Middle Childhood
Which of the following accurately reflects Freud's view of the primary tasks of development during middle childhood? To develop friendships with members of the opposite sex To form emotional bonds with peers and to move beyond those developed with parents To develop a sense of competence by achieving culturally-defined learning goals To expand the process of identification to include a child's opposite sex parent
A major developmental task for the school age child is developing friends and peer relationships.
WHAT IS A MAJOR DEVELOPMENTAL TASK OF A SCHOOL AGE CHILD?
A major developmental task for the school age child is developing friends and peer relationships. Shared activities, have things in common. School age friendships have trust
According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which intelligence involves sensitivity to the behavior, moods, and needs of others? Spatial Intrapersonal Naturalist Interpersonal
Interpersonal
According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, which of the following types of intelligence represents the ability to understand oneself? Bodily kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal
Intrapersonal
DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIPS OF MIDDLE CHILDHOOD?
Parents - relationships with parents are still very important! Authoritative parents= more socially competent Friendships "Best friend" Shift from 'play together' to 'reciprocal trust' Learn how to manage conflicts The biggest shift in relationships during middle childhood is the increasing importance of peers
During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This new component includes personality traits. What is the term for this new component? Personhood Individualistic self Psychological self Personal self
Psychological self
PIAGET'S CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: Seriation
Putting things in order
Which of the following defines deductive logic? Reasoning that requires the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome The enhanced ability to see another's perspective or point of view The ability to analyze one's memory skills and develop a strategy to remember more facts Understanding that both physical actions and mental operations can be reversed
Reasoning that requires the ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome
Psychologists have begun to conclude that girls may not be less aggressive than boys, but rather that girls may express themselves by using which form of aggression? Relational aggression Parallel aggression Verbal hostility Covert hostility
Relational aggression
Penny broke her brother's baseball trophy after he used her favorite doll to play tug-of-war with their dog. Which type of aggression is Penny demonstrating? Relational aggression Retaliatory aggression Instrumental aggression Hostile aggression
Retaliatory aggression
A child who understands conservation of mass or volume would, by necessity, also understand which of the following? Animism Object permanence Metaphors and analogies Reversibility
Reversibility
PIAGET'S CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: Transitivity
Uses deductive logic. When they already know patterns they can have different outcomes. Finding relationships in patterns
Information Processing: Efficiency
ability to make efficient use of short-term memory. Automaticity helps this
Myelination
the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
Height increase
2-3 inches per year
Weight increase
5-6 pounds per year
Ages included in middle childhood/school age?
6-12 years old
Psychological Self
6-years: Surface/external qualities 10-years: psychological factors- centered on feelings/ideas Self-Efficacy Individual's belief in their capacity to cause an intended event to occur Social Comparisons- Process of drawing conclusions about the self based on comparisons to others. Children don't use the same terminology as the trait theories that you read about earlier in the chapter, but they do describe their own personalities with increasing degrees of precision across the middle childhood years. For example, a 6-year-old might use simple psychological self-descriptors such as "smart" or "dumb." Also, they might use surface qualities like: I have brown hair, I have brown eyes. I am taller than my friends. I am good at soccer. My 10 years of age call my unique characteristics and self judgments are primarily centered on psychological Factors such as feelings or ideas. For example, I am a kind person, or I am a caring person
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
8 types of intelligence- linguistic (understanding language and its meaning). Logical- ability to think conceptually and logically, good with numbers. Music- ability to understand rhythm. ADD REST FROM POWERPOINT
Lola is always quick to forgive a classmate who is mean to her and regularly brings treats to school to share with her friends. Which of the Big Five personality traits does Lola demonstrate? A. Agreeableness B. Neuroticism C. Openness D. Conscientiousness
A. Agreeableness
Which of the following account for almost 25% of all cases of traumatic brain injury to school-age children? A. Bicycle accidents B. Playground injuries C. Sports injuries D. Automobile accidents
A. Bicycle accidents
Ms. Tanaka chooses a book for her reading group that is slightly challenging for the students and helps students practice reading strategies that will allow them to read the text independently. Which type of reading session is Ms. Tanaka using? A. Guided reading B. Systematic reading C. Shared reading D. Phonics reading
A. Guided reading
Which of the following generally improves in children between ages 10 and 12? A. Planning skills B. Eye-hand coordination C. Fine-motor skills D. Auditory ability
A. Planning skills
The inhibition of responses to features that are not relevant to a task is demonstrated by which of the following? A. Selective attention B. Selective cognition C. Spatial cognition D. Spatial perception
A. Selective attention
Sarah is 6 years old. By the time she is 12, how much taller will she be? A. Up to 18 inches taller B. About 6 inches taller C. At least 30 inches taller D. More than 24 inches taller
A. Up to 18 inches taller
A researcher rolls some clay into a ball and shows it to Zian, then squishes the clay into a pancake. Zian understands that the amount of clay is the same in both. The researcher makes a row of 10 coins, then makes another row of 10 coins beneath it but spreads out the row so the coins are farther apart. Zian says the spread-out row has more coins in it. This seems to confirm the phenomenon Piaget called A. horizontal decalage. B. decentration. C. class inclusion. D. reversibility.
A. horizontal decalage.
What is the leading cause of death of a school aged child?
Accidents
Which of the following accounts for most school absences for children aged 6 to 12? A. Pneumonia B. Asthma C. Influenza D. Bronchitis
B. Asthma
Which statement about physical changes in girls and boys is accurate? A. Girls have a bit less body fat than boys at age 12. B. By age 12, girls have attained about 94% of their adult height. C. By age 12, boys have reached only about 60% of their adult height. D. Boys are a bit more coordinated than girls at age 12.
B. By age 12, girls have attained about 94% of their adult height.
WHAT DEVELOPMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS OCCUR IN THE COGNITIVE FUNCTION OF THE SCHOOL AGE CHILD?
Age 6-8: sensory motor improvements. Fine motor and hand eye coordination improvements. Age 10-12: prefrontal and cerebral cortex are undergoing myelination.
WHAT HAPPENS REGARDING PHYSICAL AND VERBAL AGGRESSION AS A CHILD MOVES FROM EARLY CHILDHOOD TO MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
Aggression is an attitude or behavior of hostility towards another and can inflict harm. In early childhood, physical aggression is more common. Children in middle childhood shift their aggressive behaviors from physical to verbal. Anger is increasingly disguised, and aggression is increasingly controlled .
DESCRIBE AGGRESSION IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD.
Aggression is an attitude or behavior of hostility towards another and can inflict harm. In early childhood, physical aggression is more common. Children in middle childhood shift their aggressive behaviors from physical to verbal. Anger is increasingly disguised, and aggression is increasingly controlled . There are gender differences overtime with regards to aggression. Relational and retaliatory aggression are 2 different types. Decline in physical, increase in verbal
Henrietta leaves for school at 8:00 every morning and has never been late. Henrietta assumes that she will always be on time for school if she leaves at 8:00. Which is the best characterization of the scheme Henrietta is using? A. Conservation B. Inductive logic C. Deductive logic D. Decentration
B. Inductive logic
What are the most significant health risks among school age children.
Asthma (predisposes to obesity), diabetes, obesity related illnesses.
Which statement is an accurate description of the patterns of aggression observable among children in middle childhood? Physical aggression becomes more common among children in middle childhood. At every age, boys show more physical aggression than girls do. School-age boys rarely express their approval for the aggressive behavior of peers. Girls and boys are equally likely to use relational aggression toward their peers.
At every age, boys show more physical aggression than girls do.
A child who has academic and behavioral problems in school because he or she is more physically active and/or less attentive than peers may be classified as having which of the following? Emotional disturbances Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder A mild learning disability Autism
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
When the teacher asked, "How many inches are there in a yard?" Carmen answered without having to pause to first compute the number of inches in a foot. Carmen's skill is an example of which cognitive ability? Metacognition Elaboration Automaticity Conservation
Automaticity
Matías is enrolled in a bilingual class, while Esperanza is enrolled in an ESL program. How are their school days different? A. Matías attends classes that are conducted entirely in Spanish, while Esperanza attends classes that are conducted entirely in English. B. Matías receives instruction all day in both Spanish and English, while Esperanza spends part of her day in classes to learn English and part in academic classes conducted entirely in English. C. Esperanza attends classes that are conducted entirely in Spanish, while Matías attends classes that are conducted entirely in English. D. Esperanza receives instruction all day in both Spanish and English, while Matías spends part of his day in classes to learn English and part in academic classes conducted entirely in English.
B. Matías receives instruction all day in both Spanish and English, while Esperanza spends part of her day in classes to learn English and part in academic classes conducted entirely in English.
Orville is an introverted second grader. In a playground race with his classmates, Orville finished far behind the others and his classmates made fun of his slowness. Even days later, some of the children tease him and call him names. How is Orville most likely to react? A. Orville will become angry and begin bullying younger, smaller children at school. B. Orville will begin to limit the time he spends with the children who are taunting him. C. Orville will bring goodies into class to appease the children who are taunting him. D. Orville will start running regularly in an effort to become a faster runner.
B. Orville will begin to limit the time he spends with the children who are taunting him.
According to psychologist Thomas Lickona, which of the following is most likely to help a child develop moral reasoning? A. Parents should avoid punishing their children, as this will lead to a contempt for rules and norms. B. Parents should praise their children for observing commonly expected social conventions. C. Parents should allow children to formulate their own moral codes rather than impose their own values. D. Parents should teach children that every infraction of a rule, intentional or not, is cheating.
B. Parents should praise their children for observing commonly expected social conventions.
Which of the following is the biggest factor for the rise of childhood obesity over the past few decades? A. The spread of pollution and toxins in the environment B. The advent of video and computer games C. The popularity of the gluten-free diet D. The increase of GMO foods on store shelves
B. The advent of video and computer games.
Increases in information-processing speed in middle childhood is likely attributed to the A. maturation of the hippocampus in the brain's medial temporal lobe. B. near completion of the myelination of neutrons in the association areas of the brain. C. lateralization of the brain's right and left hemispheres between the corpus callosum. D. brain's synaptic pruning process, which is completed by about age 12.
B. near completion of the myelination of neutrons in the association areas of the brain.
DESCRIBE BANDURA'S RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM MODEL: SOCIAL COGNITIVE VIEW OF PERSONALITY
Bandura takes a social-cognitive view of personality. He suggests that three components, which are the external environment, individual behaviors and cognitive factors, such as beliefs, expectancies and personal dispositions. These are all influenced by each other and play reciprocal roles in determining personality. All three of these components are influenced by the other two. For example, a child riding a bike with training wheels trying to make it up a hill. A child's emotional reaction to his/her failure to make it up the hill and his/her conclusion that removing the training wheels from his/her bike would solve his/her dilemma (the personal component) motivated him/her to head home and ask his/her father to remove the training wheels (the behavioral component). His/her father responded by removing the wheels (the environmental component). His agreeing to do so affected the child's emotional state (the personal component) and led him/her to attempt to ride the bike without his/her father's help (the behavioral component).
WHAT SKILL(S) CONTRIBUTE TO THE ABILITY TO READ WELL IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD?
Being able to know what sounds letters make and what sounds that letters together make. Can identify words by sounding them out. Building vocabulary.
PIAGET'S CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: Classification
Being able to sort items into bigger classifications and small classifications.
PIAGET'S CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: Decentration
Being able to take multiple variables into a situation at one time. Ex- understanding that one person has a lot of roles- uncle, dad, husband
DISCUSS CONTENT RELATED TO ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF BOYS VS GIRLS, US STUDENTS VS OTHER COUNTRIES, POOR CHILDREN VS. OTHER GROUPS.
Boys are slightly better at math and girls are slightly better at communication and reasoning. Students in the US vs different countries: students in US fall behind academically from most developed nations. US has too much emphasis on standardized testing. single lessons vs mastery.
IN TERMS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ABILITIES, SCHOOL AGERS DEMONSTRATE A DRAMATIC IMPROVEMENT IN WHAT AREAS?
By 12yo girls have 94% of their height while boys have reached 84% of theirs Large muscle mass Boys > girls slightly Body fat Girls > boys slightly Most dramatic Increase in fine motor devlopment in school agers, this is made possible by maturation of the wrist Eye-hand coordination improves allowing more skillful performance of some activities
Which is one reason why it can be difficult to identify students with a genuine learning disability? A. The stigma of having a child categorized as "learning disabled" causes many parents to refuse treatment. B. Children most at risk for having learning disabilities are typically the ones least likely to be tested for them. C. Children with learning disabilities rarely exhibit signs of major brain damage on neurological tests. D. Children cannot take standard intelligence tests until they can read, delaying identification of such disabilities.
C. Children with learning disabilities rarely exhibit signs of major brain damage on neurological tests.
According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence is used when a person must deal with a novel situation? A. Contextual intelligence B. Intrapersonal intelligence C. Experiential intelligence D. Emotional intelligence
C. Experiential intelligence
The quantity and quality of knowledge and relevant information a child has about a particular topic contributes greatly to which of the following information-processing systems? A. Automaticity B. Rehearsal C. Expertise D. Conservation
C. Expertise
Mr. Hernandez is a third-grade teacher. Based on Erikson's theories, which would be the best strategy for Mr. Hernandez to use with his students? A. Allow students to explore many different roles until a sense of their own identity begins to emerge. B. Let the children decide for themselves what they want to learn, and provide minimal but supportive direction. C. Help the children discover that they can do things they did not think they were capable of doing. D. Punish children if they are not interested in completing the work he has assigned.
C. Help the children discover that they can do things they did not think they were capable of doing.
Wilma's kitchen sink was leaking. She went through a checklist of possible problems and, after testing some hunches, determined that a pipe needed to be tightened. According to Gardner, which type of intelligence did Wilma use to solve her problem? A. Interpersonal B. Naturalist C. Logical/mathematical D. Bodily kinesthetic
C. Logical/mathematical
Clarissa has mild ADHD. Which of the following would most likely be the first treatment a health care professional would recommend to Clarissa's parents? A. Regular, daily doses of Adderall B. Adoption of an all-organic, gluten-free diet C. Training and practice in working memory and self-control D. Regular, daily doses of Ritalin
C. Training and practice in working memory and self-control
True-false tests and multiple-choice exams tend to favor students with A. strong contextual intelligence. B. a relational learning style. C. an analytical learning style. D. strong interpersonal intelligence.
C. an analytical learning style.
The attention span of the average fourth-grader is much longer than that of the average first-grader. Which of the following biological changes is primarily responsible for this? Increased size of the corpus callosum Continued myelination in the optic neurons and their connections to the occipital lobe Continued myelination in the frontal lobes and reticular formation and the nerves that link the two Rapid growth of the reticular formation
Continued myelination in the optic neurons and their connections to the occipital lobe
Which is the best description of Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism? A. Inborn temperament ultimately evolves into a stable pattern of responding to situations. B. For every behavior, there are conditions present such that no other behavior could have occurred. C. Self-regulation and internal and external consequences are the greatest influences on behavior. D. A person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
D. A person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment.
Jason is telling his mother about his classmate Venus and remarks, "She runs faster than anyone else at school." Jason's description of Venus involves which of the following? A. Reciprocal determinism B. Psychological construct C. Emotional narrative D. Behavioral comparison
D. Behavioral comparison
About how many words do children aged 6 to 12 add to their vocabularies annually? A. From 2,000 to 5,000 B. From 10,000 to 25,000 C. From 1,000 to 2,000 D. From 5,000 to 10,000
D. From 5,000 to 10,000
Paul has Down syndrome, but he attends the same school and classes as his typical siblings and peers. Which intervention is Paul using? A. Coeducation B. Reciprocal teaching C. Pull-out program D. Inclusion
D. Inclusion
Ponlok wants to play checkers, but when you bring out the game he notices the board has white and black squares instead of the red and black squares Ponlok is accustomed to. Ponlok says that you can't play checkers on this board because that would be breaking the rules. According to Piaget, Ponlok is in which stage of moral reasoning? A. Concrete operational B. Moral relativism C. Formal operational D. Moral realism
D. Moral realism
Which is the most accurate description of the difference between Piaget's and Siegler's explanation of concrete operational development? A. Piaget believed that children tended to assimilate rather than accommodate new information, while Siegler thought the opposite. B. Piaget thought that the logical sequence of problem-solving rules Siegler observed depends more on experience rather than brain maturation. C. Siegler thought that children master all concrete operational tasks at roughly the same time, while Piaget did not. D. Siegler believed that the operations Piaget observed may actually be rules for solving specific types of problems.
D. Siegler believed that the operations Piaget observed may actually be rules for solving specific types of problems.
Which is typical of a 9-year-old's language skills? A. The onset of overregularization B. The acquisition of phonological awareness C. The introduction of inflections into speech D. The ability to hold a conversation
D. The ability to hold a conversation
According to Freud, which is the main challenge of middle childhood? A. To create a strong and permanent gender identity and to focus on relationships with the opposite sex B. To achieve culturally acceptable social and learning goals in order to gain feelings of competence C. To develop a sense of self and autonomy and to understand one's role in the world at large D. To form emotional bonds with peers and to begin separating from parents
D. To form emotional bonds with peers and to begin separating from parents
Oral reading fluency is associated with a high degree of A. class inclusion. B. metacognition. C. horizontal décalage. D. automaticity.
D. automaticity.
Beverly's parents like to sleep in on Saturday morning, while Beverly usually gets up early. They allow her to go into the kitchen and make her own simple breakfast of toast, juice, and milk while they continue to snooze. Beverly's parents apparently have a high degree of confidence in their daughter's capacity for A. reversibility. B. self-efficacy. C. decentration. D. self-regulation.
D. self-regulation.
relational aggression
Damage to self-esteem. which is more fragile and more impactful as children mature Characteristics of relational aggression include ostracism , cruel gossip and facial expressions of disdain Girls display more relational aggression then boys In this type of aggression is more often targeted at other girls.
Which of the following is the typical pattern of children's descriptions of others during middle childhood? During middle childhood, children are unobservant and do not attempt to interpret or describe other people. Across the middle childhood period, children become less abstract and more concrete in their descriptions of others. During middle childhood, children use only observable, physical characteristics when they describe other people. During middle childhood, children talk more about internal characteristics or qualities that the individual seems to have.
During middle childhood, children talk more about internal characteristics or qualities that the individual seems to have.
WHAT STAGE IS A SCHOOL AGE CHILD IN ACCORDING TO ERIKSON?
Erikson Industry versus Inferiority Stage want to feel sense of acomplishment The primary task during the industry versus inferiority stage is children developing a sense of competence through achievement of culturally and socially defined learning goals . Develop a sense of competence through achievement of culturally defined learning goals. Willingness to work to accomplish goals; can be academic or culturally acceptable pursuits outside of school. Failure leads to feelings of inferiority which can constitute a mind-set that can hamper achievement for the remainder of life. There are many domains of competence that can include academic skills , athletic skills, physical appearance , social acceptance, friendships in relationships with parents. The primary task during the industry versus inferiority stage is children developing a sense of competence through achievement of culturally and socially defined learning goals . There are many domains of competence that can include academic skills , athletic skills, physical appearance , social acceptance, friendships and relationships with parents. A child's sense of competence is correlated with what they value to be important. Pursuits to develop competence exist while outside of the academic setting. It is also important to understand that outside interests about a child's competence may not align with a child's view of their own competence. Children in the industry in versus inferiority stage have a willingness to work to accomplish their goals. Failure of achieving these goals can lead them to feeling inferior. This can then constitute a mindset that can hamper achievement for the remainder of their life. This primarily has to do with the emphasis or importance that they place on any particular goal achievement.
Retalitory Aggression
Get back at someone who hurt you Intentional versus accidental thinking Retaliatory aggression is getting back at somebody that hurt you. This type of aggression can improve as emotional regulation increases . Both boys in girls in middle childhood increase retaliatory aggression. Peer support retaliatory aggression, whereas parents and teachers find it unacceptable in most cases. When considering retaliatory aggression, the interpretation of whether it was done intentionally versus accidentally can affect the response
Which of the following is an accurate description of female-male differences in middle childhood friendships? Boys' friendship groups are smaller than girls' friendship groups. Boys spend more time playing indoors or near home or school. Girls' friendship groups are more accepting of newcomers than are boys' friendship groups. Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups.
Girls are more likely to play in pairs or in small, fairly exclusive groups.
What is inductive logic?
Kids are better at inductive. Personal experience, someone is able to make specific observations to make broader conclusion. Ex- I got an A on the exam so everyone got an A on the exam . Small to big
To help himself remember the colors of the visible spectrum, Archie said, "ROY G BIV," where each color is represented by a letter. This is an example of the use of which of the following? Systematic searching Inductive reasoning Mnemonics Rehearsal
Mnemonics
According to Piaget's ideas about children's moral development, a child who insists that the rules of a game cannot be changed because they come from authorities (such as parents or religious figures) is demonstrating moral development at which stage?
Moral realism
Valued Self
Self-Esteem- Global evaluation of one's worth Compare ideal self with actual self Degree of which an assessment affects self-esteem is how much value the child places on that skill Example: Social self-assessment; Athletic ability Keys to self esteem 1) The amount of discrepancy between what the child desires and what he thinks he has achieved. 2) Overall support a child feels they are receiving from important people Acceptance from peers/family Stable friendships
Which areas of the brain undergo major growth spurts during middle childhood? Sensory and motor areas and the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex The limbic system and the cranial nerves The cerebellum and the midbrain The medulla and the fissure of Rolando
Sensory and motor areas and the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex
Factors that contribute to obesity
Sleep deprivation. Positive incentive value. "Supersize it". Cafeteria Diet Effect. Sedentary lifestyles. Individual differences/lifespan changes. eating things that are calorie dense but not nutrient dense access to nutritious food
WHAT STAGE OF FOWLER'S SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT IS A SCHOOL AGED CHILD IN? PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE.
Stage 2: Mythical-Literal: School age Omnipotent deity (omni=all; potent=powerful) good behavior rewarded; bad behavior punished conscience bothered if disobeys According to Fowler, children in middle childhood are in stage 2 of spiritual development. This is the mythical-literal stage . Characteristics of the stage include an omnipotent deity, the thought that good behavior is rewarded while bad behavior is punished, and a child's conscience is bothered if they disobey.
Information Processing: Executive Processes
Strategies that you use to remember things. Nemonics. Putting something in a way to remember things.
WHAT IMMUNIZATIONS WOULD BE APPROPRIATE FOR AN 11-12-YEAR-OLD CHILD?
Tdap booster (11-12 years) Meningococcal (11-12 years) HPV (Gardasil™) (11-12 years) Influenza (annually)
Which of the following defines inductive logic? The ability to move from personal experience to create a general principle The ability to use a general principle to predict a specific outcome An abstract concept related to conservation principles The understanding that superficial changes to the appearance of an object do not change the essence or the reality of the object
The ability to move from personal experience to create a general principle
Overall, which of these factors is the key to self-esteem? Parental modeling of healthy self-esteem External evaluations from teachers and other adults The amount of discrepancy between what a child desires and what the child thinks he or she has achieved External evaluations from peers
The amount of discrepancy between what a child desires and what the child thinks he or she has achieved
Which of the following statements defines self-efficacy? The belief in one's influence over events that have nothing to do with them The belief that one is responsible for their own internal behaviors The belief that the environment influences one's internal thoughts The belief in one's ability to cause an intended event to happen
The belief in one's ability to cause an intended event to happen
PIAGET'S CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: Reversibility
Understanding that something can or cannot be undone or reverses. Ex- smashing a ball of plato and understanding that the plato can still be made into a ball
PIAGET'S CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE: Conservation
Understanding that something's volume doesn't change even if its displayed differently. Ex- a tall and skinny glass can still have the same amount of liquid as a short and wide glass
Association areas
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking. Speed at which information is processed becomes quicker.
Information Processing: Automaticity
automatically knowing something- what happens from memorization. Brain has put information into long term memory
WHAT STAGE IS A SCHOOL AGE CHILD IN ACCORDING TO PIAGET'S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT?
concrete operation stage- become hyperfocused on certain topics
Although research evidence generally supports Piaget's views on intentionality and moral development, the moral reasoning of 6- to 12-year-olds is still highly unstable, and applied mainly to their own actions. prescriptive, and applied indiscriminately. reactive, and activated only out of necessity. egocentric, and less than fully mature.
egocentric, and less than fully mature.
In support of the hypothesis that improved processing efficiency accounts for cognitive development, researchers have found that children's thinking and response time are slower with maturation and increased experience. get faster with age. are determined by abilities to accommodate and assimilate new schemes. are more determined by genetic factors than by environmental factors.
get faster with age.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
hierarchy theory- componential, contextual and experimental.
What is deductive logic?
predicting an observation based on some type of general theory. Big to small
Emotional intelligence has three components: awareness of personal emotions, appropriate emotional expression, and awareness of others' emotions. a broad range of emotional descriptors. the ability to reflect others' emotions back to them. the ability to channel emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals.
the ability to channel emotions into the pursuit of worthwhile goals.
Spatial perception
the ability to identify and act on relationships between objects in space. Less clumsy- getting in tune with one's environment
relative right-left orientation
the ability to identify right and left from multiple perspectives. Difference between your left and another person's left.
spatial cognition
the ability to infer rules from and make predictions about the movement of objects in space. Ex- being able to decide if you have enough room to cut in front of a car while driving
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. Strong self awareness of one's own emotions and how to regulate them
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus. Being able to focus on a specific cognitive activity while minimizing or ignoring other stimuli going on in the environment.
