Middle Ages # Lessons 1-15 Review for Quiz

List the things that made Gregory the Great a great ruler

1. He worked hard to suppress heresy 2. He corresponded on many subjects connected with the church 3. He was an excellent administrator

Name the two things the church inherited from the Roman Empire.

1. The church inherited the Roman form of government and adapted it for its own needs. 2. The church inherited the Roman ideal of unity.

Describe the life of a novice who wanted to be received into the monastery.

A novice must knock for admission for four or five days. Then after resting for a few days, he must meditate and be tested whether he seeks God. After two months, he is read the rule. For another six months he meditates and is tested in patience. After that time has passed the rule is read to him again. Another four months go by and he is read the rule again, where he is finally received into the community.

What were the responsibilities of a squire in order to become a knight?

A squire must learn how to use a lance, sword, and battle-axe. He followed his lord to tournaments and war, where he cared for his armor, armed him, fought by his side, protected him, and carried him to safety if needed.

Describe the knighting of a squire.

A squire spent the night before the knighting in vigil in a church. The next morning, he bathed, put on white clothes, attended Mass, and received the sacrament. Then he made his vows. After leaving the church, his armor, spurs, belt, and sword were put on and he knelt before the lord to receive the accolade. He was then given a helmet, shield, lance, and a horse, which he mounted and rode before the assembly. The rest of the day was spent in feasting and rejoicing.

Name the difference between the King's Court and the Church Court.

All clerical offenders had the right to be tried by a church court, which was called "benefit of clergy"

Caedmon

Anglo-Saxon poet who received ability through a dream

Stephen Langton

Archbishop of Canterbury ; led opposition to King John

Lanfranc

Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of William I

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury who was murdered for refusing Henry II

Anselm

Archbishop of Canterbury; disputed issues of investiture

Huns

Asiatic conquerors who ravaged Europe

Henry IV

Battled Pope Gregory VII over the controversy of investiture

St. Augustine

Bishop of Hippo; wrote The City of God

St. Ambrose

Bishop of Milan; wrote many early church hymns

Fortunatus

Bishop of Poitiers; early hymn writer

Name some of the traits Tacitus observed about the Germanic tribes.

Bravery was admired in fighting and defeat was shameful. Animals considered a source of wealth. They fought unclothed with spears in close and open combat. Houses were built far from other houses. A husband provided the dowry in marriage and both spouses were expected to display bravery.

St. Jerome

Christian leader; translated Bible into Latin

St. Boniface

Christian missionary to Germany

St. Patrick

Christian missionary to Ireland

Aidan

Christian missionary to Northumbria

St. Augustine of England

Christian missionary to Northumbria

From what did Christian hymns arise?

Christian teaching added something to the virtues from earlier times. They expressed these new emotions in the form of poetry, chiefly as hymns.

List the chief holidays of the medieval church:

Christmas Easter Pentecost (Whitsuntide) Midsummer's Party Michaelmas Day

King John of England

Disputed with Innocent III over appointment of archbishop

Magna Carta

Document securing rights and powers of English people

Justinian

Eastern Emperor,codified laws for the empire

The Eastern churches were full of statues and images of Christ and the saints. The Emperor opposed these, why?

Emperor believed if they were no idols, the Muslims and Jews would more easily assimilate into the Empire. He issued an edict forbidding the worship of images but it was opposed by the monks, clergy and peasants.

Describe the system of farming the manor.

Farmers used the three-field system, by which they rotated the crops between summer crops, winter crops, and a season of being uncultivated. Each field was divided into strips that each serf was to care for.

List the events that took away the sea power of Venice.

First, the Turks captured Constantinople in 1453 and the ships of Venice were no longer safe there. Second, Vasco de Gama discovered the Cape Route to India in 1497, thereby allowing the countries of Northern Europe to pass directly by Venice in sending their ships to the east.

Charles Martel

Frankish king who defeated the Moors

Clovis

Frankish king who spread Salic Law

Pepin the Short

Frankish king; son of Charles Martel

Mayors of the Palace

Frankish rulers after the time of Clovis

Louis VI

French king who gained great authority for French monarchy

Franks

Germanic Tribe

Laws of the Barbarians

Germanic system of law written down in Latin

How did Charlemagne set up administrative positions in his kingdom?

He chose men he could trust, with good character and ability, whether nobles, freeman, or serfs. The land was divided into counties, each one under the responsibility of a count. The districts on the frontiers were called marches, controlled by margraves. He then instituted the Missi Dominici to collect revenue and keep him in touch with everything in the empire.

List some of the ways Alfred the Great established order and good government.

He collected and revised laws so that it was possible to have a fair administrative justice. He trained the English sailors to defend the coasts. Then he restored the education of England by establishing schools.

Theodoric was known to be tolerant and far- sighted because....

He kept order in the land, encouraged the growth of cities. He spent a lot of money in adorning the buildings in these cities. He promoted education and encouraged scholars to attend his court. Everyone had the freedom of worship. He set boundaries between nations.

Gregory VII

He strengthened papal authority and jurisdiction as pope

How did Louis VI gain authority for the French monarchy?

He subdued the barons in his own domain and made them subject to him. He gained power over the other lords and lessened the power of court officials by making more appointments dependent on the king. The king became a position that paid homage to no one.

Describe the life of St. Patrick

He was born in Scotland and taken as a slave to Ireland when he was 16. He dreamed that the Irish wanted him to return and so he did. He preached and taught the people.

What happened to Charlemagne's kingdom after his death?

His kingdom was divided into 3 parts - the kingdom of the West, the Kingdom of the East, and Lotharigia

Frederick II

Holy Roman Emperor; led Fifth Crusade

Describe the sack of Rome

In 410 A.D. The Goths, who were led by Alaric, besieged the city of Rome and when the treasure he demanded was not given to him he burned and pillaged the city.

Explain how the system of paying homage was different in England:

In England, every landowner paid homage directly to the king instead of directly to the overlord from whom they received their land. The effect of this was that there were fewer private wars because English vassals were weaker that those on the continent of Europe.

List the duties of a common parish priest during the Middle Ages:

Instruct the people in the faith of the Church with its religious duties and obligations Ex. services of the church and how to behave. They were to make sure the poor and strangers were cared for with regard to food, drink, shelter, clothing, and visiting the sick.

Name some of the things explained in the Koran:

It insisted on one God and that Mohammed taught the last and final revelation. They were to honor their parents, give alms to the poor, and neither make nor worship images. It also explains in more detail other moral obligations for Muslims. They were to spread Islam by sword. They could attain a future life of material pleasures and ease by dying in battle.

Henry II

King of England; disputed Becket over church courts

Richard the Coeur de Lion

King of England; one of European leaders in Third Crusade.

St. Louis

King of France; leader of Final Crusade

Otto I

King of Germany and Holy Roman Empire

Sweyn

King of the Danes who conquered Norway, Denmark, and England

Canute

King of the Danes; son of Sweyn

Charlemagne

King of the Franks and first Holy Roman Emporer

Theodoric

King of the Ostrogoths

Name the three important factors in preserving Roman heritage.

Latin language, the roads and the tradition of law and order.

Hejira

Mahammed's flight from Mecca to Medina

Explain how Mohammed's religion began:

Mohammed at age 25 became convinced that the many gods worshiped by the Arabs was wrong and that there was only one God. He believed the angel Gabriel sent him a vision and told him to preach about the religion of God to his people. His wife and friends were his first converts but he also made many enemies from those people who wanted to continue worshiping the old gods. He eventually fled to Medina and gained many followers. He later returned to Mecca and defeated his enemies and established Islam. He preached to his converts the following: "There is no god but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet"

St. Basil

Monk who founded one of the earliest monasteries in the East.

Benedictine Rule

Most widely followed rules and orders of the monasteries.

mosque

Muslim place of worship

Rurik

Norseman who became leader of northwest Russia

Carthusian Order

Order founded by St. Bruno, known for its severity

Why did Pope Urban II exhort the people to recover the Holy Places?

Pope Urban II exhorted the people to join in the Crusade because Seljuk Turks had conquered the Holy Land and were threatening to take Constantinople. They were also threatening pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem.

Innocent III

Pope during the Fourth Lateran Council and Fourth Crusade

Pope Urban II

Pope who called for the First Crusade to the Holy Land.

How did Rollo the Norseman become Duke of Normandy?

Rollo and his company invaded France. They were very successful and eventually settled in the land along the Seine River. Instead of driving them out of the land, the King of the West Franks made a treaty, where the Norsemen would become Christians and submit to the King. In agreeing to the King's term, he became Duke of Normandy.

Valens

Roman Emperor defeated by Goths at Adrianople

Constantine

Roman Emperor who made Christianity the official religion of the empire.

Theodosius

Roman Emperor, "Lover of peace and of the Goths"

How did Norse sagas keep the early history of the Vikings?

Sagas told the history of the early Vikings through scalds who learned the old legends, traditions, hero deeds, and adventures of Vikings of old. These were recited at festivals or gatherings by word of mouth.

Describe Saladin

Saladin was the Saracen ruler who conquered from Carthage to Baghdad. He was well educated and a great warrior. He was a Muslim,generous,chivalrous, just and merciful.

Saladin

Saracen (Muslim) ruler, fought Europeans in Third Crusade.

Wittekind

Saxon hero who led the rebellion against Charlemagne

From the poem, what were the conditions under which the serf usually worked?

Serfs could lack the clothing needed for cold weather. They rarely rested and were often hurt. They were taxed and made to feel inferior by the men they worked for.

List the reasons men went on the First Crusade.

Some men wanted to free the Holy Land from the infidels. The Crusade were also an opportunity to use the fighting spirit of Europe for a single cause. There was also a desire for the knights and barons to gain lands and kingdoms in the East.

Why did Vikings set out on voyages to different lands?

Some went for sheer love of adventure and the lure of plunder and wealth. Some went because their own settlements were becoming overcrowded and they hoped to find lands in which to expand. Some went because the three Norse peoples were gradually developing into unified kingdoms, each under a king.

Describe how Britain came to be ruled by Anglo-Saxon kings.

The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes came to help the Britons drive out the Picts who were invading from the North. After defeating the Picts, these tribes preferred Britain to their own lands that had known famine. They turned on the Britains and drove them to the West and occupied the land. They established their own kingdoms until they came to be united under one king in the ninth century.

Explain the reasons for the Church's growth in power:

The Church's power increased because it gained a great deal of property that gave the Church revenue. Next, the Church was the place where the most educated men and ablest administrators were found who became influential in society. Finally, the Church had its own courts of law, where the papal court served as the final authority, even over kings and princes.

Describe the main conflicts between the Anglo-Saxons and the descendants of the Norsemen.

The Danes invaded Wessex in 871 A.D. and were defeated by Alfred the Great in 878, and a treaty was made that brought peace for fifty years. In 937 A.D. the Danes invaded, but were defeated by Athelstan. In 1016 A.D., the Dane Canute became king of England. Though an Anglo-Saxon was restored to the throne from 1042-1066 A.D., William of Normandy defeated England and became its sole ruler.

Name some of the weaknesses that led to the decline of the Hansa.

The Hansa was weakened by jealousies and rivalries amongst themselves. It was also weakened by its slow change to new methods and conditions. It was determined to keep a trade monopoly that it could not maintain.

Describe the role of the Hospitallers and Templars.

The Hospitallers and Templars were military orders founded to protect pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem. The Hospitallers maintained a hospital, did charitable works, and defended Jerusalem if necessary. The Templars defended pilgrims as they journeyed to Jerusalem.

How did Hugh Capet come to be king of the Franks?

The archbishop of Reims knew Charles of Lorraine would be a bad ruler, and convinced the barons to elect Hugh Capet, Duke of France, as king. The archbishop gave a speech that convinced the other nobles to make the Duke king.

Name items that made Constantinople the "Queen of Cities".

The city had magnificent buildings such as churches, like the Sancta Sophia. The city had the Hippodrome and palaces.

Describe the early Britons

The early Britons belonged to the Celtic race. They were mostly primitive, but traded, raised cattle, and lived in small villages. They most likely worshipped the sun with Druids, or priests.

Explain how the early church came to be organized.

The first leaders were the Apostles. Those who succeeded them became overseers or "bishops" and they had care of Christian communities in certain areas.

Name the four important principles that created controversy between the papacy and England:

The four principles were the question of jurisdiction and how far the pope might interfere in English affairs, investiture, church courts, and the appointment of the archbishop of Canterbury.

Cistercian Order

The most well-known monastery order at Clairvaux

Who were the paladins?

The paladins were Charlemagne's knights who represented traditions of courage and adventure, of high-mindedness and devotion, of heroism and loyalty.

Describe the monks who were in charge of the order and discipline of the monastery.

The precentor was in charge of services and music. The sacrist looked after the church, its furnishings, and the ringing of the bells. The cellarer looked after the food and supplies. The chamberlain was in charge of clothing, repairs,washing,habits, and boots. The infirmarer cared for the sick. The almoner distributed gifts to the poor of the neighborhood. The guest master received guests and took care of hospitality. The porter guarded the gate.

Name the results of the two great aims of Innocent III.

The recovery of the Holy Land failed in the Fourth Crusade. His other goal to reform the church led him into conflict with King John of England.

Describe the duties and character of the seneschal and the bailiff.

The seneschal was responsible for all the manors of any one lord. He visited them regularly and made sure that the lord's interests there were protected. The bailiff superintended the work of the serfs, making sure any surplus produce was taken by the lord.

Describe the life of a serf.

The serfs were not freemen. Their daily life and welfare depended on their work. They worked three days a week in the lord's fields, with special services and payments at certain seasons. A serf was required to produce crops to be sold at fairs. He had to pay for the services that he used, even on the lord's estate. He could neither marry, nor have his daughter marry, without the lord's consent. He was always poor,always forced to work hard, and usually oppressed.

List the services that a vassal was bound to perform:

The vassals had three feudal aids, which were to ransom their lord from captivity if he were taken prisoner in war, pay the expenses of making the lord's eldest son a knight, and provide a dowry for his eldest daughter. In addition to these, a vassal was to give forty days of military service each year, attend the lord's court whenever summoned, entertain his lord, put his castle at the lord's disposal if needed, and accompany the lord to war or expeditions.

Describe the wars between Charlemagne and the Saxons

The wars lasted for 30 years, the Saxons raided the northern borders of Charlemagne's kingdom. Charlemagne defeated them first in 722 A.D. They rebelled and were defeated a second time and made to be baptized. THe Saxons rebelled again with the aid of their hero Wittekind, but were finally defeated in 804.

Explain why men joined monasteries.

There were some men who wanted a quiet and peaceful place to study. Others wished to escape from the evil they saw in the world and felt powerless to change. Monasteries also offered some men the opportunity to follow wider interests and occupations. Finally, monasteries offered refuge and friends to those who were friendless, helpless and poor.

Describe the different types of people at a fair.

There were weavers with their linens. Italian merchants brought spices, perfumes, dyes, and drugs. The southern Frenchmen brought their wines. Spaniards brought armor and weapons. Germans from the Hansa brought furs and amber.

List some of the advances made by Muslims:

They contributed to architecture with the construction of domes and arches. They excelled in metalwork, pottery, the making of glass and in weaving. They were mathematicians and contributed to the study of geography and algebra. They introduced the use of globes. They helped with the development of hospitals and knew a great deal about medicine. They improved agriculture and encouraged higher learning.

Explain how the work of the monks was a civilizing influence in the Middle Ages.

They were an example of a disciplined and peaceful life during a time where the rest of society was rough and warlike. Monks believed that work was good for the body and mind, which led to large tracts of land being cultivated that would have been left untouched. They also cared for the sick and poor. They contributed to learning and art.

Describe the virtues,vices and personality of the Arab people:

They were generous, hospitable to strangers and faithful to their tribes or clans. They fought frequently with other tribes. They could be fierce and difficult to defeat. They had a strong sense of independence.

How did the Franks differ from other Germanic tribes?

They were not nomads, but enlarged their territories. THey were not wealthy like the Goths, nor plundered for the same reasons the Vandals plundered. They settled and cultivated the land.

Trade in Constantinople was regulated in several ways:

Trading took place in the hands of the various guilds, which were controlled by the state. Foreign merchants were allowed to carry on business after meeting with the state Only allowed to carry on business for up to three months.

What must a page learn in order to become a squire?

Training to become a squire began at age seven or eight. Training began by his being sent away from home to be taught how to serve, be courteous and have good manners. The page had to learn the stories of knights of old- tales of Hector and Troy, Arthur and Camelot. He had to learn religion and the lives of the saints. He began to learn the art of hunting, how to mount a horse and ride, and how to throw a spear. He also learned to sing and dance, and possibly play a harp.

List the most important land and sea routes during the Middle Ages.

Two land routes began at Venice: 1. The first went across the Alps to the Rhine and Bruges. 2. The second went to Nuremburg and Hamburg. The Danube route went across land from Constantinople to Vienna, where it could join with one of the other routes. There were four routes by sea that the Venetian ships used for their trade. The first was a route down the Adriatic into the Black Sea. The Syrian fleet went from Crete, Rhodes, and Cyprus on to the ports of Syria. The Egyptian fleet went to Alexandria. Finally, the North Sea fleet went through the Strait of Gilbraltar by the coasts of Portugal and France, through the English Channel to Antwerp and Bruges.

scalds

Viking men whose responsibility was memorizing and reciting traditions

St. Bernard

Well-known abbot of Clairvaux

Kaaba

a black stone which Islamic tradition says came from heaven.

cloister

a covered walkway in a convent or manastery

iconoclast

a destroyer of religious images

civilization

a developing and organized society of people

vassal

a holder of land who owes homage and allegiance to his overlord

fief

a large tract of land and labor given to someone to exercise control over

fief

a large tract of land and labor given to someone to exercise control over.

yeomen

a man holding and cultivating a small landed estate.

bull

a papal decree or edict

plaid

a piece of cloth, clothing with checkered pattern

hymn

a religious song or poem

scriptorium

a room set apart for the writing and copying of manuscripts.

capitularies

a set of royal ordinances or edicts

ford

a shallow place in a river allowing one to walk across

basilica

a specially shaped building used for early Christian worship

portcullis

a strong, heavy grating that slide up and down to block gateway.

demoiselle

a young woman

compurgation

acquittal from a charge or accusation

diocese

an area under the pastoral care of a bishop

synod

an assembly of clergy

parliament

an assembly of the representatives of a political nation or people

jongleur

an initinerant singer or musician

paladin

any of the twelve peers of Charlemagne's court

wares

articles offered for sale

succor

assistance and support in times of hardship and distress

Walter the Penniless

assisted Peter the Hermit

Battle of Adrianople

battle between Roman army and Goths

Constantinople

capital of the Eastern Empire

caliph

chief Muslim civil and religious ruler

Stonehenge

circle of stones used as temple for the earliest Britons

burgher

citizen of a town or city

The Hansa League

confederacy for trading towns against interference and trouble

William of Normandy

conquered England; King of England

mountebank

deceiver who tricks people out of their money

Athelstan

defeated the Danes and united England under one king

Goths

earliest tribe of Germanic settlers in the Roman Empire

Paulinus

early Christian preacher in Northumbria

Saxons

enemies of Charlemagne in the northern Frankish kingdom

vespers

evening prayers

avarice

extreme greed

Children's Crusade

failed attempt to convert infidels in the Holy Land

Hippodrome

famous building in Constantinople used for entertainment

Odin

father of the Norsemen's gods; giver of courage and wisdom

First Crusade

first attempt by Europeans to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the possession of the Muslims in 1096.

Muslims

followers of Islam

investiture

formally placing honor or rank on a particular person

Mohammed

founder of Islam

castellan

governor of a castle

Doge

head of the Council of Ten

ague

illness with fever and shivering

William of Normandy

invaded England and became king as William I

Rollo

invaded France and became Duke of Normandy

sordid

involving ignoble and distasteful actions

Lindisfarne

island from which many Christian teachers were sent to Northumbria

Salic Law

law of the Salian Franks

Alaric

leader of Goths; Sacked Rome in 410 AD

Attila

leader of the Huns; called "The Scourge of God"

Peter the Hermit

led unequipped group of peasants in the First Crusade.

fjords

long narrow water inlet with steep cliffs

Godfrey de Bouillon

medieval knight; leader of First Crusade

chivalry

medieval knightly code of behavior

rebec

medieval stringed instrument played with a bow

St. Martin of Tours

missionary to France; founded monastery at Poitiers

dulcimer

musical instrument with sounding box, strings across, and struck with hammers

The Hundred

name of the fixed number of Germanic soldiers from each village

Theodore of Tarsus

organized church of England into bishoprics and parishes.

transept

part of a building that is shaped in the arms of the cross

chattel

personal possession

Gregory the Great

pope who sent Augustine as missionary to England

Druids

priests of the early Britons

dowry

property or money brought by a spouse to their marriage

Islam

religion established by Mohammed

Alfred the Great

resisted Danes and saved his Anglo-Saxon kingdom

Council of Ten

ruling leaders of the city of Venice

despotic

ruling with absolute power in a cruel or oppressive way

Eric the Red

sailed to Greenland and established a settlement

Venerable Bede

scholar and teacher; recorded the history of early England

Palace School at Aix

school founded by Charlemagne

maritime

seafaring commercial and military activity

Norsemen

seafaring peple from Scandinavian countries; also called "Vikings" or "Danes"

quiring

singing in concert

nomad

someone with no permanent home and travels from place to place.

homage

special honor or respect

Nicene Creed

statement of essential Christian belief created at Nicea

prow

stem, front, or nose

duchy

territory or fief ruled ruled by duke or duchess

writ

the Bible; a document with the most authority

Eucharist

the Chrisitan ceremony commemorating the Last Supper

Sancta Sophia

the Church of the Holy Wisdom

Koran

the Islamic sacred book

bailiff

the agent or steward of a landlord

wergeld

the amount of compensation paid by a person to the injured party

abbey

the buildings used by a community of monks or nuns

donjon

the great tower or innermost part of the castle

margrave

the hereditary title of some princes of the HOly Roman Empire

manor

the lord's estate, including the land rented to tenants

feudalism

the main system of relationships in the Middle Ages where the recipient of land owes service to the one who gave it.

abbot

the man who is the head of an abbey of monks

Knights Hospitaller

the military order that defended and cared for Jerusalem.

Templars

the military order that defended pilgrims going to the Holy Land.

bishopric

the office or rank of a bishop; diocese

Valhalla

the place of paradise for Vikings after death.

noblesse oblige

the responsibility of privileged people to be generous to less privileged.

seneschal

the steward of a medieval great house

fealty

the sworn loyalty of a vassal to his lord

acquiesce

to accept or agree without protest

barter

to exchange goods without using money

What were the activities of errant knights?

wandering knights cleared forests of outlaws, defended travelers from robber barons, and rescued damsels. They participated in tournaments and jousts.

Theodora

wife of Justinian

Kadijah

wife of Mohammed

pallium

woolen vest given to an archbishop by the pope

Theodulf of Orleans

wrote the Latin hymn "All Glory,Laud, and Honour