Microbiology Exam 2 the human microbes

disturb microbiomes -2

disturb microbiomes - antibiotics and chemotherapy drugs Antibiotics - Kills infectious bacteria but also disrupts natural flora. Can result in yeast infections, digestive problems, etc. Chemotherapy drugs - Gut flora has been shown to modify some drugs during metabolism. This causes many side effects, including upset stomach.

Gram-negative flora 4

enterics肠溶的, bacteroides, enterococci拟杆菌, and clostridia梭状芽胞杆菌

_________ is part of reason why people stay lean even abusive fast food

good community composition of microbial part of reason why people stay lean even abusive fast food

There are ________ on microbiomes for closer related pairs

here are more similarities on microbiomes for closer related pairs

Benefits of the normal flora - Stimulate the development of certain tissues 3

i.e., intestines肠, certain lymphatic淋巴的 tissues, capillary毛细管 density your normal flora help train your immune system

if a bacteria, virus, etc doesn't have the right cells to ________ , they find ______________

if a bacteria, virus, etc doesn't have the right cells to form a biofilm, they find another spot

normal flora in intestine normal flora - organism on the skin :

normal flora in intestine - e. coli, normal flora - organism on the skin : staphylococcus epidermidis

What abiotic conditions might differ between areas of the human body that are normally colonized by microbes? 6

pH (acidity), Temperature, Oxygen, Moisture, Nutrient levels, Disturbance regimes干扰状况 - antibiotics, steroids类固醇

biotic factors: Secretions of humans

saliva, mucus (thick and can catch microbial), sweat

sterility is : Sanitation is :

sterility is complete absence or death for all living things on a particular object or surface Sanitation is nothing but greatly reducing the number of organism on a item

Fecal Transplants粪便移植: the ______ of One Person Can Rescue Another Person from _______ Condition

the Microbiome of One Person Can Rescue Another Person from a Medical Condition

Benefits of the normal flora - May antagonize other bacteria: the production of substances which ________ species(3).

the production of substances which inhibit or kill non-indigenous非本地的species(nonspecific非特殊的 fatty acids, peroxides, bacteriocins细菌素).

Microbe: _______ such as 4

tiny living organism, such as bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or virus

use the antibiotics can lead to develop superbugs_________

use the antibiotics can lead to develop superbugs

Clostridium difficile艰难梭菌-associated diarrhea (CDAD)痢疾 usually results from__________ treatment and __________ of ______ microbiota, can be _____ even to _________

usually results from prior antibiotic treatment and persistent disruption of gut microbiota can be severe, even causing death

uterus 子宫is a _________ environment, so babies are born with __________

uterus 子宫is a sterile environment, so babies are not born with their bacteria

we study microbial __________ instead of __________- scientific mistake

we study microbial in isolation instead of in natural habitat - scientific mistake

when you are infants, the closer to the outside, the __________ you get from

when you are infants, the closer to the outside, the more microbiome you get from

is the gut mirobiome can influence obesity

yes, depend on what the microbiome is and more or less efficient to breaking down the food you eat

you can get mrsa from pet. b/c you ____________

you can get mrsa from pet. b/c you get some of the microbiomes that your pets have

1. __________ of different species on the ______ alone, The skin has _______ including slightly acidic sweat and antimicrobial peptides. 2. Some thrive on _______ , others thrive in _______

1. 1000 of different species on the skin alone, The skin has natural defenses including slightly acidic sweat and antimicrobial peptides. 2. dry patches of the elbow, moist environment of armpit

1. Concentration issues of microbial causes _______ , the more microbial biomass, the ______ pH 2. pH of stomach - 1.5 -5, colon is 5-7

1. Concentration issues of microbial causes colon cancer, the more microbial biomass, the higher pH 2. pH of stomach - 1.5 -5, colon is 5-7

How do we acquire our resident flora?

1. From delivery: The vaginal microbial community of pregnant women contains bacteria involved in digesting milk (Lactobacillus) 2. From feeding: The nature of the flora colonizing the intestines changes depending on whether the baby is bottle- or breast-fed

1. Kaitlin Hunter had near-fatal car accident b/c of _______ in her _______, 2. she was cured by_____ from her ____, 3.This work b/c microbe ___________

1. Kaitlin Hunter had near-fatal car accident b/c of devastating bacterial infection in her colon, 2. she was cured by fecal transplant from her mom, 3.This work b/c microbe know how to kill other microbes

1. Roughly _____ of you of your bodys cells do not belong to you, presence can "_____ you or ____ you", WITHOUT THEM YOU WOULD ______ ! 2. the human body has _______ microscopic life forms living in it

1. Roughly 90% of you of your bodys cells do not belong to you, presence can "make you or break you", WITHOUT THEM YOU WOULD DIE ! 2. the human body has 100 trillion microscopic life forms living in it

sites that harbor a normal flora: 8

1. Skin and mucous分泌黏液的 membranes 2. Upper respiratory tract 3. Gastrointestinal tract胃肠的 4. Outer opening of urethra尿道 5. External genitalia生殖器 6. Vagina 7. External ear canal耳道 8. External eye (lids, conjunctiva)

Benefits of the normal flora正常菌丛 5

1. Synthesize and excrete分泌 vitamins 2. Prevent colonization by pathogens 3. May antagonize反抗 other bacteria 4. Stimulate the development of certain tissues 5. Stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies.

1. _________ of _____ -delivered babies differs from babies delivered by ___________ 2. The vaginal microbial community of pregnant women contains_________ involved in ___________

1. The gut flora of vaginally-delivered babies differs from babies delivered by C-section 2. The vaginal microbial community of pregnant women contains bacteria involved in digesting milk - Lactobacillus

1. there are some microbes are able to kill ________ even though they may be in a _________ condition, 2. usually shows after you use ________ for _______ 3. hand sanitizer _________ spore forming organism

1. there are some microbes are able to kill spore-forming organism even though they may be in a spore forming condition 2. usually shows after you use antibiotics for something else 3. hand sanitizer don't affect spore forming organism

__________ and ____________ disturb normal balance of microbes on the skin

Antibiotic washes and oral antibiotics disturb normal balance of microbes on the skin

Antibiotics Allow a ________ to develop that may or may not create the same outcome as the previous microbial ecology

Antibiotics Allow a new microbial landscape to develop that may or may not create the same outcome as the previous microbial ecology

________ can disrupt essential microbial communities

Antibiotics can disrupt essential microbial communities

Antibiotics help cure infections by _________ that the human immune system can handle

Antibiotics help cure infections by decreasing the bacterial population to a level that the human immune system can handle

Antibiotics lead to new opportunities for _______ to overgrow and dominate an ecological area

Antibiotics lead to new opportunities for pathogens to overgrow and dominate an ecological area

Antimicrobial Products

Antimicrobial Products kill germs to reduce infection -Sanitation

Disturbance and succession: As the gut environment changes, so does the _______________ 2

As the gut environment changes, so does the microbial community 1) started at day 371, Switch to solid foods 2) you need right ratio of microbial

Bacterial cells outnumber your body cells ______ and comprise up to ________ lbs of your body mass

Bacterial cells outnumber your body cells 10:1 and comprise up to 4-6 lbs of your body mass

Bacteriotherapy-fecal transplant 1. FMI also known as _________, is the process of transplantation of ________ from a healthy individual into a recipient. 2. It has proven to be highly effective treatment for patients suffering from_________ associated ______

Bacteriotherapy-fecal transplant 1. Facal microbiota transplantation also known as a stool transplant is the process of transplantation of fecal bacteria from a healthy individual into a recipient. 2. It has proven to be highly effective treatment for patients suffering from clostridium difficile infection (CDI) that associated diarrhea (CDAD)痢疾

Biofilm:

Biofilm: a community of microbes that live together on a surface

Mice raised in a germ-free environment display: 5

Decreased nutrient absorption Less developed intestines Vitamin deficiency Underdeveloped immune system Heightened sensitivity to pathogens

What factors determine the species composition of normal flora in the human body?

Dispersal分散 --- obtained from another source, ex: kisses Abiotic无生命的 --- not involving life, ex: laptop Biotic --- involving life, ex: mom give soup to son, pets, cats

__________ could be a function of the gut community composition

Energy extraction efficiency could be a function of the gut community composition

Eye infection causes from gram ______ b/c cell thickness is_______ and _______________ _______exist on thin cell wall, the _______ of cell from_________can protect lysozyme from attacking eye to infection

Eye infection causes from gram negative - b/c cell thickness is very thin and lysozyme cannot exist on thin cell wall, the second layer of cell from gram positive can protect lysozyme from attacking eye to infection

Fecal transplant =

Fecal transplant = assisted colonization集群(现象)

For every ______ cell that is required to comprise your body, there are _____ microbial cells, There are ___________ of microbes on your body

For every 1 cell that is required to comprise your body, there are 10 microbial cells There are millions of microbes per square inch on your body

From feeding: The nature of the flora colonizing the ________ changes depending on whether the baby is _______ or _______fed

From feeding: The nature of the flora colonizing the intestines changes depending on whether the baby is bottle- or breast-fed

GUT : The __________ of the many different microbes can _________ from person to person b/c _________, Its important, usually gut microbiome that we try to change to treat disease

GUT: The number and amount of the many different microbes can vary greatly from person to person.

How does community composition impact function? obese mice has more______ than ________ which similar to lean diet

Gut microbial communities can impact risk for obesity, obese (more variation) mice has more firmicutes than bacteroidetes which similar to lean diet (less variation)

In bottle-fed infants, this bacterial population is ______________ by a Gram-__________ flora (enterics, bacteroides, enterococci, and clostridia).

In bottle-fed infants, this bacterial population is reduced and displaced by a Gram-negative flora (enterics肠溶的, bacteroides, enterococci拟杆菌, and clostridia梭状芽胞杆菌).

In breast-fed infants, ________ and ________ account for more than ______ of the total intestinal flora肠菌类

In breast-fed infants, bifidobacteria双歧杆菌 and lactobacilli乳酸杆菌 account for more than 90% of the total intestinal flora肠菌类

It is estimated that there are ________ in your intestine than ________ in your body!

It is estimated that there are more microbes in your intestine than there are human cells in your body!

Benefits of the normal flora - Stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies. ______ produced against components of the ______ are known to __________ with certain related pathogens, and thereby prevent __________

Low levels of antibodies produced against components of the normal flora are known to cross react with certain related pathogens, and thereby prevent infection or invasion.

Mice that received a fecal排泄物的 transplant from obese donors ________________

Mice that received a fecal排泄物的 transplant from obese donors not only become obese, but do so while eating less food...

Microbes hide in _______ to recolonize ________ after washing with soap

Microbes hide in crevices to recolonize skin after washing with soap

Microbiome:

Microbiome: collectively all the microbes in the human body; a community of microbes - collection of org that is outside and inside the body

Mom is also giving you ________ called ________ that she can't break down that baby cannot break down neither which became _________ to maker sure your________ and _________ stay alive in bady body

Mom is also giving you short chain sugars called oligosaccharides that she can't break down that baby cannot break down neither which became unique food for bacteria to maker sure your lactobacillus and streptcoccus stay alive in bady body

Obese gut microbiome contains ________ predicted to harvest energy from ___________ when consuming a given diet

Obese gut microbiome contains more genes predicted to harvest energy from polysaccharides when consuming a given diet

What biotic factors might differ between areas of the human body that are normally colonized by microbes? 3

Other microbes, Type of cells, Secretions of humans

__________ take your urine sample to analyze it in certain way

Piss profit take your urine sample to analyze it in certain way Ex: diabetes patents's urine contain a lot of sugar, they wait the urine to dry and attract ants

_______ regions are like __________ regions of Earth

Skin regions are like geographic regions of Earth

Some of the earlier resident of your body is __________ and __________ (major species fro____ spoilage under un-refridged temperature b/c of _______________

Some of the earlier resident of your body is lactobacillus and streptococcus (major species from yogurt or milk which is the reason of spoilage under un-refridged temperature b/c of microbial growth

Why human microbiome has 1,000,000+ genes while human genome is only 23,000 genes?

Some of the human genome is moonlighting which means it has more than one function.

Superbug- ultimate bug-

Superbug- doesn't have complete resistance to anything you have ultimate bug has complete resistance and nothing can kill it

first human living in gnotobiotic

The Boy In The Plastic Bubble b/c of weak immune system

Two most dangous word associate in biology is _____________

Two most dangous word associate in biology is "always and never"

Urine in the bladder is _______ before it came out the exit, sterile urine has ______________ smell

Urine in the bladder is sterile before it came out the exit, sterile urine has slightly fruity smell

Benefits of the normal flora - Synthesize and excrete分泌 vitamins

Vitamin K and Vitamin B12

a microbe's view of us: 4

a microbe's view of us: digestive system, respiratory system, genitourinary(urogenital)泌尿生殖器的 system + Skin

gnotobiotic无菌的 mice

all the microbial are in the body and external removed,

Benefits of the normal flora - Prevent colonization 占据；集群 by pathogens

competing for attachment sites or for essential nutrients