Microbiology Quiz 1
c hydrogen ions
A cell can cause a change in the pH of its surroundings by movement of which of the following? (A) sodium ions (B) nitrogen atoms (C) hydrogen ions (D) carbon atoms
e. all of the above
A dichotomous key _____________. a. is a series of paired statements, of which only one applies to the unknown in question. b. is a rapid and reliable method for identifying bacterial unknowns. c. relies heavily on biochemical tests. d. #1 and #2 e. all of the above
d all of the above
A phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell is known as the _____________. (a) cytoplasmic membrane. (b) cell membrane. (c) plasma membrane. (d) all of the above. (e) none of the above.
a has been tested extensively or is supported by many observation
A theory, means that it (A) has been tested extensively or is supported by many observations (B) has already been proven (C) is just an "educated guess" about how something works (D) cannot be tested according to conventional experimental methods
smear
A thin film of microorganisms on the surface of a slide is called a(n) ________, which is usually fixed to the slide with heat
c simple
A(n) ______ stain uses only one dye to enable the viewer to observe the size, shape, or arrangement of cells a. acid fast b. differential c. simple d. negative
C ATP/Energy
Active Transport Requires: A. osmotic pressure B. Diffusion C. ATP/energy D. Water
d the discovery of viruses
All of the following advances in microbiology are attributable to Robert Koch and his colleagues EXCEPT __________. a) the use of Petri dishes to hold solid growth media b) the use of steam to sterilize growth media c) the development of simple staining techniques for bacteria d) the discovery of viruses
a phase plate
All of the following are components of a bright-field compound microscope EXCEPT __________. A. the phase plate B. the condenser lens C. the scanning objective lens D. the oil-immersion objective lens
b phage mapping
All of the following are procedures taxonomists use to identify and classify organisms EXCEPT __________. A. biochemical tests B. phage mapping C. physical characteristics D. serological testing
c Viruses
All of the following types of microbes were viewed and described by Leeuwenhoek EXCEPT a) Algae b) Prokaryotes c) Viruses d) protozoa
b electron microscope
All of the following types of microscopes can be used to view living specimens EXCEPT __________. A. a dark-field microscope B. an electron microscope C. an atomic force microscope D. a bright-field microscope
c ATP
Any process in the cell that requires energy will typically involve the use of which of the following? (A) DNA (B) H2O (C) ATP (D) RNA
c. produces cytosol to keep cell fluid
Bacterial Cells can contain inclusions (but don't always). These inclusions, if present do all of the following except: a. are a storage source for energy and carbon b. holds lipids, starch, gas, PHB, c. produces cytosol to keep cell fluid d. has application as biodegradable plastic
d peptidoglycan
Cytosol in the bacterial cell contains: (all but one) a. mostly water b. singular circular DNA c. no nuclear membrane d. peptidoglycan e. inclusion bodies (sometimes) f. dissolved substances g. ribosomes h. plasmid
c in the cytosol
DNA in bacterial cells is found: a. in the nucleus b. in the phospholipid bilayer c. in the cytosol d. in the endoplasmic reticulum
eukaryote, bacteria, archaea
Differences in rRNA revealed 3 domains, what are they?
b cholera
Dr. Snow used maps to help stop what kind of epidemic in 19th century London, England? a) malaria b) cholera c) flu d) plague
a immunofluorescence
Dye-tagged antibodies are used in a special kind of fluorescent microscopy called a. immunofluorescence b. transmission electronomy c. scanning electronomy d. none of the above
b smallpox
Edward Jenner developed vaccination as a way to protect individuals from __________. a) anthrax b) smallpox c) cholera d) tuberculosis
b a chemical that would be nontoxic to humans and would destroy pathogens
Ehrlich's "magic bullet" may be described as __________. a) the capsule that allowed the release of antibiotics b) a chemical that would be nontoxic to humans and would destroy pathogens c) the statement of purpose that guided all his experimentation d) the light that increased the resolution of light microscopes 100×
c forms helical chains that make up the filament
Flagellin _____________________. A allows the flagellum to rotate 360 degrees. B Is found only in Gram-negative bacteria. C forms helical chains that make up the filament. D is the major protein that comprises the hook.
gram positive and gram negative
Gram staining separates bacteria into two basic groups, what are they?
c some bacteria
Group translocation is found in a. archaea b all bacteria c some bacteria d eukaryotes
Cowpox/Smallpox experiment
How did Edward Jenner find vaccinations?
experiments with fermentation - this causes that
How did Pasteur come up with germ theory?
a the filament of a eukaryotic flagellum is covered by a membrane
How do eukaryotic flagella differ from prokaryotic flagella? (a) The filament of a eukaryotic flagellum is covered by a membrane. (b) There are no differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella. (c) A eukaryotic flagellum can rotate in only one direction. (d) Prokaryotic flagella do not contain a basal body.
Hook
Identify Portion B
Rod
Identify Portion C
cilium
Identify area at 1
Filament
Identify portion A
d biochemical tests
If you wanted to determine whether a microorganism fermented a particular carbohydrate, which of the following kinds of tests would you use? A. serology B. morphology C. phage typing D. biochemical tests
c electrochemical gradients
In passive transport mechanisms, energy is provided by a. ATP b. concentration gradient c. electrochemical gradients d. energy is not required in any form
b counterstain
In the Gram stain, safranin serves as the __________. A. mordant B. counterstain C. primary stain D. decolorizing agent
b darkfield microscope
In this microscope the background appears dark and the specimen is light a. brightfield microscope b. darkfield microscope c. fluorescent microscope d. phase microscope e. electron microscope
d all of the above
In which habitat would you most likely find archaea? a acid hot springs b swamp mud c great salt lake d all of the above
b containing excess nutrient materials
Inclusions within the bacteria are used primarily for a containing the nuclear material b. containing excess nutrient materials c. containing ribosomes for protein synthesis d. inclusions form only in eukaryotes
a pores, channels, carriers
Integral Proteins act as: a. pores, channels, carriers b. barriers, blocking entry/exit of particles c. neither a nor b d. photoreceptor cells
b span the entire lipid bilayer and can be used in transport of molecules
Integral proteins _________________________. (A) can be used in transport of molecules. (B) span the entire lipid bilayer AND can be used in transport of molecules. (C) span the entire lipid bilayer. (D) may have polysaccharides attached to them. (E) are found on one side of the cell membrane.
a animacules
Leeuwenhoek described microorganisms as: a animacules b prokaryotes c eurkaryotes d protozoa
d the ability of an organism to move by itself
Motility is : (A) done only by multicellular organisms. (B) defined solely by an organism's ability to flee a harmful situation. (C) seen only in eukaryotic organisms. (D) the ability of an organism to move by itself.
phage typing
Name the following test: 1 spread lawn of bacteria to be tested over surface of agar plate 2 add small volume of virus to surface and spread 3. let grow 4 clear areas show where virus killed bacteria in that area 5 if see plaques, the virus killed that particular bacterial type 6 if you do not see plaques then the virus did not attacke bacterial type
a convert nitrogen gas to nitrate
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are bacteria that __________. a) convert nitrogen gas to nitrate b) require at least three amino acids to survive c) use nitrogen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain d) convert ammonia to nitrogen gas
a both allow attachment to other cells
Of the characteristics listed below, which is true of both fimbriae and the cell wall? a. both allow attachment to other cells b. both offer protection from immune recognition c. both allow for motility d. both offer protection from antimicrobial drugs
d both b and c
Of the following functions of the cytoplasmic membrane, which is (are) found in prokaryotes but NOT in eukaryotes? a. selective permeability b. energy storage c. group translocation d. both b and c
a aristotle
Of the following scientists, who first promulgated the theory of abiogenesis? a aristotle b pasteur c needham d spallanzani
the bacterium began producing the factor in pure form, hemopheliacs could use it for clotting factor
Once scientists inserted a gene fro human blood clotting factor into the bacterium escherichia coli, what happened? How did this help?
b requires no energy, diffusion
Passive Transport: A. Requires ATP/Energy B. Requires No energy, diffusion C. Can be done with no energy use or can require ATP D. None of the above
a it occurs along the electrochemical gradient
Passive transport does not require ATP because _______. A. it occurs along the electrochemical gradient. B. it involves the transport of small, electrically neutral molecules. C. it involves the transport of hydrophobic molecules. D. it involves the use of integral protein channels.
b boiling grape juice long enough to kill anaerobic bacteria then adding yeasts to the grape juice would allow for the desired fermentation products
Pasteur observed that both bacteria and yeasts can cause fermentation in wine. Based on his results, Pasteur reasoned which of the following applications? a) Pasteur could prevent wine spoilage by using "swan-necked flasks." b) Boiling the grape juice long enough to kill anaerobic bacteria and then adding yeasts to the grape juice would allow for the desired fermentation products. c) Yeasts may be used to make beer if there were a shortage of grapes for wine. d) Bacteria may be used to ferment grape juice and yield wine.
b can be identified and classified by differences in their flagellar proteins
Pathogenic bacteria: (A) are unique because they have a membrane covering the filament. (B) can be identified and classified by differences in their flagellar proteins. (C) have a unique basal body structure. (D) do not have flagella.
b bacteria
Peptidoglycan is found the the cells walls of? a. archaea b. bacteria c. fungi d. algae
b loosely attached to one or the other part of cell membrane and act as recognition site
Peripheral Proteins are: a. attached to an integral protein and serve as a barrier b. loosely attached to one or the other part of cell membrane and act as a recognition site c. loosely attached to the nucleus of the bacterial cell and regulate cell activites d. none of the above
receptors, recognition sites, enzymatic function
Peripheral proteins are involved in _______________. list all that apply: ** recognition sites. ** enzymatic function. ** transport function. ** receptors.
negative
Pink denotes bacteria is gram (positive or negative)
a ribosomes
Polypeptides are assembled by special cellular structures called __________. (A) ribosomes (B) cytoskeletons (C) inclusions (D) centrioles
b have no nucleus
Prokaryotic Cells A. have a nucleus B. have no nucleus C. some have a nucleus others do not D. have a double nucleus
c cell membrane is made of peptidoglycan
Prokaryotic Cells A. have a thick cell wall made of phospholipid bilayer B. have no cell wall C. cell membrane is made of peptidoglycan D. Have an inner and outer cell wall
A. bacteria
Prokaryotic Cells are: A. Bacteria B. Animal Cells C. Viruses D. Archaea
postive
Purple denotes bacteria is gram (postive or negative)
genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA technology is also called
b synthesize proteins and are loose in the cytosol, 70S size
Ribosomes in the bacterial cell: a. synthesize proteins and are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, 70S size b. synthesize proteins and are loose in the cytosol, 70S size c. synthesize proteins, are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, 80S size d. none of the above
Scientific Method
Spontaneous Generation and Fermentation led to this
Koch's Postulate
Take a sick person, isolate organism causing sickness, inoculate healthy host, host gets sick, re-isolate organism is called
genetic
Taxonomists rely on_______ differences to classify bacteria
peptidoglycan
The Gram stain is considered a differential stain because it stains purple when the _____ layer is thick
d separate bacteria into two large groups
The Gram stain is used for which of the following? (A) Disinfect microbiology laboratory materials. (B) Demonstrate presence or absence of a nucleus in a cell. (C) Prove a particular bacterium causes a particular disease. (D) Separate bacteria into two large subgroups.
resolution
The ability to distinguish between two objects close together is called?
a allow the bacteria to cause pneumonia
The capsule of streptococcus pneumonia and klebsella pneumoniae: a) allow the bacteria to cause pneumonia b) render the bacteria harmless
a semipermeable and made of phospholipids
The cell membrane of a bacterial cell is: A. semipermeable and made of phospholipids B. inpermeable and made of phospholipids
a metabolism
The chemical reactions that occur in all living things are known, collectively, as __________. (A) metabolism (B) molecular biology (C) chemotherapy (D) bioremediation
pink
The color of gram negative is?
purple
The color of gram positive is?
Edward Jenner
The cowpox/smallpox experiment was done by what scientist?
c cells that share 70% common sequences of DNA
The definition of species for animals may be based on the ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring, but for bacteria a species is better defined by which of the following? A. cells that have the same morphology and arrangement B. cells that can undergo conjugation C. cells that share 70% common sequences of DNA D. a population of bacteria that arose from same cells
d serology
The designation E. coli O157:H7 is a result of which type of microbial identification process? A. morphology B. biochemical tests C. phage typing D. serology
cell wall structure
The differences in cell response to staining is due to?
B glycerol, hydrophilic
The head of the phospholipid bilayer is? A. glycerol, hydrophobic B. glycerol, hydrophilic C. fatty acid chain, hydrophilic D. fatty acid chain, hydrophobic
d all of the above
The laboratory of Robert Koch contributed which of the following: a simple staining technique b use of pitri dishes c first photomicrograph of bacteria d all of the above
c 2000x
The limit of useful magnification for a light microscope is ___ A. 100× B. 1000× C. 2000× D. 10,000×
b hydrophobic and hydrophilic
The phospholipids commonly found in the cell membrane contain regions with which of the following characteristics? (A) hydrophilic and ionic (B) hydrophobic and hydrophilic (C) hydrophobic (D) hydrophilic
c ribosomes
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is rough because it contains a. lipids b. proteins c. ribosomes d. vesicles
c) Semmelweis
The scientist who pioneered handwashing as a means of reducing disease transmission was __________. a) Lister b) Ehrlich c) Semmelweis d) Snow
d an environmental microbiologist
The scientist who stidues the role of microogranisms in the environment is a a genetic technologist b an earth microbiologist c an epidemiologist d an environmental microbiologist
bionomial nomenclature
The system by which all organisms are given two names is called
D fatty acid chain, hydrophobic
The tails of the phospholipid bilayer is? A. glycerol, hydrophobic B. glycerol, hydrophilic C. fatty acid chain, hydrophilic D. fatty acid chain, hydrophobic
Koch's Postulates
These are a series of steps that must be taken to prove the cause of any infection disease
fimbraie
These are bristle like protein structures that allow attachment
azotobacter
This bacteria contains PHB (Polyhydroxybutyrate) which can produce a plastic that is biodegradable. a. heliobacter b. azotobacter c. streptococci d. bacillus
hook
This curved structure connects the filament of the flagella to the basal body
SARS
This disease spread quickly because people boarded an airplane and brought the disease to other countries
c. transmission electron microscope
This microscope produces a beam of electrons that creates an image on a fluorescent screen based on density differences A. Scanning Electron Microscope B. Fluorescent Microscope C. Transmission Electron Microscope D. Light Microscope
d phase microscope
This microscope works via manipulated wavelengths to align or misalign wavelengths to enable better resolution of living things. It increases contrast in unstained living things. a. brightfield microscope b. darkfield microscope c. fluorescent microscope d. phase microscope e. electron microscope
c Carl Woese
This scientist discovered that significant differences in nucleic acid sequences among organisms reavealed that cells belonged to one of three major groups bacteria, archaea or eukaryotes a) Linus Pauling b) Jonas Saulk c) Carl Woese d) Edward Jenner
Louis Pasteur
This scientist is responsible for heating substances to kill bacteria?
Val Leewenhoek
This scientist saw and gave reports on what he saw under the microscopes he made
Pasteur
This scientist wanted to disprove Needham
Needham
This scientist was pro spontaneous generation, he heated a broth which later became turbid
Redi
This scientist's experiment with maggots on meat disproved spontaneous generation
c nucleic acid analysis
This test uses rRNA sequencing to find certain bacteria a. serological tests b. biochemical tests c. nucleic acid analysis d. phage typing
c nucleic acid analysis
This test uses the G+C ratio a. serological tests b. biochemical tests c. nucleic acid analysis d. phage typing
Spontaneous Generation
This was the belief that toads arose from mud in ponds
False
True or False: Fimbriae are longer than flagella
lipoteichoic acid
What anchors the petidoglycan to the cell membrane
WHO and CDC (world health organization and Center for Disease Control)
What are the two organizations responsible for tracking diseases and disease control?
a hydrophobic cores
What characteristic contributes to the membrane's ability to block the passage of some molecules? A. hydrophobic cores B. hydrophilic cores C. electrically neutral surface D. availability of ATP E. presence of proteins in the membrane
prokaryote
What classification to bacteria and archaea belong to? a eukaryote b prokaryote c pseudopod d biosphere
Penicillin
What did Alexander Fleming discover?
introduce cleanliness and antiseptic techniques in nursing
What did Florence Nightingale do?
Handwashing
What did Semmelweis contribute? (what is he known for)
animacules or beasties
What did Van Leeuwenhoek call what he saw through his magnifying lenses?
microorganisms
What did Van Leeuwenhoek discover?
the background, no the cell
What do negative stains stain?
size, shape and arrangement of cells
What do simple stains help you to see?
tetrapeptide - teichoic acid
What holds the peptidoglycan together?
theory that germs cause disease
What is Germ Theory?
c flame loop sterilization
What is Robert Koch responsible for? a) germ theory b) first microscopes c) flame loop sterilization d) handwashing
NAM and NAG
What is the carbohydrate backbone of the peptidoglycan layer?
pink
What is the color of a gram negative stain?
purple
What is the color of the gram positive stain?
e to increase the contrast of the specimen, increase visibility AND to assist in classification of the specimen
What is the function of staining in microscopy? a. to magnify the specimen b. to increase the contrast of the specimen c. to detect living specimens in a sample d. to assist in classification of the specimen e. to increase the contrast of the specimen, increase visibility AND to assist in classification of the specimen
a capsule or slime layer found in prokaryotic cells
What is the glycocalyx and where is it found? A. capsule or slime layer found in prokaryotic cells and some archaea B. Capsule or slime layer found surrounding animal cells C. a capsule or slime layer found in algae D. a capsule or slime layer found in fungi
A glycerol heads and fatty acid chains
What is the phospolipid bilayer composed of? A. glycerol heads and fatty acid chains B. Golgi apparatus and Endoplasmic Reticulum C. Centrioles and Vacuoles D. DNA in cytoplasm
observation, question, hypothesis, test
What is the scientific method?
c phages bind to only certain types of cells
What is the underlying rationale for how phage typing works? A. Phages are quickly metabolized by bacterial cells. B. Phages cannot be killed by human cells. C. Phages bind to only certain types of cells. D. Phages have DNA similar to that of bacterial cells.
dichotomous key
What is this an example of?
Alexander Fleming
What scientist found the first antibiotic?
John Snow
What scientist started epidemiology?
Edward Jenner
What scientist started vaccinations?
Louis Pasteur
What scientist used swan neck flask?
phage testing, plaques
What type of test is this and what is the area at A
maggots did not appear on meat in a sealed jar, disproved spontaneous generation
What was Redi's experiment? Why was it important?
d epidemiology
Which area of study is concerned with the distribution and spread of disease in humans? a) molecular biology b) etiology c) immunology d) epidemiology
c both
Which form of transport might require an integral protein channel? A. passive transport B. active transport C. both D. neither
A image A with four rings
Which image is gram negative (a) Image A with four rings (b) Image B with two rings
d antibiotics
Which is not one of Koch's discoveries? a) growing microbes on plates b) concept that colony arises from single cell c) use of petri dishes d) antibiotics e) steam sterilization f) simple staining
a viruses
Which of the following are acellular obligatory parasites? a) viruses b) protozoa c) fungi d) bacteria
basal body, rod, hook, filament
Which of the following are structures that make up the flagella? choose all that apply (A) cell membrane (B) basal body (C) rod (D) hook (E) cell wall (F) filament
b treponema spirochetes in a syphilis chancre
Which of the following bacteria would have axial filaments? (A) staphylococci found on the skin (B) treponema spirochetes in a syphilis chancre (C) streptococci found in a yogurt culture (D) rod-shaped bacilli in the human gu
b oxygen
Which of the following could diffuse through the cytoplasmic membrane? a. protein b. oxygen c. a phosholipid d. glucose
a chloroplast
Which of the following eukaryotic organelles is associated primarily with photosynthetic cells and organisms? (A) chloroplast (B) endoplasmic reticulum (C) Golgi body (D) mitochondrion
b needham
Which of the following favored the theory of spontaneous generation? a Spallanzani b Needham C Pasteur d Koch
b Archaea
Which of the following groups of microorganisms was discovered due to the work of Carl Woese? (A) protozoa (B) archaea (C) algae (D) bacteria
b prokarya
Which of the following is NOT a domain proposed by Carl Woese? A. Eukarya B. Prokarya C. Bacteria D. Arachaea
c plasmodium
Which of the following is NOT a member of the fungi? a) Candida b) Penicillium c) Plasmodium d) Saccharomyces
a bacteria photomicrograph of the causative agent must be taken
Which of the following is NOT a step in Koch's postulates, a modification of the scientific method that enabled researchers to identify microbes that cause infectious diseases? a) Bacteria photomicrograph of the causative agent must be taken. b) When the agent is introduced to a susceptible host, the host must acquire the disease. c) The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease. d) The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
d scanning electron micrographs typically appear two-dimensional
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of scanning electron microscopy? a Specimens must be placed into a vacuum. b Secondary electrons are used to visualize the specimen. c Whole specimens can be observed. d Scanning electron micrographs typically appear two-dimensional.
3 how do bacteria use biofilms to form muticellular prokaryotic organisms
Which of the following is NOT one of the questions that drive microbiological investigations today? 1) How can we adapt to the growing numbers of resistant microbes? 2) How can an understanding of microbial communities help us understand the positive aspects of microbial action? 3) How do bacteria use biofilms to form multicellular prokaryotic organisms? 4) What is it about certain microbes known only by their nucleic acid sequences that has prevented researchers from growing cultures in the laboratory?
a How can we eradicate polio, tuberculosis and AIDS
Which of the following is NOT one of the questions that drove the Golden Age of Microbiology? a) How can we eradicate polio, tuberculosis, and AIDS? b) What causes fermentation? c) Do microbes arise spontaneously in the right conditions? d) What causes disease?
d is hydrophobic
Which of the following is a characteristic of a phospholipid "tail"? (a) It is negatively charged. (b) It is hydrophilic. (c) It is composed of a glycerol and a fatty acid. (d) It is hydrophobic.
a basic dyes are attracted to negatively charged surface of cells
Which of the following is a true statement concerning basic dyes? A. Basic dyes are attracted to the negatively charged surface of cells. B. Basic dyes are also known as anionic chromophores. C. Basic dyes work best at a low pH. D. Eosin is an example of a basic dye.
c they are composed of tubulin
Which of the following is a true statement regarding eukaryotic flagella? a. they are composed of flagellin b. they are constructed the same way as prokaryotic flagella c. they are composed of tubulin d. they move in a manner similar to the way in which prokaryotic flagella move
a polypeptide: fat
Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? (A) polypeptide: fat (B) polysaccharide: sugar (C) polysaccharide: starch (D) cholesterol: lipid
b protozoa: not visible by light microscopy
Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? a) fungi: molds and yeasts b) protozoa: not visible by light microscopy c) bacteria: peptidoglycan d) algae: food for aquatic animals
c macromolecular synthesis
Which of the following is not a function of the proteins found on the cytoplasmic membrane of any given cell? a. transport b. recognition c. macromolecular synthesis d. receptors
D ATP
Which of the following is the cell's principal short-term, recyclable energy source? (A) cholesterol (B) fats (C) glucose (D) ATP
b it may have two or four rings if the bacterium is gram positive or gram negative
Which of the following is true regarding the basal body of bacterial flagella? (A) It permits the flagella to rotate 180 degrees. (B) It may have two or four rings if the bacterium is Gram-positive or Gram-negative, respectively. (C) The filament is directly inserted into the basal body. (D) The basal body is comprised mostly of flagellin.
d all of the above are true
Which of the following is true? (A) Water can freely pass through the cell membrane. (B) Water can pass through a protein channel. (C) Alcohol can pass freely through the cell membrane. (D) All of the above are true. (E) None of the above are true.
d both a and b
Which of the following microbes can possess a glycocalyx? a. bacteria b. protozoa c. viruses d. both and and b
b bacteria: eukaryotic cell
Which of the following microbes is MISMATCHED with its cell type? a) fungus: eukaryotic cell b) bacteria: eukaryotic cell c) algae: eukaryotic cell d) archaea: prokaryotic cell
e dissolved oxygen and simple alcohols
Which of the following molecules can freely pass through the cytoplasmic membrane? A. simple alcohols B. ions C. hydrophobic molecules D. dissolved oxygen E. dissolved oxygen AND simple alcohols F. none of the above
a fatty acids
Which of the following molecules could move easily through a lipid bilayer? (A) fatty acids (B) proteins (C) phosphate functional groups (D) sugars
a mitochondrion
Which of the following organelles is often described as the "powerhouse of the cell"? (A) mitochondrion (B) endoplasmic reticulum (C) Golgi body (D) nucleus
d cellulose
Which of the following polysaccharides constitutes the cell walls of plants and green algae and is the most abundant polysaccharide on Earth? (A) glycogen (B) amylopectin (C) amylose (D) cellulose
c bacterium swimming away from a high concentration
Which of the following scenarios would be considered bacterial motility? (A) photosynthetic bacterium moving toward a light source (B) bacterium being washed off the skin during hand washing (C) bacterium swimming away from a high concentration of a toxic compound (D) all of the above (E) none of the above
b acid fast stain
Which of the following stains is used for visualizing Mycobacterium? A. the negative stain B. the acid-fast stain C. the endospore stain D. the Gram stain
b) Pasteur used a "swan-neck flask" to collect dust that could have inoculated the broth and led to growth
Which of the following statements best describes how Pasteur's experiment to disprove spontaneous generation differed from Needham's experiment? a) Needham may not have boiled the broth sufficiently to kill all the microbes. b) Pasteur used a "swan-necked flask" to collect dust that could have inoculated the broth and led to growth. c) Needham followed Aristole's logic, which has been proven more reliable than experiments. d) The rotting meat had already been exposed to flies, which introduced eggs.
c flagella
Which of the following structures is/are used for locomotion by a wide variety of microbes? (A) peptidoglycan (B) ribosomes (C) flagella (D) enzymes
d subspecies
Which of the following taxonomic groupings was NOT part of the traditional Linnaean system of classification? A. genus B. class C. family D. subspecies
d
Which of the following transport mechanisms occur in eukaryotes but NOT prokaryotes? a. facilitated diffusion b. active transport with symporters c. active transport with antiporters d. endocytosis
C Sterols
Which of the following types of lipids helps keep eukaryotic cell membranes flexible at low temperatures? (A) phospholipids (B) waxes (C) sterols (D) triglycerides
c phospholipids
Which of the following types of lipids is/are the major component(s) of the cytoplasmic membrane? (a) triglycerides (b) triglycerides and sterols (c) phospholipids (d) sterols
a protozoa
Which of the following types of microbial cells are most similar to animal cells in terms of their structure and nutrition? a) protozoa b) Prokaryotes c) Algae d) fungi
c transmission electron microscope
Which of the following types of microscopes should be used to view a specimen at 50,000× magnification? A. a dark-field microscope B. a confocal microscope C. a transmission electron microscope D. a phase-contrast microscope
a there was no established system for naming different kinds of microbes
Which of the following was NOT a reason for the slow development of microbiology as a science? a) There was no established system for naming different kinds of microbes. b) The art of making microscopes was temporarily lost after Leeuwenhoek's death. c) Microbes were thought to play no role in human affairs. d) Lab techniques for working with microbes had to be developed first.
d hydrophobic molecules
Which of the following would require the use of a protein channel to assist in transport into and out of the cell? A. simple alcohols B. dissolved oxygen C. water D. hydrophobic molecules
c lipid and carbohydrate
Which of the following would you expect to be present in a molecule called a lipopolysaccharide? (A) carbohydrate and protein (B) lipid and protein (C) lipid and carbohydrate (D) carbohydrate and nucleic acid
d bacteria
Which one of the following microbe types is prokaryotic? (A) algae (B) fungi (C) protozoa (D) bacteria
d pseudopodia and a nucleus
Which one of the following structures is/are associated with protozoa? (A) nucleus (B) pseudopodia (C) peptidoglycan (D) pseudopodia and a nucleus
d Semmelweis
Which scientist first hypothesized that medical personnel can infect patients with pathogens? a Edward Jenner b Joseph Lister c John Snow d Ignaz Semmelweis
Robert Koch
Which scientist is responsible for Petri Dish?
a Robert Koch
Which scientist is responsible for invention of simple staining? a) Robert Koch b) Louis Pasteur c) Van Leeuwenhoek d) Alexander Fleming
Robert Koch
Which scientist is responsible for techinques to transfer bacteria?
Robert Koch
Which scientist worked with anthrax?
b ehrlich
Which scientists investigations led to the field of Chemotherapy? A Jenner B Ehrlich C Pasteur D Koch
c pasteur
Which scientists investigations led to the field of Food microbiology? A Jenner B Ehrlich C Pasteur D Koch
C Snow
Which scientists investigations led to the field of Infection Control? A Pasteur B Ehrlich C Snow D Koch
c pasteur and buchner
Which scientists investigations led to the field of biochemistry? a Snow and Koch b Jenner and Saulk c Pasteur and Buchner d Beyernick and Wihogradsky
c pasteur
Which scientists investigations led to the field of biotechnology? A Jenner B Ehrlich C Pasteur D Koch
a snow
Which scientists investigations led to the field of epidemiology? A Snow B Ehrlich C Pasteur D Koch
d koch
Which scientists investigations led to the field of etiology? A Jenner B Ehrlich C Pasteur D Koch
a jenner
Which scientists investigations led to the field of immunology? A Jenner B Ehrlich C Pasteur D Koch
Woese to find unculturable microbes
Who did Nucleic Acid Analysis and Why?
Louis Pasteur
Who disproved Spontaneous Generation?
Louis Pasteur
Who is known as the father of microbiology?
Lister
Who is responsible for first using antiseptics?
Semmelweis
Who is responsible for handwashing?
Florence Nightingale
Who started Nursing?
Lister
Who used carbolic acid/phenol by spraying on wounds, surgical sites and dressings?
Louis Pasteur
Who was responsible for the Germ theory of disease?
a it is used in the production of alcoholic veverages and leavenede bread
Why is Saccharomyces cerevisiae important to humans? a) It is used in the production of alcoholic beverages and leavened bread. b) It causes yeast infections in females. c) It was used in the 1950s to study microbial genetics. d) It is a mold that produces an antibiotic.
d peritrichous
a bacterial cell with flagella that cover the surface of the cell is called a. amphitrichous b. polar c. lophotrichous d. peritrichous
coccus
a ball shaped bacterium is called?
staphlococcus
a group of many ball shaped bacteria clumped together is called
SARS
a respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003
bacillus
a rod shaped bacterium is called?
plasmid
a small cellular inclusion consisting of a ring of DNA that is not in a chromosome but is capable of autonomous replication
streptococcus
a straight line of ball shaped bacteria are called
parasitic worm
a tape worm is an example of?
the ability of the bacteria to use or produce chemicals
a visual observation of a bacteria would observe all of these but: cell shape, colony appearance, staining, oxygen needs, the ability of the bacteria to use or produce chemicals flagellar arrangement differential staining results (gram +/- temperature traits
add small volume of virus to surface and spread
after spreading the lawn during phage typing, what is the next step?
a agar
algae is both unicellular (small) and large (seaweed), what can be derived from algae? a) agar b) sourgum c) pectin d) none of the above
bacteria, archaea, eukaryote, Woese
all organisms belong to one of three groups, what are they? Who discovered them?
vibrio
an arc shaped bacteria is called
yes
are algae photosynthetic?
mobile
are protozoa mobile or immobile?
no
are ribosomes in bacteria and archaea found on the endoplasmic reticulum?
b non-pathogenic
bacterial cells that lack fimbriae are a. pathogenic b. non-pathogenic
diplococcus
ball shaped bacteria arranged as two balls is called
a positively charged molecules
based on the electrical gradient that forms across the cytoplasmic membrane, what types of molecules would be attracted to the inside of the cell? a. positively charged molecules b. negatively charged molecules c. neutral molecules d. both positively and negatively charged molecules
c what the bacteria uses, what it produces
biochemical tests measure: a colony appearance b differential staining results c what the bacteria uses, what it produces d the oxygen needs and temperature traits
bacillus, coccus, diplococcus, streptococcus, staphlococcus, vibrio, spirillum
describe the bacterial arrangements
eat food
do protozoa eat food or are they photosynthetic?
no
do protozoa have cell walls?
No
do viruses belong to a grouping such as prokaryote or eukaryote?
see if there are plaques
during phage typing, after spreading the lawn and then adding a small volume to the surface and letting it grow what is the next step?
a as a defense strategy against harsh conditions
endospores form: a) as a defense strategy against harsh conditions b) due to reproduction c) by budding d) on cheese, mushrooms or on bread
d exocytosis
exporting a substance by pushing in an undulated rhythm is called? a) phagocytosis b) endocytosis c) pseudocytosis d) exocytosis
b eukaryote
fungi belong to which classification? a prokaryote b eukaryote c bacteria d all of the above
biofilm capsule or slime layer
glycocalyces are also known as:
a polysaccharides or polypeptides
glycocalyces are made from: a) polysaccharides or polypeptides b) polyunsaturated fats or polymers c) polysaccharides or peptic acid d) none of the above
by microscopic eggs
how are parasitic worms identified?
tracing cholera outbreak to drinking water, snow
how did epidemiology start? who started it?
a physical characteristics and biochemical tests
how do you identify bacteria? a. physical characteristics and biochemical tests b. physical characteristics and growth characteristics c. biochemical tests and heat tests d. biochemical tests, heat tests and physical characteristics
cilium, flagella or pseudopodia
how to protozoa move?
flagellum
identify area at 2
pseudopod
identify area at 3
nucleus
identify area at 4
capsule, slime layer
if the glycocalyx of a bacterium is well organized and firmly attached to the cell, it is called a ___________________. Loosely constructed glycocalyces are called _________
the virus did not kill that particular bacteria
if there are not plaques present during phase typing, what does this indicate?
the virus killed that particular bacteria
if there are plaques present during phase typing, what does this indicate?
d chromatin
in eukaryotes, the closest structure to the prokaryotic nucleoid is a. nuclear envelope b. nucleoplasm c. nucleolus d. chromatin
lysosome
in the cell, this breaks down macromolecules using digestive enzymes
Mitochondria
in the cell, this converts chemical fuel to energy that can power the cell
smooth ER
in the cell, this is the site of lipid synthesis
ribosome
in the cell, this works with mRNA to synthesize proteins
phage typing
in this test, a bacteria is spread across a plate and then innoculated with a virus.
amphitrichous
name the flagella arrangement
lophotrichous
name the flagella arrangement
montrichous
name the flagella arrangement
peritrichous
name the flagella arrangement
d metabolism
prokaryotes and eukaryotes display all of the common features of living organisms, but viruses do not. Of the characteristics listed below, the one that is seen inside a host cell is: a. growth b. reproduction c. responsiveness d. metabolism
c no cell wall
protozoa have a) a thick cell wall b) a thin cell wall c) no cell wall d) cell wall thicknesses that vary
d undergoing all of the above
removing a glycocalyx from a prokaryotic cell could result in the cell a. drying out b. becoming unable to attach to surfaces c. being recognized by the immune system d. undergoing all of the above
b causes no harm
streptococcus pneumonia without it's capsule a) causes pneumonia in the respiratory tract b) causes no harm
biochemical test
the ability of a microbe to use or produce specific chemicals is an example of this type of test.
c biochemical test
the ability of bacteria tor utilize/ferment a sole C source (glucose or lactose) would be an example of: a. growth characteristic b. colony appearance c. biochemical test d. pH need
a a rod and two or four rings
the basal body is composed of a different protein and (a) a rod and two or four rings (b) a rod and only one ring (c) a rod and three rings (d) three rings, a rod and a filament
d replicate DNA
the capsule or slime layer of a prokaryotic cell does all of the following except: a. protect from drying out b. allow to adhere c. keep from being recognized and devoured d. replicate DNA
b lack a nucleus
the key difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that prokaryotes a lack a cytoplasmic membrane b lack a nucleus c lack ribosomes d are always smaller than eukaryotes
A proteins (integral and peripheral)
the pores or channels that run along the cell membrane are: A. Proteins (Integral and Peripheral) B. ATP Transport mechanisms C. Ribosomes syntehsizing protein D. Proton pump inhibitors
environmental microbiology
the use of living bacteria, fungi and algae to detoxify polluted environments and recycle nutrients/compounds is an aspect of
d archaea
these are often found in harsh environments and have no petidoglycan cell wall a fungi b yeast c bacteria d archaea
C Transmission Electron Microscope
this Electron microscope allows you to see inside the specimen, artifacts often happen A. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) B. Positron Electron Microscope (PEM) C. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) D. Electron Vacuum Microscope (EVM)
c biofilm
this acts as electrical wires and allows cell communication or signals: a. fimbriae b. flagella c. biofilm d. filaments
cell membrane
this controls entry and exit of materials to cells - all cells have this
a scanning electron microscope (SEM)
this electron microscope allows you to see external surface of the specimen. The specimen is coated with a thin layer of gold or platinum A. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) B. Positron Electron Microscope (PEM) C. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) D. Electron Vacuum Microscope (EVM)
carrageenan
this form of algae derived from seaweed is often added to ice cream
c bacteria
this has a petidoglycan cell wall? a fungi b yeast c bacteria d archaea
e electron microscope
this microscope uses electron beams instead of light beams a. brightfield microscope b. darkfield microscope c. fluorescent microscope d. phase microscope e. electron microscope
c fluorescent microscope
this microscope uses invisible uv light, the specimen is hit with uv light, the uv light is absorbed and re-emitted as visible light. the specimen glows a. brightfield microscope b. darkfield microscope c. fluorescent microscope d. phase microscope e. electron microscope
c brightfield microscope
this microscope uses visible light that projects from the light through the condenser, through the specimen, to the objective lens to the ocular lens a. fluorescent microscope b. phase microscope c. brightfield microscope d. electron microscope
Nucleus
this part of the cell stores genetic information
Snow
this person started epidemiology
serological test
this test is based on antibody to antigen reaction
a serological tests/agglutination
this test is based on interaction with specific antibodies. When antibodies are present a complex tangled net is formed, and is visible to the human eye. a. serological tests/agglutination b. biochemical tests c. phage typing d. nucleic acid analysis
c magnification
to make a sample look bigger is called a. resolution b. contrast c. magnification d. microscopy
gene therapy
use of recombinant DNA by inserting a missing gene or repairing a defective one in human cells is called?
spirillum
wavy spiral shaped bacteria are called
lipoteichoic acid
what anchors the peptidoglycan to the cell membrane?
filamentous mold and unicellular yeast
what are the forms of molds?
b eukaryote
what classification do algae fall under? a prokaryote b eukaryote c bacteria d all of the above
b eukaryote
what classification do protozoa belong to? a prokaryote b eukaryote c bacteria d all of the above
first microscope
what did Van Leeuwenhoek invent?
fermentation, germ theory, pasteurization
what did pasteur work on?
differences in rRNA
what did woese see that revealed that cells belong to one of three major groups?
spread bacteria across the surface of agar plate
what does it mean to spread the lawn of bacteria?
microbe that causes disease
what is a pathogen?
science dealing with the transmission and control of disease
what is epidemiology?
DNA or RNA
what is found in the capsid of viruses?
c mycobacteria
what is the acid fast stain used for? a. gram + or gram - bacteria b. azotobacter c. mycobacteria d. phagocytes
b phospholipid bilayer
what is the cell membrane made of? A. Ribosomes B. Phospholipid bilayer C. ATP D. DNA
a capsule or slime layer
what is the glycocalyx of a prokaryotic cell can be a: a. capsule or slime layer b. capsule only c. only a slime layer d. neither a capsule nor a slime layer but a fortified cell wall
c capsid
what is the protein coat on viruses called? a) peptidoglycan b) captin c) capsid d) lypase
filament
what is the whip like portion of the flagella called?
spontaneous generation and fermentation
what led to the scientific method
invade and take over and make more viruses
what to viruses do to the host cell?
in the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum
where are ribosomes found in eukaryotic cells?
b candida albicans
which fungi is harmful? a saccharomyces cerevisiae b candida albicans c moldus filamentous d yeasticus majorus
B image B with two rings
which image is gram positive (a) image a with four rings (b) image b with two rings
d fermentation
which is not one of Koch's discoveries? a) simple staining b) bacteria having different species c) first picture of bacteria in diseased tissue d) fermentation e) techniques to transfer bacteria
c algae
which microorganisms are used to make microbiological growth media ? a bacteria b fungi c algae d protozoa
a hami
which of the following are external structures found only in archaea? a. hami b. flagella c. pili d. fimbriae
a bacteria
which of the following microorganisms are not eukaryotic? a bacteria b yeasts c molds d protozoa
c koch
which of the following scientists hypothesized that a bacterial colony arises from a single bacterial cell? a van leeuwenhoek b pasteur c koch d petri
b flagella
which of the following structures in bactera is NOT used for sticking to surfaces or other cells? a. fimbriae b. flagella c. pili d. all are used for attachment
Jenner
who started vaccinations?
