged lymph nodes called buboes are a feature of which of the following diseases? A. Malaria B. Brucellosis C. Plague D. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever E. Lyme Disease
C. plague
54. Septicemia sequelae from a Gram-positive cell is probably due to a reaction to the_______.
Cell wall
True/False 33. HIV is unable to permanently integrate the viral genes into the host genome, so it is unable to be passed onto progeny cells.
False
_____ 42. Endocarditis A. is known to have two distinct variations, each with distinct groups of causative agents. B. can be acute or subacute C. can be caused by bacteria, and on rare occasions can be caused by fungi, viruses, and trauma. D. All of the above are correct. E. None of the above are correct concerning endocarditis
D. All of the above are correct.
7. Bartonella henslae A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
D. Cat Scratch Fever
12. Which of the following diseases is endemic in rodent populations worldwide? A. Cat Scratch Fever B. Brucellosis C. Yellow Fever D. Plague E. Malaria
D. Plague
64. Define Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC):
DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a condition in which small blood clots develop throughout the bloodstream, blocking small blood vessels. The increased clotting depletes the platelets and clotting factors needed to control bleeding, causing excessive bleeding.
_____ 41. In the USA, diagnosis with AIDS requires testing positive for the virus and one of the following: A. CD4 cells below 200 cells/microliter of blood B. CD4 cells accounting for fewer than 14% of lymphocytes C. Experiencing one or more AIDS-defining illnesses D. Only A and C are correct E. A, B, and C are correct.
E. A, B, and C are correct.
31. In the United States, which of the following statements are considered true for malaria? A. Since 1951, malaria has been considered to be eradicated from the USA. B. It is possible to become infected here in South Carolina with malaria from the bite of an infected mosquito that has traveled from an endemic area via air travel. C. Transfusion-transmitted malaria is rare in the United States D. In congenital malaria, infected mothers transmit parasites to their child during pregnancy before or during delivery. Therefore, though congenital transmission is rare. E. All of the above are correct statements.
E. All of the above are correct statements.
30. Travelers can use the following items to protect themselves against malaria: A. malaria pills B. insect repellent C. long-sleeved clothing D. bednet and flying insect spray E. All of the above items may be used.
E. All of the above items may be used.
_____ 15. Which of these diseases has a relatively high incidence in 15 to 24 year olds? A. Brucellosis B. Acute Endocarditis C. HIV D. Plague E. Infectious mononucleosis
E. Infectious mononucleosis
_____ 40. HIV can be transmitted through all of the following except: A. Saliva B. Urine C. Tears D. Sweat E. None of the above fluids are infective.
E. None of the above fluids are infective.
4. Yersinia pestis A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
E. Plague
_____ 14. Which of the following diseases are zoonosis? A. Plague B. Cat Scratch Fever C. Infectious mononucleosis D. All of the above are correct. E.Only A and B are correct.
E.Only A and B are correct.
49. What does it mean to have vegetations on a heart valve?
Endocarditis is often caused by the growth of bacteria on one of the heart valves, leading to a mass known as a vegetation.
66. Lyme Disease is characterized by a bull's eye rash known as ______.This rash is an early symptom in 70% of cases and is located ____.
Erythema migrans; site of the tick bite
11. Streptococcus pyogenes A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
F. Subacute Endocarditis
61. The primary agent of transmission of the plague bacterium is the _______________, which regurgitates the infective material into a bite wound on the human. The bacteria actually block the vector's esophagus and eventually starves it.
Flea
6. Epstein - Barr Virus A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
G. Infectious mononucleosis
5. Borrelia burgdorferi A. Malaria B. Acute Endocarditis C. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever D. Cat Scratch Fever E. Plague F. Subacute Endocarditis G. Infectious mononucleosis H. Lyme Disease I. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
H. Lyme Disease
45. Define Osler's nodes:
small painful nodes on the pads of fingers and toes
44. Define Janeway lesions: _
small, painless skin spots on palm or sole
63. Define purpura:
Purpura occurs when small blood vessels burst, causing blood to pool under the skin. This can create purple spots on the skin that range in size from small dots to large patches. Purpura spots are generally benign, but may indicate a more serious medical condition, such as a blood clotting disorder.
77. ____________________________ is more common than Lyme Disease and is transmitted by hard ticks, such as _____, ____, and ____. It causes a distinctive full body rash that covers even the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
RMSF; Wood tick; Lone star tick; American dog tick
True/False 21. Plasmodium species are obligate intracellular parasites of red blood cells (RBCs).
True
65. ____________________ plague results visible darkening of the skin due to purpura, DIC, necrosis, and gangrene and was often called "_________ ________________ ____________". Mortality rates are ________________ with treatment and ____________ without treatment.
Septicemic; the black death; 30-50%; 100%
51. List causative agents for Acute Endocarditis: A. Most often caused by: B. Sometimes caused by:
Staphylococcus aureus (most common) Sometimes: Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhea
True/False 23. In malarial diseases, the sporozoites are the asexual, motile phase that is injected into the human.
True
True/False 25. Information regarding the species of malaria and the part of the world in which the infection was acquired help determine the probability that the organism is resistant to certain antimalarial drugs.
True
True/False 27. Most drugs used in treatment are active against the parasite forms in the blood (the form that causes disease) and primaquine is active against the dormant parasite liver forms (hypnozoites) and prevents relapses.
True
True/False 36. Daily PrEP reduces the risk of getting HIV from sex by more than 90%. Among people who inject drugs, it reduces the risk by more than 70%.
True
True/False 19. Cellular debris from the malarial hemolytic cycle accumulates in the spleen, liver and kidneys.
True
True/False 20. Infected liver cells in malarial can harbor dormant protozoans for up to five years.
True
True/False 24. Treatment of malaria depends on many factors including disease severity, the species of malaria parasite causing the infection and the part of the world in which the infection was acquired.
True
True/False 26. Plasmodium metabolized glucose at a very high rate, leading to hypoglycemia in the human host.
True
True/False 28. The cyclical destruction of RBCs results in anemia.
True
True/False 29. Individuals who are carriers for the sickle cell disease (with one sickle gene and one normal hemoglobin gene, also known as sickle cell trait) have some protective advantage against malaria. As a result, the frequencies of sickle cell carriers are high in malaria-endemic areas.
True
True/False 34. Reverse Transcriptase catalyzes the replication of double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA
True
True/False 37. With at home testing kits for HIV, it is possible to have a false negative in some cases and it is possible to have a false positive in other cases.
True
_____ 68. T/F: The Lyme Disease organism has the ability to change its surface antigens while inside the vector and again after its been transmitted to the mammalian host.
True
_____ 69. T/F: Hard ticks, such as Ixodes scapularis, are the primary vector for transmission of Lyme Disease.
True
_____ 71. T/F: The Lyme Disease vaccine for humans was removed from the market in 2002 due to poor sales.
True
_____ 74. T/F: Fatigue is a hallmark of Infectious mononucleosis but you may also experience an enlarged spleen and liver, gray-white exudate in the throat, a high fever, sore throat, cervical ymphadenopathy, and a skin rash.
True
_____ 75. T/F: The Epstein-Barr virus is known to cause a number of cancers due to its ability to infect B cells and later T cells.
True
_____ 76. T/F: The Epstein-Barr virus is known as the "kissing disease" due to its transmission via saliva, but it may be transmitted via blood and semen during sexual contact, and blood transfusions, and organ transplants.
True
59. The causative agent of plague is the Enterobacteriaceae known as ______________ __________. It is a Gram _____________ rod that stains in a bipolar fashion making it look like a safety pin.
Yersinia pestis; negative
46. Define petechiae:
a small red or purple spot caused by bleeding into the skin.
47. Define splenomegaly:
abnormal enlargement of the spleen.
43. Define myocardial infarction:
another term for heart attack.Blockage of flow to the heart muscle
2. Define septicemia:
blood poisoning, especially that caused by bacteria or their toxins.
56. Endotoxic shock is due to a life-threatening and dangerous, drastic drop in______that can result in_____
blood pressure; death
62. This form of plague results in a swollen lesion in the groin or axilla known as a ______________, which results from sever inflammation and necrosis of the lymph node in that area. The incubation is around________________.
bubo; 2-8 days
55. Septicemia sequelae from a Gram-negative cell is probably due to the release of a large amount of
endotoxin
60. The plague organism has a high/low infectious dose with only 3 - 50 cells needed to initiate an infection.
low
53. The above listed organisms in #52 are commonly found in the ___________ and are of _______ pathogenicity. They are often introduced through minor disruption from the following: A. B. C.
oral; low; a. tooth brushing; b. dental procedure; c. minor cuts/lacerations
67. The causative agent of Lyme Disease is a __________________, and it has an axial filament that provides movement.
pirochete