Microbiology II - Exam 5
Poliomyelitis
A central nervous system disease affecting the motor neurons of the spinal cord.
Influenza
A common upper respiratory viral infection. Usually called the flu. Characterized by fever, chills, sore throat, headache, cough, muscle pain, possible vomiting.
Hepatitis D
A defective virus that must have Hepatitis B present to infect. Can lead to a super-infection if both are present, which leads to an exacerbation of chronic hepatitis.
German measles (Rubella, Three day measles)
A milder form of measles than rubeola.
Capsid
A protein coat that surrounds the core of a virus.
Yeast
A single-celled eurcaryotic organism. Reproduces by budding.
MMR vaccine
A vaccine that controls the measles, mumps, and rubella viruses.
Mycelium
A visible mass of hyphae growing together is called what?
Rabies
Also known as hydrophobia. An acute encephalomyelitis. Transmitted to humans through saliva of infected animal via bite.
Infectious mononucleosis
An acute disease, characterized by enlargement of the lymph nodes and possibly the spleen. Occurs mainly in young adults, age 15-30.
Viral encephalitis
An acute inflammation of the brain caused by a virus.
Common cold (Coryza)
An acute viral infection of upper respiratory tract. Characterized by nasal congestion, mild sore throat, runny nose, runny eyes, headache.
Measles (Rubeola, Red Measles)
An acute, highly contagious disease. One of the most contagious of the childhood rash diseases.
Dermatomycosis
Any infection of the skin, hair, or nails with a fungus. Most often refers to ringworm, athlete's foot, jock itch, or tinea infections.
Conidia
Asexual reproduction by molds.
Cytomegalovirus
Asymptomatic in most cases. Causes an infectious mononucleosis-like disease in others, establishing a latent infection like that of herpes that can be reactivated. Cells infected with the virus swell in size, and inclusion bodies develop in the cytoplasm and nucleus.
Viruses
Basic Structure: - nucleic acid core (DNA *or* RNA) - capsid (protein coat) - envelope (around capsid)
Poliomyelitis
Begins as a gastrointestinal disturbance. May then progress to various levels of disease (one of which is paralytic polio).
AIDS (HIV)
Caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Affects the T4 helper cells of the immune system, causing the inability of the host to mount the full spectrum of immune responses needed to ward off opportunistic infections and cancer cells.
Shingles (Herpes zoster)
Caused by Varicella zoster virus (causes chickenpox in children). Not as easily transmitted as chickenpox.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Caused by a protein particle, called a prion.
Infectious mononucleosis
Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus.
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Caused by the Varicella Zoster virus (also causes Shingles in adults).
Dermatomycosis
Caused by three genera of *molds*: - Epidermophyton - Microsporum - Tricophyton
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Causes a generalized, itchy, vesicular rash. Begins as smooth, red spots that develop into blisters lasting 3-4 days before forming scabs. The rash tends to appear is 2-4 successive crops rather than all at once.
German measles (Rubella, Three day measles)
Causes a pale pink rash and slight fever (the rash begins at the head and moves downward).
Hantavirus
Causes a severe, life-threatening respiratory disease. Disease starts out as a nondescript flu-like illness with fever, muscle aches, and coughing. Back pain develops, indicating lungs are rapidly deteriorating and filling with fluid.
Cytomegalovirus
Causes cytomegalic inclusion disease, which is a disease of the glands, such as the salivary glands or the liver.
Human Papilloma Virus
Causes genital warts. - Begin as tiny, soft, moist, pink, or red swellings. - Grow rapidly and may develop stalks. - Multiple warts often grow in same area. - Usually on the penis in men, and vaginal area in women.
Variola Virus
Causes smallpox.
Epidemic parotitis (Mumps)
Causes swelling and tenderness of the glands and fever.
Smallpox (Variola virus)
Causes the sudden appearance of a skin rash that progresses through a series of stages that ends with the lesions scabbing over and falling off after about 3 or 4 weeks.
Hantavirus
Death follows within 5-7 days due to respiratory failure or shock.
Variola virus
Dermotropic disease which causes Smallpox.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Disease exhibits some characteristics common to viral diseases, but no evidence of a virus has been found.
German measles (Rubella, Three day measles)
Disease is most dangerous in pregnant women during the first trimester. It can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or serious birth defects.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
Disease manifests as an uncommon degenerative disease of the central nervous system, called spongiform encephalopathies.
Hantavirus
First recognized in 1993 in the "Four Corners" area of the U.S. - New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Colorado
Hepatitis G
Found to mimic Hepatitis C.
Furious rabies
Hypersalivation occurs; may be 1 to 1.5 liters per 24 hours.
Epidemic parotitis (Mumps)
If infection occurs in post-pubescent males, it may cause an inflammation of the testes called orchitis.
Epidemic parotitis (Mumps)
Infects the parotid glands (salivary glands located anterior and inferior to the ear)
Measles (Rubeola, Red Measles)
Koplik spots are a symptom of this disease, along with a rash that begins at the head and moves downward.
Chickenpox (Varicella)
Lesions may appear almost anywhere: - scalp - vagina - cornea - conjunctiva - in the mouth - in upper respiratory system
Furious rabies
Manifests with bizarre behavior ranging from severe agitation to periods of depression. Confusion becomes more extreme as disease progresses. Causes: - Aggression - Hydrophobia - Hypersalivation - Excessive sweating - Ensuing coma - Death within 7-10 days of onset of symptoms
Virions
Mature infectious viruses
Hepatitis B (Serum Hepatitis)
May result in chronic hepatitis and permanent liver damage.
Hyphae
Molds grow in slender, thread-like strands called...?
Chickenpox (Varicella)
More readily spread than shingles.
Viral encephalitis
Most cases are asymptomatic. Those that do exhibit symptoms, include: - Fever, Pain, Headache, Neck stiffness, and Loss of energy Easily progresses into a more serious form: - Loss of muscle power in arms and legs - Double vision - Speech impairment - Coma - Fatality rates as high as 60%
Hepatitis C (Non-A Non-B Hepatitis)
Most serious form of Hepatitis because there is not yet a vaccine available.
Mold
Multi-cellular eucaryotic organism. Reproduces by conidia (asexual) or zygote formation (sexual).
Herpes simplex I and II
No cure for this infection. Recurrences are often triggered by fever, menses, stress, or overexposure to the sun.
Epidemic parotitis (Mumps)
Occurs most commonly in children 2-12 years of age.
Infectious mononucleosis
Often known as the "Kissing Disease" because it is transmitted via direct contact with infected saliva.
AIDS (HIV)
Opportunistic infections most often associated with this are: - Kaposi's sarcoma - Pneumocystis pneumonia - Cryptococcal meningitis - Cytomegalovirus infection - Candidiasis (Thrush) - Encephalitis
Paralytic rabies
Paralysis begins at point of bite, then spreads to rest of the body. Finally, it affects the pharyngeal and respiratory muscles causing death.
Nucleic acid core
Part of a virus that contains either DNA or RNA.
Viruses
Pass through biological filters that would retain bacteria because of their size. Most antibiotics do not affect them.
Infectious mononucleosis
Person may remain infectious for as long as a year after recovery. There is no treatment other than rest.
Prion
Proteins that have folded into a unique three-dimensional form. They cause other proteins in their presence to conform also.
Herpes simplex I and II
Recurrent viral infection. Vesicles form at the affected site. After first infection, individual becomes a carrier. Virus remains latent in the nerve sheaths of sensory nerves.
Zygote formation
Sexual reproduction by molds.
Herpes zoster
Shingles is also known as....?
Koplik spots
Small white spots that form on the gums and inside of the cheeks. Associated with the Measles (Rubeola, Red Measles).
Viruses
Some consider them them to not be alive because they cannot metabolize their own energy or reproduce themselves without the components of another living cell. They are obligate intracellular parasites.
Envelope
Some viruses have this around the capsid, which comes from the host cell nuclear or protoplasmic membrane as the virus exits after replication.
Hepatitis A (Infectious Hepatitis)
Spreads directly from person to person by the fecal oral route (due to poor sanitation). Not as serious as other forms.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
The most evident symptom of this disease in humans is dementia.
Viruses
The simplest and smallest forms of life known.
Capsomeres
The subunits that make up the capsid of a virus.
Measles & German measles
These two diseases are both characterized by a rash that begins at the head and moves downward.
Poliomyelitis
This disease has been controlled by the Salk and the Sabin vaccines. It is a goal of the World Health Organization to declare the world eradicated of polio in the next few years.
Smallpox (Variola virus)
This disease has been eradicated all around the world by vaccination.
Smallpox (Variola virus)
This is very hardy and can survive on fornites longer than many others.
Epstein-Barr virus
This virus causes infectious mononucleosis.
Hepatitis B (Serum Hepatitis)
Transmits through contaminated body fluids, especially as an occupational hazard to people who work with blood.
Herpes simplex II
Transmitted by sexual contact. Affects genital area; causes similar lesions to Type I.
Human Papilloma Virus
Transmitted sexually or in childbirth.
Herpes simplex I
Transmitted through oral and respiratory secretions. Affects the skin and mucous membranes; causes cold sores and fever blisters.
Hantavirus
Transmitted to humans by inhalation of dried feces, urine, or saliva of the long-tailed deer mouse. Can possibly enter through open wounds, abrasions, or by ingestion as well.
Viral encephalitis
Transmitted via bite of mosquitoes, ticks, or flies. Arthropod vector acquires virus by biting an infected individual, then virus replicates in the vector and spreads to salivary glands. Then it spreads to another person when the vector bites them.
Cytomegalovirus
Transmitted via direct contact with saliva, urine, semen, blood, and cervical secretions. Also transmitted congenitally.
Poliomyelitis
Transmitted via: - Fecal-oral route - Contact with nasal/oral secretions
Rabies
Two forms of the disease: 1. Furious rabies 2. Paralytic rabies
Spongiform encephalopathies
Uncommon degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. The most well known are: - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ("Mad Cow") - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Shingles (Herpes zoster)
Vesicles occur unilaterally along skin areas supplied by certain sensory nerves. Most prominent on the head, neck, and upper torso. Causes localized numbness, tingling, and severe pain.
Adenotropic
Viruses having an affinity for the glands.
Immunotropic (Immunological)
Viruses having an affinity for the immune system.
Viscerotropic
Viruses having an affinity for the organs of the body.
Adenotropic
Viruses of the glands, causing diseases such as: - Epidemic parotitis (Mumps) - Infectious mononucleosis - Cytomegalovirus
Immunotropic (Immunological)
Viruses of the immune system, causing diseases such as: - AIDS - Cruetzfeldt-Jakob disease
Neurotropic
Viruses of the nervous system, causing diseases such as: - Rabies - Poliomyelitis - Viral encephalitis
Pneumotropic
Viruses of the respiratory tract, causing diseases such as: - Influenza - Common cold (coryza) - Hantavirus
Viscerotropic
Viruses of the viscera, causing diseases such as: - Hepatitis
Neurotropic
Viruses with an affinity for the nervous system.
Pneumotropic
Viruses with an affinity for the respiratory tract.
Dermatropic
Viruses with an affinity for the skin, causing diseases such as: - Smallpox - Measles - German measles - Chickenpox - Shingles - Herpes simplex I & II - Human papilloma virus
Dermatropic
Viruses with an affinity for the skin.
Tissue of preferred growth
We will be classifying viruses according to what?
