Microbiology Final

Describe the characteristics of chlamydia?

-Chlamydia is a bacterium but it behaves in a similar way to a virus as it reproduces inside host cells -It can result in infertility -The spread can be reduced by wearing a condom and screening for individuals

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in Listeria meningitis?

A pregnant woman consumes a sandwich with tainted deli meat and feta (a soft cheese)

What are key virulence factors of Shigella species?

A system that induces host cells to endocytose the bacteria. The capacity to pass between infected cells using an actin propulsion system. The ability to escape from phagocytes.

Which of the following could result in a tetanus infection?

A two-inch piece of wood causes a deep puncture in your arm when replacing a board on your deck.

___________ is caused by a Gram-positive resident, Propionibacterium, which uses sebum as a nutrition source.

Acne

How is Listeria monocytogenes capable of spreading in the body?

Actin in the cytoskeleton propels the bacteria into an adjacent cell

A patient complains of abdominal cramps, weight loss, tiredness, and a craving for laundry detergent. Stool samples were negative for bacteria and viruses. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Ancylostomiasis Hookworm

Complicated malaria includes episodic attacks but may be accompanied by _________________.

Anemia Hypotension Acidosis

Why do antibiotics sometimes aggravate septic shock? a) The bacteria chemically modify the antibiotics into toxins. b) The bacteria are resistant to the antibiotics. c) Septic shock is caused by viruses that are not affected by antibiotics. d) Antibiotics cannot reach the site of infection. e) Antibiotics may cause the lysis of more bacteria and the release of more endotoxin.

Antibiotics may cause the lysis of more bacteria and the release of more endotoxin.

The Ebola virus is a singe-stranded RNA virus that targets _____________, thus, the adaptive immune response is essentially stopped from fighting the infection.

Antigen-presenting cells

Which of the following statements regarding antigenic shift are true?

Antigenic shift results in a major change in the genetic composition of the virus. Little immunity to virus strains resulting from antigenic shift exists in the population. Viral strains resulting from antigenic shift contain RNA segments from different species.

In what disease do the larvae not only cause digestive problems but also may cause pulmonary symptoms?

Ascariasis

Which of the following helminths is known for moving out of the body through the anus, nose, or mouth?

Ascaris lumbricoides

Choose the true statement(s) about bacterial conjunctivitis. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer Bacterial conjunctivitis presents with a green or yellow pus-like discharge. Bacterial conjunctivitis is not especially contagious. Haemophilus influenza is one of the most common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis. Bacterial conjunctivitis presents with a watery discharge.

Bacterial conjunctivitis presents with a green or yellow pus-like discharge. Haemophilus influenza is one of the most common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis.

Which of the following explains the mechanism of dental cavity formation?

Biofilms on the surface of the teeth ferment sugars (especially sucrose), and the resulting acid degrades the tooth enamel and damages dentin.

After eating canned chili, two children experienced cranial nerve paralysis followed by descending paralysis. The children are on mechanical ventilation. Leftover canned chili was tested by mouse bioassay and the mouse died. Bacteria is isolated from the dead mouse and incubated in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Colonies do not form on plates grown in the aerobic conditions. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Botulism Clostridium botulinum

Which structure in the respiratory system is attached to the alveoli?

Bronchiole

In which disease does there frequently occur fast-growing tumor of the jaw?

Burkitt's lymphoma

Microscopic observation of a stool sample reveals gram-negative helical cells. This is a disease symptom of what organism?

Campylobacter

Microscopic examination of vaginal smear shows ovoid eukaryotes cells.

Candida

An 8-year-old boy has a rash consisting of vesicular lesions of 5 days' duration on his neck and stomach. Within 5 days, 73 students in his elementary school had illness matching the case definition for this disease. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Chicken pox Varicella-zoster virus

What are the most common causes of neonatal conjunctivitis?

Chlamydia trachomitis Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Which of the following statements accurately describes a chronic Hepatitis B viral infection?

Chronic Hepatitis B viral infections can promote cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas.

A 20-year-old man has eye redness with dried mucus crust in the morning. The condition resolved with topical antibiotic treatment. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Conjunctivitus Bacteria

What causes the formation of a membrane across the throat?

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Identification of this is based on the observation of oocytes in feces

Cryptosporidium

Which of the following is INCORRECT? a) Cysticercosis is caused by enterotoxins and may be emetic. b) The Mumps virus replicates in the salivary gland causing facial swelling. c) Enterobius vermicularis are commonly called pinworms and cause intense anal itching. d) Hookworms attach to the intestinal wall and heavy worm loads can lead to iron deficiencies. e) Ascaris lumbricoides infections are usually diagnosed when the worm emerges from anus, mouth or nose

Cysticercosis is caused by enterotoxins and may be emetic.

A 20-yr woman was admitted to the hospital with a high fever, rash, and severe joint pain. Her blood work was negative for bacterial infection. Her husband mentioned they had just returned from their honeymoon in Mexico. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Dengue fever Arbovirus

A patient goes to the dentist and complains of tooth sensitivity. X-rays indicate tooth decay. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Dental caries Streptococcus mutans

A 6-year-old girl was taken to the physician for evaluation of a slowly growing bump on the back of her head. The bump was a raise, scaling lesion 4 cm in diameter. A fungal culture of material from the lesion was positive for fungus. The girl's disease was:

Dermatomycosis

Which of the following provides the best definition for the term dysentery?

Diarrhea accompanied by pain, blood, and/or mucus

A patient presents with fever and a red, sore throat. Later a grayish membrane appears in the throat. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Diptheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Which of the following clinical signs and symptoms is characteristic of a mumps infection? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Dry mouth Swelling of the parotid salivary glands

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) Dyspnea refers to wheezing or loud breathing. b) Sinusitis is usually associated with nasal discharge. c) Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung or lungs. d) Laryngitis can affect the voice. e) Pharyngitis is associated with a sore throat.

Dyspnea refers to wheezing or loud breathing.

What is it called when there is only inflammation of the brain?

Encephalitis

An 8-year-old girl in rural Wisconsin has chills, headache, and fever. She enters the hospital and her condition worsens and she slips into a coma. Her mother tells the doctor she has been spending a lot of time outdoors and complained of mosquito bites recently. A CAT scan indicates swelling of the brain. She is given antibiotics but her condition does not improve. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Encephalitis Possibly West Nile

What are common causes of bacterial UTIs?

Enteric bacteria, main culprit is uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), or Gram-Positive bacteria (ex: Staphylococcus saprophyticus)

Jill and Sam celebrated their 20-year anniversary at a fancy restaurant. Approximately 2-weeks later both became ill. They both experience fatigue, fever, abdominal pain, nausea, appetite loss, and eventually jaundice. A news report on TV reported 25 people had become ill after eating at the same restaurant. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Enteric hepatitis HAV or HEV

Which staphylococcal infection is not correctly matched with its description? Folliculitis: Swollen, red, pus-filled hair follicles Cellulitis: Deep infection of the lower dermal and subcutaneous fat Scalded skin syndrome: Caused by the production of an exfoliative toxin Erysipelas: A milder form of impetigo with only localized inflammation and mild pain Impetigo: Presence of pus-filled vesicles on the face, lips, or extremities, usually in children

Erysipelas: A milder form of impetigo with only localized inflammation and mild pain

Which of the following anatomical sites is part of the upper gastrointestinal tract? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Esophagus Stomach

True or false: Ebola is caused by arbovirus

False

True or false: Epstein barr virus causes mononucleosis and yellow fever.

False

True or false: The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems, being "closed" systems, are always completely sterile.

False

Which of the following is MISMATCHED? a) Flu; Coronavirus b) Scarlet Fever; Streptococcus pyogenes c) Otitis Media; Streptococcus pneumoniae d) Pneumonia in infants; Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Flu; Coronavirus

Which of the following statements accurately compares foodborne infections to food poisoning?

Foodborne infections are due to pathogen establishment, whereas food poisoning is a toxigenic infection.

What disease often presents with fluid-filled vesicles?

Genital herpes

Which of these statements about genital herpes is true? a) Acyclovir will cure genital herpes. b) Genital herpes can be transmitted only when lesions are present. c) There is a vaccine available for the prevention of genital herpes. d) Genital herpes can be caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2.

Genital herpes can be caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2.

How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?

Gram stain of vaginal discharge or 3 out of 4 clinical signs (thin white vaginal discharge, clue cells on microscope, vaginal fluid pH >4.5, fishy odor of discharge after 10% KOH prep)

Which statements do apply to pnemocystis pneumonia and it's causative organism, Pneumocystis jirovecii?

HIV-AIDS patient are high-risk for this infection. The fungus does not make spores. The organism has some characteristics found in protozoans rather than fungi. Serological evidence suggests that most people are exposed to the organism in early childhood.

A 1-year old patient presents to the emergency room with fever, headaches, lethargy, stiff neck, and disorientation, with the absence of petechial rash. The mother noted that while her daughter was playing and eating normally that morning, later in the day she developed a non-specific fever and progressed quickly into her current state. When you ask the mother about her daughter's vaccination status, she states that she chose not to vaccinate her daughter due to her personal and religious preferences. Gram-stain analysis of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid reveals Gram-negative, encapsulated cells. Which of the following disease diagnoses is most likely?

Haemophilus meningitis

Paul lives in New Mexico. He often works on small projects in his shed. Over the past 2 months he has begun to notice fecal pellets throughout the shed and even small bite marks in a granola bar he left in the shed. One weekend he decided to clean out the shed. The following week he began to experience flu-like symptoms, body aches, dizziness, chills, vomiting and diarrhea. A short time later he began to experience shortness of breath and pneumonia-like symptoms. Fearing too many sick-leave days he went to the doctor. The doctor ran labs to rule various genetic disorders, cancer, and bacterial infections. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Hantavirus

Which of the following is a plausible mechanism for contracting pseudomembranous colitis?

Heavy antibiotic usage

__________ has been known to cause gastritis and stomach ulcers.

Heliobacter pylori

Which two hepatitis viruses primarily use the fecal-oral route for infection?

Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E

Which hepatitis virus requires an additional hepatitis infection in order to be virulent?

Hepatitis D

All of the following can be transmitted by recreational (i.e. swimming) water sources except amoebic dysentery cholera giardiasis hepatitis B salmonellosis

Hepatits B

An adult patient with an influenza infection can be distinguished from an adult patient with a common cold based on the presence of which symptom/sign of infection?

High, prolonged fever

Which STIs are not curable?

Human papilloma viurs (HPV), herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus

What causes genital warts?

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Most tapeworm infections in humans are linked to ________, which has a human-to-human transmission

Hymenolepis nana

Which of the following diseases is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Impetigo Scarlet fever Streptococcal pharyngitis

Zach became ill. He had a headache, low-grade fever, sore throat, and general malaise. His symptoms did not improve over the next 2 weeks so he decided to go to the doctor. A throat swab culture was negative for bacteria, however an abdominal ultrasound revealed an enlarged spleen. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Infectious mononucleosis Epstein-Barr virus

Terry retired and decided to have a retirement party. She invited over 100 people. At the party she hired a catering service and they provided cold cuts, chicken fingers, and various cheeses. Terry sampled each. Several hours after the party Terry began to experience nausea, stomach pain, and diarrhea. The symptoms became so severe that she went to the hospital. While there she saw several people from her party. Fecal samples from all party-goers where negative for bacteria. What is the disease: infection or intoxication? What caused the disease?

Intoxication Most likely an enterotoxin from S. aureus

Which of the following is false about the tropical disease African sleeping sickness? If the disease goes untreated, it is fatal. It induces an immune system reaction so strong that host neutrophils can harm host neurons. It is carried by a blood-sucking mosquito from host to host. It is caused by the flagellated protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. Those infected cannot sleep at night and cannot stay awake during the day.

It is carried by a blood-sucking mosquito from host to host.

A 4-year-old boy with a history of cough, conjunctivitis, and fever (38.3°C) now has a macular rash that starts on his face and neck and is spreading to the rest of his body. Upon examine of his mouth the doctor finds red lesion-like spots inside his mouth. What are the spots? What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Koplik's spots Measles Measles virus

What is the primary normal microbiota of the adult vagina?

Lactobacillus genus

In general, _________ and ________ are the most consistently detected genera in the healthy urinary tract.

Lactobacillus, Streptococcus

Which statement does not apply to pneumocystis pneumonia and its causative organism, Pneumocystis jirovecii?

Like all other pathogenic fungi, the reservoir is soil.

What are the signs and symptoms associated with UTIs, Cystitis, and Pyelonephritis?

Lower UTIs: urgency to urinate, burning or painful sensation upon urination, pus in urine, blood in urine Upper UTIs: include pyelonephritis, same symptoms as Lower UTIs, plus fever, chills, flank pain, nausea, and vomiting

Three weeks after working on the demolition of an abandoned building in Kentucky, a worker was hospitalized for acute respiratory illness. At the time of demolition, a colony of bats inhabited the building. An X-ray examination revealed a lung mass. A cytological examination for cancer was negative. The mass was surgically removed. Microscopic examination of the mass revealed fungal cells. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Lung abcess blastomycosis

A patient was hospitalized with fever and headache. Spirochetes were observed in her blood. What is your diagnosis?

Lyme disease

Jenny and her family went on a family camping vacation in the woods of Tennessee. Upon returning Jenny noticed several red marks on her arms and legs. Several weeks later one of the marks still appeared red and had the appearance of a bull's eye. She begin to experience headaches and a stiff neck, and mental confusion. At the hospital she fell into a coma. Spirochetes were isolated from her blood. What is the disease? What caused the disease? What is the vector?

Lyme disease Borrelia burgdorferi Tick

Which of the following is not a Staphylococcus aureus virulence factor? M-protein Exfoliative toxin Coagulase A polysaccharide capsule

M-protein

Which of the following is MISMATCHED? a) Lyme Disease; Borrelia burgdorferi b) Malaria; Trypanosoma spp. c) Bubonic plaque; Yersinia pestis d) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; Rickettsia rickettsii

Malaria; Trypanosoma spp.

A 12-year-old boy had a fever, rash, headaches, sore throat, and cough. He also had a macular rash on his trunk, face, and arms. A throat culture was negative for Streptococcus pyogenes. The boy most likely had:

Measles

A maculopapular rash is characteristic of

Measles

Which of the following is false about toxoplasmosis? It is caused by a protozoan called Toxoplasma gondii. Tachyzoites can invade tissues like the heart, muscles, eyes, and brain. Cats act as the definitive host, shedding the protozoans in their feces. Meningitis results in a majority of patients since there are currently no treatment options. Risk factors include eating raw or undercooked meat such as wild game, pork, and shellfi

Meningitis results in a majority of patients since there are currently no treatment options.

A worker in a day-care center in eastern North Dakota became ill with fever, rash, headache, and abdominal pain. The patient had a clinical decline and died on the first day of hospitalization. A Gram stain was performed on the cerebrospinal fluid. Gram-positive diplococci were observed. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Meningitis/Encephalitis Streptococcus pneumoniae (this is right b/c its Gram POSITIVE

Which statement is not true about the resident microbiota of the respiratory tract?

Microbiota are only found in the upper respiratory tract.

The upper section of the respiratory tract includes?

Mouth Nasal passages Pharynx

During a pertussis infection, the pathogenic bacterium Bordatella pertussis produces tracheal cytotoxin, which destroys cilia. Which of the following would most likely result from ciliary destruction?

Mucus would accumulate in the respiratory tract.

Which of the following characteristics help to explain why Mycobacterium leprae infects the peripheral nervous system?

Mycobacterium leprae prefers a lower growth temperature.

What is resistant to destruction by phagocytes?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis is caused by

Naegleria fowleri.

Which of the following outcomes is observed during Rabies virus pathogenesis? Administration of post-exposure prophylaxis after the development of neurological symptoms is an effective way to limit progression of rabies viral illness. Rabies virus replicates rapidly in muscle cells prior to traveling to the peripheral and central nervous systems. Negri bodies are a diagnostic sign of Rabies virus infection. Rabies virus causes infected muscle cells to rupture after viral infection and replication.

Negri bodies are a diagnostic sign of Rabies virus infection.

Which of the following pairs are mismatched? leading cause of blindness - Chlamydia chicken pox - shingles HSV-1 - Herpectic whitlow none of the above

None of the above

Two days after disembarking on a Caribbean cruise, twenty percent of the passengers aboard an American cruise ship became violently ill with profuse vomiting and diarrhea. Gastrointestinal symptoms lasted up to 3 days. Patients ranged in age from toddler to senior, and the majority of those infected were up-to-date on all vaccinations. Which of the following infections was the most likely cause of illness aboard the ship?

Norovirus gastroenteritis

________ are an important part of preventative care in women because they detect precancerous and cancerous cervical cells and may also help diagnose an HPV infection.

Pap smears

________ is characterized by tender, swollen gums with a bright red or purplish coloration; the gums may also pull away from teeth, and bad breath and tooth loss are also frequent manifestations.

Periodontal disease

Martha has an 18-month old baby. Martha has brought her baby into the hospital because 3 days ago the baby began running a fever, developed a runny nose, and had a mild cough; however the cough has gotten worse. The doctor orders a chest x-ray and notices several broken ribs. A throat swab culture is positive and the bacteria appear as Gram-negative, coccobacilli upon staining. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Pertussis (Whooping cough) Bordetella pertussis

You are tending to your preschool-aged patient who presents with excessive anal itching. The child's mother notes that the child woke several times during the night due to anal irritation. Gastrointestinal symptoms are absent. You recommend performing a tape test on the child. Which of the following diseases is the pediatric patient most likely afflicted with?

Pinworm

Which of the following statements concerning pneumococcal meningitis is/are true? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. Pneumococcal meningitis typically begins when normal flora spread from the nose and throat into the bloodstream. Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by the Gram- negative bacterium Neisseria meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis is preventable by vaccination. The immune response to the pathogen is often the most damaging aspect of the disease

Pneumococcal meningitis typically begins when normal flora spread from the nose and throat into the bloodstream. Pneumococcal meningitis is preventable by vaccination. The immune response to the pathogen is often the most damaging aspect of the disease

________ is an infection that impacts immune-compromised patients. Choose all that apply

Pneumocystis pneumonia Aspergillosis

How does Helicobacter pylori cause stomach ulcers?

Polar flagella help bacteria burrow into mucosal lining to escape stomach acid, where enzymes decrease the acidity around them, and they release a toxin to kill host cells.

What is true about the resident microbiota of the respiratory tract?

Resident microbiota secrete antimicrobial peptides and compete with pathogens. The resident microbiota of a healthy person is limited to just a few species of bacteria. Smoking affects the numbers and types of species in the microbiota. The lungs have recently been found to contain a resident microbiome that resembles that found in the mouth.

Robert decides to take a hike. Three days after his hike he develops chills, fever, severe headache, and muscle pain. The following day he wakes up and notices a rash over his body including the palms of his hand. What is the disease? How did he get the disease? What caused the disease?

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick Rickettsia rickettsii

Which of the following diseases is incorrectly matched with its characteristics? Roseola: rare childhood infection that tends to present without a fever Fifth disease: caused by a parvovirus and presents with a red facial rash Hand, foot, and mouth disease: mild disease that is mainly caused by coxsackievirus A16 and enterovirus 71 Rubella: also known as German measles and presents with a rash and swollen lymph nodes

Roseola: rare childhood infection that tends to present without a fever

Which of the following is responsible for severe birth defects if contracted during pregnancy?

Rubella

Eating peanut butter, cantaloupe, chicken products, seafood, spinach, or handling a pet turtle are all sources of infection for which of the following bacteria?

Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis

An 8-year-old boy had diarrhea, chills, fever (39.3°C), abdominal cramps, and vomiting for 3 days. The next month, his 12-year-old brother experienced the same symptoms. Two weeks before the first patient became ill, the family had purchased a small (<10 cm) red-eared slider turtle at a flea market. Gram negative rods are isolated from fecal swabs. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica

_________ is a strain caused by a strain of Streptococcus pyogenes that makes an erythrogenic toxin.

Scarlet fever

A patient presents with mental confusion, rapid breathing and heartbeat, and low blood pressure. What is your diagnosis?

Septic shock

A 27-year-old woman had a fever and cough for 5 days. She was hospitalized when her blood pressure dropped. Despite aggressive treatment with fluids and massive doses of antibiotics, she died 5 hours after hospitalization. Catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci were isolated from her blood. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Septic shock Possibly enterococci or streptococci

__________ develops if Yersinia pestis, the bacterium that causes plague, enters the bloodstream.

Septicemic plague

Which of the following is true about spongiform encephalopathies?

Spongiform encephalopathies occur in a wide variety of mammals, but the infectious prions are species specific and do not cause disease in other species.

Exotoxin-mediated diseases include a) Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome b) Measles c) Leishmaniasis d) Shingles

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a) Staphylococcus mutans - keratitis b) Staphylococcus aureus - impetigo c) Streptococcus pyogenes - necrotizing fasciitis d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa - otitis externa

Staphylococcus mutans - keratitis

Jason Hornbuckle is not a happy little boy. For the past hours he has complained of pain when he swallows, has a headache, and has vomited twice. His mother decides to take the seven-year-old to his pediatrician. Upon examining Jason, the doctor finds that Jason's pharynx, tonsils, and uvula are swollen and red and his tonsils are studded with white areas of exudate. He has a fever and swollen lymph nodes. A throat swab is cultured on blood agar and the resulting colonies show beta-hemolysis. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Strep throat Streptococcus pyogenes

A 27-year-old man with a history of asthma was hospitalized with a 4-day history of progressive cough, chest pain, and pneumonia. Gram-positive cocci in pairs were cultured from a blood sample. What caused the disease?

Streptococci pneumoniae

Most bacterial meningitis cases in the United States are pneumococcal meningitis, caused by which of the following bacteria?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What is the leading cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Cultures taken from an impetigo lesion reveal bacteria that are Gram-positive cocci which are catalase- and coagulase-negative and cause beta-hemolysis when cultured on blood agar. The responsible species is

Streptococcus pyogenes

___________ are the most common agents causing bacterial endocarditis.

Streptococcus spp. & Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following mycoses is/are the most pressing to treat? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. Subcutaneous mycoses Cutaneous mycoses due to dermatophytes Cutaneous candidiasis due to Candida albicans Superficial mycoses

Subcutaneous mycoses

Which of the following uses cows as the intermediate host?

Taenia saginata

Cysticercosis is a result of infection with which species?

Taenia solium

Describe the urine dipstick test.

Test uses filter paper that are dipped into clean-catch urine sample and results are read by comparing the strip color changes to a key.

The upper section of the respiratory tract does not include?

The larynx

Which of the following statements concerning Cryptococcus neoformans pathogenesis is/are true? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. The pathogen's thick polysaccharide capsule shields the fungus from the host immune system. Disease transmission occurs when an immunocompromised patient comes into contact with tainted cat feces. Once fungal spores enter the lungs, C. neoformans invade macrophages, which then carry the fungus to the lymphatic system. Cryptococcocis is the leading cause of death for individuals with HIV/AIDS.

The pathogen's thick polysaccharide capsule shields the fungus from the host immune system. Once fungal spores enter the lungs, C. neoformans invade macrophages, which then carry the fungus to the lymphatic system. Cryptococcocis is the leading cause of death for individuals with HIV/AIDS.

Upon performing a Mantoux tuberculin skin test, a 15-mm zone of induration is observed. The patient has a normal chest X-ray and does not report feeling ill. The vaccination history of the patient is unknown. Which of the following scenarios explains the patient's test results, given her case history? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

The patient has latent tuberculosis. The patient has been vaccinated against tuberculosis.

Which of the following is a valid difference between the central and peripheral nervous systems? The central nervous system is sterile, whereas the peripheral nervous system contains normal flora. The central nervous system is comprised of nerves, while the peripheral nervous system is made of the brain and spinal cord. Neurons transmit chemical messages throughout the central nervous system, but they are not found in the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system inputs and transmits information, while the central nervous system integrates and responds to the information received.

The peripheral nervous system inputs and transmits information, while the central nervous system integrates and responds to the information received.

Choose the false statement(s) about protective skin characteristics. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all false statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. Sweat contains lysozyme, which is an enzyme that breaks down peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. The skin's high pH and low salt concentration are effective weapons against microorganisms. Skin contains melanin, which protects against ultraviolet radiation and has antimicrobial properties. Keratin waterproofs the epidermis.

The skin's high pH and low salt concentration are effective weapons against microorganisms.

How does a patient typically become infected with hookworms?

The worm penetrates the skin when the patient walks outside barefoot.

Choose the true statement(s) regarding chickenpox. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. Chickenpox is primarily spread through contact with pox lesions. The varicella-zoster virus can be reactivated after an initial shingles infection and present as chickenpox. There are vaccines against chickenpox and shingles. Chickenpox is caused by a herpes family virus (Herpesviridae family).

There are vaccines against chickenpox and shingles. Chickenpox is caused by a herpes family virus (Herpesviridae family).

Choose the true statement(s) regarding ways that Streptococcus pyogenes can be differentiated from Staphylococcus aureus. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. These organisms can be differentiated by the catalase test. These organisms can be differentiated by their hemolysis properties. These organisms can be differentiated by Gram stain results. These organisms can be differentiated by using a microscope to view their cell arrangement.

These organisms can be differentiated by the catalase test. These organisms can be differentiated by using a microscope to view their cell arrangement.

Which of the following statements are not true about genital herpes (HSV-2) infections? Choose all that apply

They are asymptomatic infections that often go untreated and may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease. They are not transmitted to the fetus but are linked to premature labor and low-birth-weight babies.

Margaret is a thirty-two year old woman living in Florida. In the fifth week of her pregnancy she had a miscarriage. In trying to determine why Margaret had the miscarriage, her doctor learns that Margaret and her husband recently purchased a kitten from Petco. Not knowing any better, Margaret had been in charge of cleaning out the litter box. In conducting a blood test, the doctor discovers that Margaret is infected with cysts from a protist parasite. What is the most likely cause of Margaret's condition?

Toxoplasma gondii

The acronym "TORCH" refers to the pathogens, _____________, which can be vertically transmitted to a developing fetus and cause congenital defects.

Toxoplasma gondii Other Rubella virus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus

What infections are tested for in a TORCH panel?

Toxoplasma gondii Other (HIV, syphilis, parvovirus B19, listeriosis, varicella-zoster virus, coxsackievirus, enteroviruses, and Zika virus) Rubella virus Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus

________________ is caused by a Chlamydia species and is the leading cause of preventable microbial blindness.

Trachoma

Microscopic examination of vaginal smear shows flagellated eukaryotes.

Trichomonas

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a) Trichomonas vaginalis - fungus that causes cystitis b) Neisseria gonorrhoeae - bacteria that causes gonorrhea c) Human papillomavirus (HPV) - virus that can cause genital warts or cancer d) Gardnerella vaginalis - bacterial infection diagnosed by clue cells e) Treponema pallidum - bacteria that causes syphilis

Trichomonas vaginalis - fungus that causes cystitis

What diseases are caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?

Trichonomiasis

Most fungal skin infections are likely to remain superficial except in individuals who are immunocompromised.

True

True or false: Due to the anatomical differences in the urinary tract, women have a greater risk than men for urinary tract infections (UTIs).

True

True or false: Endocarditis can arise following a tooth extraction in certain patients.

True

True or false: The most common cause of UTIs are bacteria

True

Why are women more likely to develop UTIs?

Urethra in women is anatomically closer to the anus, making it easier for bacteria to get introduced into the urinary system

Microscopic examination of a patient's fecal culture shows comma-shaped bacteria. These bacteria require 2-4% NaCl to grow. The bacteria probably belong to the genus

Vibrio

Stacy and Susan decided to take a cruise to celebrate their birthdays. Three days after the ship left port 80% of the cruise-goers developed watery diarrhea and dehydration. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Viral gastroenteritis Norovirus

A patient presents with vomiting, diarrhea, and a history of fever and headache. Bacterial cultures of blood, CSF, and stool are negative. What is your diagnosis?

Viral hemorrhagic fever

Your Special Pathogens team just received a call from a physician in Angola. She reported that at least one hundred people have become ill and are dying from a mysterious infection. Their symptoms include fever, vomiting, cough, diarrhea, and in some cases bleeding. The infection is highly contagious but she is unsure of exactly how it is transmitted.Your team flies out the next morning for Angola.Five days have passed since you landed in Angola. The situation is devastating. Hundreds of people are sick and many have died. In the villages temporary hospitals have been made out of tents. But even the caregivers (families and friends) are frightened to get too close to the patients to give them food and water. You have seen many patients and they all have the same symptoms: fever, diarrhea, vomiting and bleeding. The disease seems to spread most rapidly in families living close together. You decide to send a blood sample from one of the victims for analysis at Americo Boa Vista Hospital in the capital city of Luanda. The scientist working in the Luanda hospital isolates the viral RNA from the blood sample. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Viral hemorrhagic fever Marburg or Ebola

Choose the true statement(s) about warts. To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer. Warts are a result of deregulated host cell division that causes abnormal cell growth. Warts are caused by viruses. Warts are spread by direct contact. Warts are potentially malignant growths.

Warts are a result of deregulated host cell division that causes abnormal cell growth. Warts are caused by viruses. Warts are spread by direct contact.

What is the reservoir for Legionella pneumophila?

Water

Your 30-year old patient presents to a Florida emergency room with fever, headache, flu-like symptoms, stiff neck, disorientation, and convulsions. You notice that there are several insect bites on her arm, which she tells you are mosquito bites from a camping trip two days ago. Based on the patient's case history and disease presentation, which of the following pathogens did your patient most likely contract?

West Nile Virus

Which of the following is MISMATCHED? a) Polio; fecal-oral transmission b) Rabies; transmitted by animal bite c) Cryptococcus neoformans; associated with chicken and pigeon droppings d) Sleeping sickness; transmitted by Tsetse fly e) West Nile; transmitted by ticks

West Nile; transmitted by ticks

A 20-yr woman recently traveled to the tropics for a 5-day research trip. While there she went on a jungle safari to document the social interactions among monkeys. Upon returning she began experiencing fever, nausea, chills, and headaches. Shortly after the outset of these symptoms she began to show signs of jaundice. What is the disease? What caused the disease?

Yellow fever Arbovirus

Your pediatric patient presents with severe coughing fits with intermittent gasping for air. Two weeks prior to his clinical presentation, your patient exhibited common cold symptoms such as runny nose, watery eyes, and moderate cough. Based on the patient's case history, which of the following statements is most likely true for the progression of disease in this patient?

Your patient will most likely have intense coughing fits for up to one additional month, followed by less frequent coughing spells the following month

A diagnostic sign of typical pneumonia is consolidation which

appears as a white or hazy opaque region on a chest X-ray

Dengue fever is transmitted by

arthropods

What term refers to bacteria flourishing in the bloodstream?

bacteremia

What causes schistosomiasis?

blood flukes

A combined inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchia, and bronchioles is known as

croup

Which of the following leads to all the rest? cough loss of cilia mucous accumulation cytotoxin

cytotoxin

A life-threatening bacterial infection that results in complete blockage of the airway due to swelling of a flap of tissue that normally protects the lungs during swallowing is

epiglottitis

You microscopically examine scrapings from a case of Acanthamoeba keratitis. You expect to see

eukaryotic cells

Digestive system infections are usually transmitted by

fecal-oral route

Hepatitis A is known as a(n)

foodborne and waterborne hepatitis

A 21-year-old male is admitted to the hospital in severe respiratory distress. Despite care, he died of rapid pulmonary edema within 12 hours of admission. Family members report that he had recently started work at a nearby state park. He was on a detail to clean out and renovate a group of rodent-infested rental cabins. Based on the information, what is the likely diagnosis?

hanta pulmonary syndrome

Onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is caused by a ________ and is spread via ________.

helminth; blackflies

Which of the following skin infections is caused by a protozoan?

leishmaniasis

Describe the general characteristics of genital herpes

lesion appear as clear pustule above reddened base; transmitted through sex with infected person

What diseases are caused by the Human Papillomaviurs (HPV)?

most common STIs ex: genital warts; some cause cancer (cervical cancer most prevalent)

It was the spring of 1918, and the world was at war. In Haskell County, Kansas, an epidemic of influenza was underway. Public health officials in Washington, D.C. were notified; however, no investigators were sent. Meanwhile, soldiers from all across Kansas were reporting to Camp Funston in training for the war. In hindsight, it appears that a soldier from Haskell County brought influenza with him to Camp Funston. By the middle of March, there was an epidemic in the camp. Ultimately, about 1100 soldiers were infected and 38 died during the outbreak. Unfortunately, the reporting methods at that time were not particularly good. The epidemic at Camp Funston essentially went unnoticed by public health officials. Within only a few months, the country would be caught in an epidemic that no one could ignore. During the initial epidemic at Camp Funston, the infection was characterized by several of the typical symptoms of influenza infection. Which of the following are symptoms of influenza infection?

muscle pain headache fever

Botulinum toxin causes all of the following except petechial rash. difficulty breathing. constipation. flaccid paralysis. difficulty speaking.

petechial rash.

Which of the following diseases cause flu-like symptoms in most people infected, but can cause muscle weakness or paralysis?

polio

Tissue necrosis caused by Clostridium perfringens may be distinguished from necrotizing fasciitis in what way?

presence of Gram-positive, endospore forming bacilli in the affected area and emission of foul-smelling gases from the damaged tissue

Which of the following is not considered to be an innate defense of the urinary system? flushing action of urine acidic pH secretory IgA lactoferrin lysozyme

secretory IgA

The lower gastrointestinal tract includes

the small and large intestines