Midterm 1 Ch 1-8 Reviews

(Q024) Which scenario best exemplifies the concept of institutional isomorphism? A new company becomes wildly successful by marketing a toothbrush that does not require toothpaste or water. An up-and-coming music production company gains a huge following by releasing songs that are actually just pure silence punctuated by screeching noises. A brand new online clothing company realizes they need to offer free returns because that's what consumers expect when they buy clothes online. An innovative new fast food restaurant realizes it can earn more profit by charging customers for each individual condiment package because no other restaurants do this.

A brand new online clothing company realizes they need to offer free returns because that's what consumers expect when they buy clothes online.

(Q007) Which scenario involves the use of peer pressure? A college sophomore is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her. Three friends encourage a fourth friend to follow her dream to try out for the school play, even though none of them are involved in theater. A teacher and a guidance counselor stage an intervention with a student who they think has a drug problem. Two children steal another child's soccer ball on the playground because he won't share it.

A college sophomore is afraid to report a sexual assault because she believes her sorority sisters will ostracize her.

(Q008) Which scenario is an example of the free-rider problem? Except for elite runners, people gain access to the New York Marathon through a lottery system. Everyone has the same chance of being picked, except that if you apply three years in a row and do not get in, you are automatically admitted the following year. Four campers go to gather wood for their respective families. Though they agreed to gather equal amounts of wood, one person hurts her ankle and is not able to gather as much wood. Nevertheless, before returning to their families, the four people divide the wood up evenly between them. Four friends wait in line overnight to get the best seats to see a popular band. As they are finally entering the arena, another friend of theirs strolls into the VIP section. They later learn that he was able to secure a VIP pass through his family's connections. A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four group members.

A group of six teenagers is trying to get 100 signatures for a petition. They meet three days before their deadline to see how they are doing. Two of the teens have collected 25 signatures each, totaling 50. But the other four teenagers have only collected 25 signatures between the four of them, so the group is still 25 signatures short. The two teens who collected the most signatures are irritated about the poor results from the other four group members

(Q008) Resocialization would be most likely to occur in which situation? A mother decides not to return to work after giving birth to her first child. A child gets a new teacher halfway through the school year. An American woman who takes a full-time job in Saudi Arabia after graduating from college ends up marrying a local man. An electrician who has never left the United States takes a two-week vacation to Kenya.

An American woman who takes a full-time job in Saudi Arabia after graduating from college ends up marrying a local man.

(Q006) Sociology emerged in the nineteenth century, with the idea of a secular morality from what thinker? Charlotte Perkins Gilman Alexis de Tocqueville John Stuart Mill Auguste Comte

Auguste Comte

(Q004) Which sociologist of the twentieth century introduced the concept of the sociological imagination? C. Wright Mills Charles Horton Cooley W. I. Thomas Robert Merton

C. Wright Mills

(Q008) What does the example of the nadle in Navajo tribes teach us about gender? Indigenous cultures more easily embrace nonstandard notions of gender. Western notions of gender have been imposed on non-Western cultures. Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging. Gender can change on a daily basis.

Concepts of gender are not absolute and unchanging.

(Q016) The changing attitudes toward marijuana can be difficult to fit into our understanding of crime. At the federal level, the drug is classified as a controlled substance, and possession and distribution may carry severe penalties. In most states, possession is a criminal offense with penalties including jail. In a few states, possession is treated as a misdemeanor, and in a handful of states, beginning with Colorado and Washington, recreational marijuana possession is now legal. What does this suggest about the difficulties of measuring changes in crime rates over time? Definitions of crimes change over time. Law enforcement agencies keep unreliable records. Increasing numbers of people are committing crimes but may not be caught. Federal and state laws often contradict each other.

Definitions of crimes change over time.

(Q019) Where is the "right to be forgotten" a policy? United States European Union Argentina China

European Union

(Q021) The Sociological Conversations interview with Victor Rios highlights the differential treatment that racial and ethnic minorities, particularly those in the inner cities, receive from a young age. In his youth, Rios often encountered police intrusion upon his daily life, including at school. What sociological idea epitomizes Rios's experience? Foucault's panopticon Goffman's total institution Merton's strain theory Durkheim's anomie

Foucault's panopticon

(Q017) How did the economic boom that followed World War II contribute to a blurring of the lines between the middle class and the working class? The need for manufacturing jobs increased due to the economic boom, and both middle-class and working-class laborers were needed to fill the roles. Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities. Higher wages for working-class laborers meant that many women from working-class families who had worked during the war could quit their jobs and stay home to fulfill the era's ideal gender roles. More working-class individuals could take part in leisure activities, such as vacations, sports, and cultural events, that brought them into greater contact with people in the middle class and resulted in blurred class boundaries.

Higher wages for working-class whites gave these individuals greater access to markers of a middle-class lifestyle, such as home ownership, a college education for their children, and more leisure activities.

(Q016) Same-sex marriage is now legal in the United States, and the numbers of persons marrying those of the same sex has skyrocketed and become easily visible. In Brazil, we see that the travesti take on distinctly female characteristics, declare themselves as men, and yet have penetrative sex with men who have an exclusively male appearance. How do these two different examples help describe the difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior? Homosexuality is a fixed social identity that is determined at birth, and homosexual behavior is the outward manifestation of that identity. Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity. Homosexuality involves obtaining a social identity through repeated homosexual behavior. There is no difference between homosexuality and homosexual behavior.

Homosexuality is a certain social identity, whereas homosexual behavior is an activity that is not necessarily tied to a social identity.

(Q018) What has the pattern in income growth among low-, middle-, and high-income earners in the United States over the past 30 years looked like? Middle-income individuals have experienced greater income growth than those at the highest and lowest ends of the bracket. Incomes at the highest end of the bracket have stagnated, whereas low-income and middle-income individuals have experienced slow but steady growth in their incomes. Incomes at all levels have increased at about the same rate. Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

Income growth for high-income individuals has far outpaced that of middle- and low-income individuals.

(Q015) You are interested in investigating how honest Facebook users can be on the site. You have added several family members as your Facebook friends. You plan to interview them as part of your investigation. How does this approach create a problem for you as a researcher? It gives you an opportunity to learn things about your family you may not have been able to discover otherwise. It limits your ability to be completely objective. It will result in a challenge for reflexivity because of the ways your prior relationships will influence your family members' responses in the interviews. It will result in a lack of reliability due to a limited number of family members to interview.

It will result in a challenge for reflexivity because of the ways your prior relationships will influence your family members' responses in the interviews.

(Q002) Of the following social theorists, whose ideas about private property and social conflict could be said to align most closely with those of Karl Marx? Jean-Jacques Rousseau Thomas Malthus Vilfredo Pareto John Millar

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

(Q022) The contemporary social movement with the slogan "Fight for 15" seeks a $15 minimum wage and unionization. This attempt to mobilize and make gains for workers can be viewed as in line with the view of the social world of which classical sociological theorist? Émile Durkheim Georg Simmel Karl Marx Harriet Martineau

Karl Marx

(Q008) Rather than complaining about "kids these days," 52-year-old Professor Cathy Small enrolled as an undergraduate at a large university in an attempt to better understand the college experience of her students. She published her findings in the book, My Freshman Year (under the pen name of Rebekah Nathan). This research is in line with the methodology developed by which of the following early sociologists? Émile Durkheim Georg Simmel Karl Marx Max Weber

Max Weber

(Q014) Which statement is most closely associated with a conflict theory approach to gender studies? Boys and girls develop masculine and feminine personality structures through interactions with their parents. Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace. Women are socialized to prioritize the private, domestic sphere over the public sphere of wage-earning work. The traditional family is the best way to meet society's constant need to add to the labor force.

Men benefit economically from women's inferior position in the family and the workplace.

(Q023) What is an accurate statement regarding recent trends and patterns in teen sexuality? The percentage of high-school students who have had sexual intercourse has been steadily increasing since the 1990s. In recent years, surveys find that the majority of high-school students have had sexual intercourse. Most adolescents with a sexually transmitted disease don't know they are infected. Rates of sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers have been declining sharply since the 1970s.

Most adolescents with a sexually transmitted disease don't know they are infected.

(Q004) According to Durkheim, why is a society predominantly bound by mechanical solidarity more likely to apply punitive justice rather than rehabilitative justice to a person who violates a law or social norm? Such societies do not yet have the intellectual capacity to develop more sophisticated punitive measures. A society characterized by mechanical solidarity exhibits little social control over criminals and noncriminals. People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior. People in such a society view themselves only as agents of social order and not as objects of social order as well.

People in such a society are bound by sameness, and any violation of social norms must be punished severely to reinforce the boundaries of acceptable behavior.

(Q026) How do street crime and white-collar crime compare in terms of cost to society and prevalence? Street crime costs society more, but white-collar crime is more prevalent. Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, but white-collar crime has greater financial impact. Street crime and white-collar crime cost society roughly the same, though street crime is more prevalent. Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime and is also more costly to society than white-collar crime.

Street crime is the most prevalent type of crime, but white-collar crime has greater financial impact.

(Q012) Why would three partners who own a small graphic design business fit into what Erik Olin Wright calls contradictory class locations? Although their level of educational attainment would categorize them as upper class, their income potential puts them in the middle-class category. Each of them spends some time performing highly skilled tasks and some time performing clerical tasks. The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others. They are part of a high-prestige field, but within the field they are at the low end in terms of income.

The fact that they own their own business puts them in the capitalist class, but they do not control the labor of others.

(Q021) A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her horrified looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms? There is probably a sign on the wall that says "No Spitting," and the others in the room cannot believe that the woman has breached this overt rule. The status of the others in the room is threatened by the actions of the woman who spit on the floor. The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room. The others in the room have been socialized to think that it's okay for a man to spit on the floor but not a woman.

The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room.

(Q013) Voter turnout in the United States for national elections has never been high, with about half of eligible voters, on average, not showing up at the polls. At the local level, though, estimates suggest that less than a quarter of eligible voters turn out. This lack of local engagement means that people miss the opportunity to influence decisions that affect their everyday lives and immediate environments. What larger social trend does this suggest? Strict voter ID laws have disenfranchised millions of people. Tightly knit communities tend to avoid getting involved in local politics. People believe more in the power of national than local politics. There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement.

There is a decline in the amount of civic engagement.

(Q004) Tina believes that inequality is necessary to keep the world population in check. Her view is most consistent with the views of which theorist? Adam Ferguson John Millar Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Thomas Malthus

Thomas Malthus

(Q010) Which American sociologist was the first to undertake ethnography in the African American community? George Herbert Mead Louis Wirth Jane Addams W. E. B. DuBois

W. E. B. DuBois

(Q010) What is an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable? Wealthier individuals tend to be less concerned about environmental problems. Poorer people tend to have worse health. Individuals with more formal education tend to have higher incomes. Individuals with lower incomes are less likely to vote in presidential elections.

Wealthier individuals tend to be less concerned about environmental problems.

(Q007) Which statement offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences? Women find themselves in lower-paying jobs with fewer opportunities for advancement because these jobs make it easier for them to balance work and family. Women take on more responsibility for domestic tasks because men still think of these tasks as women's work. There are far fewer women professors in the hard sciences because women are encouraged to study the humanities and social sciences. Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

(Q009) Which scenario represents the highest amount of embeddedness? (Note that any knowledge is reciprocal; that is, if A knows B, then B knows A.) You know Jack, Jill, Larry, Moe, and Sam. Jack knows Jill, Moe, and Sam. Larry knows Jill and Moe. You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice. You know Paul, Robert, Stacey, and Tom. Paul is dating Quinn and Stacey. Quinn knows Robert. Stacey knows Robert. Tom knows Quinn. You know Alex, Walter, and Fred. Alex knows Walter and Fred. Walter knows Alex. Fred knows Alex and Walter.

You know Ted, Alice, Bob, and Carol. Bob knows Carol, Ted, and Alice. Carol knows Ted and Alice. Ted knows Alice.

(Q006) What is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences? You read about an indigenous group in South America that still hunts with bows and arrows, and your reaction is that they should use better technology. You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning, and you reason that their long coastline and hot climate provide easy access to both seafood and hot peppers. You are greatly offended when a classmate from Bangladesh describes her sister's arranged marriage, and you respond that you would never let your parents choose your spouse. You love sushi and see the availability of Japanese cuisine in the United States as a positive thing.

You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning, and you reason that their long coastline and hot climate provide easy access to both seafood and hot peppers.

(Q010) In India, a system of stratification persists, partially because it was exploited by British colonialism to persistently divide the people. This division of society into four main groups (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra) is an example of a status hierarchy system. an estate system. a status-attainment model. a caste system.

a caste system.

(Q019) What is discussed in this chapter as the gateway to becoming middle class? a manual occupation a blue-collar job a college education marriage

a college education

(Q009) What is an example of a total institution? a book club a workplace a convent a political party

a convent

(Q003) One of the classes you are enrolled in fills up every semester it is offered, and students rave about it. There's something about it beyond the topic and the instructor, which makes you curious. You have an idea about why this is so, so you decide to test your theory by jotting down a hypothesis, asking other students a few questions, and then seeing if the results fit your theory. You are employing what kind of research in your sociological search for answers? a participant observation approach a cross-disciplinary approach an inductive approach a deductive approach

a deductive approach

(Q011) What is a moderating variable? a factor that is positioned between the independent and dependent variables but does not affect the relationship between them a factor that affects only the independent variable in a hypothesis a factor that affects only the dependent variable in a hypothesis a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

(Q020) There has been a significant increase in the number of men joining the nursing profession. Since 1970, the US Census Bureau reports that there has been about an 8 percent jump in the number of male nurses. The pay disparity also exists, with male nurses being paid about 20 percent more than their female counterparts. This change in gender balance in this profession seems counter to the idea that a profession becomes less competitive and there is a greater emphasis on communication when it is largely a female-dominated profession. there is no significant difference between male and female numbers in many professions. a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field. men in any given profession may initially feel threatened, but they ultimately learn to work with women and view them as equals

a female-dominated profession is the result of fewer men entering the field, with the corresponding increase in women in that field.

(Q005) What is an example of a primary group? a group of three best friends who grew up together on the same block and see each other regularly the residents of a freshman dorm a three-time state champion college lacrosse team a neighborhood volunteer association

a group of three best friends who grew up together on the same block and see each other regularly

(Q011) Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of our lives in the United States are shaped by that entire experience: what we choose to wear, with whom we make friends, whom we avoid, and how we respond to authority figures, whether teachers or preachers or police. Overall, our experience of school is a major part of socialization. an institutional program to foster moral development. significant exposure to a specific subculture. training in cultural relativism.

a major part of socialization.

(Q004) Jasmine has begun attending a large weekly support group for atheists raised in religious families. She hasn't felt very close to her family since she came out as an atheist, but when she is at these meetings she feels like for the first time in her life she is accepted and valued for who she really is. Her support group would be considered a secondary group. a formal organization. an informal bureaucracy. a primary group.

a secondary group.

(Q005) What is the collective conscience? a set of norms by which members of society abide the legal system a measure of how well people relate to each other the dominant religion of a society

a set of norms by which members of society abide

(Q008) Our birth families (mother, father, sister, and so on) are a central part of our lives. Suppose you family decides to host a foreign exchange student for a year. It goes well, and, the next year, the student's entire family (all nine of them) decides to visit America and your family. In the ensuing year, various members of the two families stay in touch, and you share these relationships with your own friends. In the context of social networks, what's happening between your two families, as well as the way you share the experience with your friends, is what sociologists call a tie, and although the two families are unrelated, this "tie that binds" is made real because of a symbol that is given meaning through social interactions. a direct path to another member of our network. the sum of the stories we tell about people in our primary group. a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.

a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network.

(Q024) Drivers stop at red lights for no other reason than that there is a shared understanding that this is what you're supposed to do at a red light. This shared meaning becomes the basis for how people act and interact with each other on the road and thus takes on the appearance of an objective fact. This is an example of double consciousness. macrosociology. functionalism. a social construction.

a social construction.

(Q005) What is defined as a complex group of interdependent positions that, together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time? a social institution a society a nation a social construction

a social institution

(Q015) When you board an airplane, the boarding order generally starts with first-class passengers, and then makes its way down to the coach class. Imagine you are boarding an aircraft, and you are in coach class. As you search for a place to store your luggage, you notice that the people in first class are already being served free wine and snacks. This an example of a class system hierarchy. a status hierarchy. an embedded inequality. a white privilege.

a status hierarchy.

(Q017) What is an example of a panel survey? a survey of 1,000 high-school seniors that is repeated with a new group of seniors every year for 10 years a onetime survey of 25 percent of each of the four grades in a particular high school a survey of 1,000 high-school seniors who are then contacted every two years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey a survey of 1,000 high-school seniors conducted by a panel of sociologists with different specialties

a survey of 1,000 high-school seniors who are then contacted every two years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey

(Q025) Professor Chang has spent years studying human history and social change and developed an abstract, systematic model that explains how as countries become wealthier their cultures shift to become more tolerant and open. This would be an example of the scientific method. operationalization. generalizability. a theory.

a theory.

(Q021) Marissa Mayer was appointed the chief executive officer (CEO) of Yahoo Corporation in July 2012. Mayer is not the highest paid CEO in the United States, but her position suggests that more women are able to negotiate better salaries. able to break the glass ceiling. able to enter technical fields. overcoming the obstacles to better pay and prestige.

able to break the glass ceiling.

(Q003) Some Enlightenment thinkers felt that individuals preserving current resources and transforming them into assets was a good thing for society. Part of the thinking was that this opportunity would encourage individuals to work to build up society. In the eyes of the Enlightenment thinkers, this system helps preserve wealth for future generations. acceptably fosters inequality through the emergence of private property. serves to improve human capital for more people. improves social capital.

acceptably fosters inequality through the emergence of private property.

(Q018) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Julia Adams talks about the differences between sociology and history. As a self-identified historical comparative sociologist, Adams makes the point that sociologists are less concerned with uniqueness than they are with commonalities. Consider Henry the VIII of England during the mid-1500s. Henry's succession of marriages (six wives in all) is often seen as a unique case. Six wives is a lot by the norms of many European societies. A sociologist, however, might well look at it by considering the ways in which Henry's marriages adversely affected the women involved. alienated Catholics. affected religious life in England then, with ramifications that continue through the present. were unique as divorce cases.

affected religious life in England then, with ramifications that continue through the present.

(Q015) Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. For many black feminists, Freidan's book ignored thousands of working women and instead suggested that all women experience oppression in the same way. men benefit from relegating women to the domestic sphere. gender influences daily life. gender is constructed.

all women experience oppression in the same way.

(Q013) In traditional societies, the village in which a person grew up shaped their identity and how others treated them. This is an example of an achieved status. a role. a status set. an ascribed status.

an ascribed status.

(Q025) Building on Émile Durkheim's classic theory of suicide, sociologist Matt Wray describes a contemporary "American Suicide Belt." Wray finds elevated suicide rates in the American West, particularly among white men isolated from social contact by unemployment or being unmarried. What type of suicide are residents of this area prone to, according to Durkheim's typology? fatalistic egoistic altruistic anomic

anomic

(Q007) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Victor Rios shares his own experience as a gang member in Oakland, California. His description of watching his best friend die in his arms, how police randomly upended his own and his friends' daily lives, and the sense of despair, chaos, and disconnection from society that resulted are a powerful reflection on what Durkheim called anomie. high social integration. excessive social regulation. social cohesion.

anomie.

(Q001) "Thinking like a sociologist" means that you apply analytical tools to the things you've always done without much conscious thought in the past. always back up your assertions with statistics. understand how the meaning of an act is the same across cultures. focus on the uniqueness of phenomena.

apply analytical tools to the things you've always done without much conscious thought in the past.

(Q004) Suppose you are part of a research team stationed in Uganda to do sociological surveys. You are there with your same-sex spouse of eight years. In Uganda, homosexuality was criminalized in 2009 and is currently punishable by life imprisonment. Attitudes in the country are not favorable toward homosexuality, but you have not experienced difficulties in daily life. As you begin the write-up of your research, you are especially aware of the scholarly need to ensure that the Ugandan government approves of all your data. disseminate your data to all of your colleagues for preliminary review. avoid being outed (detected) as a same-sex couple. avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.

avoid letting your own beliefs about same-sex relationships enter your writing.

(Q004) Prior to the 1800s, it was believed that both male and female orgasms were required to ensure successful conception. When the female could not achieve orgasm, a midwife was sometimes called to assist the woman in achieving orgasm by use of genital massage with essential oils. The idea that both male and female orgasm was needed challenges our current model of a one-sex system. binary gender system. binary sex system. biological basis for gender.

binary sex system.

(Q005) Your good friend Judy comes to you in a state of exasperation and tells you that she just left the girl's bathroom and saw what she swears was a man dressed in women's clothing walking in. "Men need to use their own bathroom. There's a reason we have different restrooms for different sexes!" Judy is expressing what many people feel, reflecting ideas about feminism. biological determinism. one-sex model. the nature versus nurture argument.

biological determinism.

(Q002) The case of a young girl named Genie is the most carefully documented and well-studied instance of what happens to a child who does not experience adequate contact with other people during infancy and childhood. Genie was locked in a room alone for nearly 13 years and never developed language skills the way most children do. Obviously, this is a story in part of severe parental neglect, but it also provides insight into whether such abilities as language are innate. Fundamentally, this case about a feral child is about whether the physical or the social environment has a larger impact on culture. biology or socialization shapes human behavior. parents or peer groups influence children's behavior. physical or cognitive traits influence socialization.

biology or socialization shapes human behavior.

(Q024) This chapter concludes with a look at the criminal justice system of the United States, noting that incarceration rates have risen significantly. A close look at current prison populations in America shows that the largest percentage of prison inmates are Hispanic. black. women. white.

black.

x(Q023) While today the phrase "mass media" might bring to mind a cable TV network or a print publication with hundreds of thousands of subscribers, the earliest mass media were movies. town criers. books. radio shows.

books.

(Q013) There was an empty lot in a middle-class neighborhood, maintained by a nearby resident. That man moved away, and within a few weeks several bags of garbage and some old furniture were sitting in the lot. Then an old car was parked in the lot and teenagers started to gather there to drink beer and hang out. Within a few months, there was a mugging by the lot and the police made a handful of arrests for drug dealing there. This series of events is an illustration of __________ theory. differential opportunity broken windows labeling strain

broken windows

(Q001) Material culture includes values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms. literature and historical texts. anything from the natural environment. buildings, artworks, and technological devices.

buildings, artworks, and technological devices.

(Q002) Both quantitative and qualitative methods (the way sociologists can gather data about a social issue or problem) are approaches that ideally attempt to establish a __________ between social elements. coincidental relationship causal relationship numeric relationship commonsense relationship

causal relationship

(Q002) Definitions of deviant behavior tend to change over time and vary from one context to another. be impervious to changes in notions of acceptable behavior. be defined by a few elite members of society. be copied from one society to another.

change over time and vary from one context to another.

(Q017) While you're riding a crowded city bus, a woman sits on the seat next to you. Rather than strike up a conversation, she briefly rifles through her purse, then puts in earbuds, turns on some music, and stares past you out the bus window. The woman is exercising symbolic interaction. social awkwardness. civil inattention. saving face.

civil inattention.

(Q020) In his interview with Dalton Conley, Jeffery Sachs highlights many social, structural, ecological, and historical aspects of global inequality, with a focus on Africa. For many countries, the way out of poverty, disease, and economic stagnation is through development of natural resources. As a result, what issue might be least likely to be embraced by African nations? railroad development corruption control climate change disease control

climate change

(Q024) When children who speak languages other than English at home attend public schools in the United States, they not only are expected to learn and use academic English, they also are exposed to and expected to act in accordance with rules such as waiting in line to go through the lunch line and sitting in the cafeteria to eat lunch. When these children go home, they speak with their family in their shared language and follow different practices regarding shared meals. Moving between these different settings, these children grow adept at code switching. culture jamming. media effects. ethnocentrism.

code switching.

(Q006) Kalani has busy summers planned for her daughters. They take music lessons, play on soccer and basketball teams, and attend summer school classes. This summer schedule is an example of natural growth. resocialization. role strain. concerted cultivation.

concerted cultivation.

(Q001) What is the best example of a quantitative research method? interviewing people about their experiences in high-school gym class conducting a survey of how frequently people exercise observing people as they participate in an aerobics class analyzing the language style of men's and women's fitness blogs

conducting a survey of how frequently people exercise

(Q020) In the United States, media ownership is spread among a large number of public and private companies. consolidated in the hands of a few big companies. controlled by the state. in constant flux.

consolidated in the hands of a few big companies.

(Q021) In the "Sociological Conversations" video, Allison Pugh discusses how parents in very different socioeconomic strata decide whether or not to purchase the current popular toy for their children. She introduces us to the ideas of symbolic indulgence and deprivation. Families choosing which toys to purchase for children are participating in culture jamming. textual analysis. consumer culture. cultural production.

consumer culture.

(Q018) Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Latinos in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Latinos. What type of research is Amber conducting? participant observation content analysis cross-sectional survey comparative research

content analysis

(Q015) The US surgeon general published a report in 1964 that clearly outlined the health dangers of smoking. In 1994, the government began what would become a decades-long effort to prosecute the tobacco companies for fraud: criminal misrepresentation of the health issues and deliberate intent to deceive and cover up evidence about tobacco's effects. Despite the government's efforts, however, the tobacco industry continues to market tobacco products. In 2014, the industry finally agreed to publicly state that their advertising campaigns had lied about the harms of smoking. Taken together, the tobacco industry's actions can be understood as a protracted case of __________ crime. environmental street corporate white-collar

corporate

(Q005) You've noticed that when you sleep less, your grades suffer. At the same time, you realize that lower grades could also lead to a lack of sleep: that worrying about a possible dip in your grade point average could keep you up at night. What kind of relationship between the two variables, lack of sleep and lower grades, are you noticing here? causal spurious correlation time-ordered

correlation

(Q006) What three factors are needed to establish causation? a natural experiment, time order, and correlation correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations moderating variables, ruling out alternative explanations, and time order correlation, a hypothesis, and alternative explanations

correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations

(Q025) Robert Cornelius took a self-portrait on a daguerreotype in 1839, which is believed to be the first American portrait, but it wasn't until the 2000s that "selfie" became a word. It was the Oxford English Dictionary's word of the year in 2013. The gap between the first instance of self-portraiture by camera and the proliferation of the term "selfie" more than a century later is an (extreme) example of socialization. cultural lag. ethnocentrism. hegemony.

cultural lag.

(Q005) Every year, as many as 20,000 devotees of Harley Davidson motorcycles convene in Sturgis, South Dakota. Their numbers frequently overwhelm nearby towns and cities, including the Mt. Rushmore National Monument. For some tourists visiting the monument at that time, the cultural collision with tattooed and long-haired bikers might be jarring. For the tourist who thinks like a sociologist, such an encounter is an opportunity to observe a different group of people by applying cultural scripts. different values to one's own life. cultural relativism. reflection theory.

cultural relativism.

(Q007) Your friend Jerome tells you that he believes culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you disagree, arguing that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. You give the example of the disagreement between indigenous Americans and colonial Europeans about whether land was something that could be owned. You are trying to illustrate the idea of cultural scripts. cultural lag. reflection theory. culture shock.

cultural scripts.

(Q022) Josie comes up with an idea to create and distribute satirical advertisements that expose the hypocrisy of a large tech company that promotes itself as a force for good in the world while exploiting factory workers in poor countries. This would be an example of ethnocentrism. cultural scripts. culture jamming. textual analysis.

culture jamming.

(Q001) What is an example of informal deviance? vandalizing a sculpture in a public park cutting in line at the cafeteria cheating on a sociology exam in college driving while under the influence of marijuana

cutting in line at the cafeteria

(Q021) In the book, we are presented with a mobility table (Table 7.2). As you look at this table, you can begin to see what happens to the sons. The rate of occupational change is surprisingly low. The sons largely wind up in the same occupational category as the fathers. One of the conclusions from the mobility table analysis suggests that education may not be as necessary as previously thought to ensure individual mobility. the tendency for individuals to trade jobs eventually balances out and is not cause for concern. despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades. young people today need to be very concerned that opportunities for employment in prestigious occupations is declining significantly.

despite the American belief that we live in the land of opportunity, mobility rates have declined significantly in the past decades.

(Q017) Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to provide evidence rather than rely on rhetoric. ask probing questions about how societies function. detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena. examine human interaction on the micro level.

detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena.

(Q017) To combat rising crime rates, a state introduces tough new sentencing laws. The hopes of politicians and law enforcement officials for a subsequent decrease in crime are based on Foucault's theory of discipline. deterrence theory. differential opportunity theory. labeling theory.

deterrence theory.

(Q002) Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists (and students of sociology) create an image of how people in other societies live. focus on individual lives. develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history. understand the theories developed by Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim.

develop the ability to see the connections between our own personal experience and the larger forces of history.

(Q011) You and a date are at a cocktail party. As you pluck a drink off a tray, you turn and almost run into actor Idris Elba of Luther fame. You discover after a short chat that he knows your date. You remark that it sure is a small world and that maybe that six degrees thing is true. In his interview with Dalton Conley, Duncan Watts confirms the work of Stanley Milgram, but also notes that the "six degrees" idea can apply to small groups. disjointed populations. nonhuman networks. nuclear families.

disjointed populations.

(Q015) North Korea has been ruled for more than 50 years by a single powerful family. The citizenry, as best as can be determined, is highly regimented in daily life, without access to outside information, and suffering frequent famine. Sociologically speaking, the leadership of North Korea is dominating. fascist. hegemonic. insane.

dominating.

(Q011) Jamar enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Jamar is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is a contemporary example of which sociological concept developed at the turn of the twentieth century? the generalized other double consciousness anomie positivism

double consciousness

(Q015) A friend of yours has invited you to a big social event. Knowing you might meet people who could offer you a job after graduation, you polish your shoes, buy a new outfit, and practice introducing yourself and explaining the insights you've gained during college, all in the hopes of making a strong professional impression. In sociological terms, you're preparing to present yourself as a young professional, in accordance with saving face. dramaturgical theory. role theory. symbolic interactionism.

dramaturgical theory.

(Q014) Differential opportunity theory links what two things in analyzing deviance? crime rates and penal codes formal and informal social sanctions economic opportunities and crime rates recidivism and rehabilitative justice

economic opportunities and crime rates

(Q014) In responding to surveys asking them to rank various occupations by status, people place more emphasis on the __________ of the position than the position's __________. educational requirements; income level income level; perceived difficulty perceived difficulty; educational requirements income level; educational requirements

educational requirements; income level

(Q016) Consider outgoing president Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1961 farewell address, in which he forewarned of the rise of the "military-industrial complex" which had the potential for a "disastrous rise of misplaced power." Eisenhower's position critiques the __________ system. status hierarchy elite-mass dichotomy political class

elite-mass dichotomy

(Q024) Which description captures a feature of feminist approaches to social research? exclusively observing female behaviors in order to better understand women ensuring that men do not conduct participant observation in women's groups engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives identifying and eliminating all possible sources of male-centered bias in field research

engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives

(Q020) In an effort to understand how group dynamics change under duress, a research team gathers 100 people at a remote mountain location, bringing them all in by helicopter. Using carefully designed interviews, the researchers begin the lengthy process of interviewing the participants. After the second day, however, there are a dozen participants who express unhappiness and want to leave. The research team reminds them that they signed an agreement to be interviewed knowing what it entailed, that leaving is not practical, and that they need to continue with the process. The research team is failing to fulfill what golden rule of research? ensuring voluntary participation obtaining informed consent notifying their home institution protecting a vulnerable population

ensuring voluntary participation

(Q007) In 2014, the US Supreme Court upheld the state of Michigan's ban on affirmative action. In a passionate dissent, Justice Sonya Sotomayor argued that the law placed an undue burden on racial and ethnic minority students not faced by other applicants. What type of equality was Justice Sotomayor arguing in favor of? ontological equality equality of condition equality of outcome equality of opportunity

equality of condition

(Q006) What standard of equality was key to the arguments of civil rights leaders in the 1960s? equality of opportunity equality of condition ontological equality equality of outcome

equality of opportunity

(Q003) Sociologists are skeptical of ____ arguments that explain social phenomena in terms of natural ones and often rely on biological determinism. cisgender essentialist feminist intersectional

essentialist

(Q009) At the outset of US history, eligible voters were white property owners or very wealthy. The gradual inclusion of African Americans, women, and other groups took a long time. More recently, voter ID laws have become popular. Many would argue that such laws restricting who can vote are an extension of this long history, which is largely what kind of stratification system? estate class caste elite-mass dichotomy

estate

(Q019) The process of choosing a urinal in a men's restroom may seem simple, but there is an underlying, implicit protocol that has actually been studied. One researcher found that the unspoken rule was to always ensure a "buffer zone" of at least one "open" urinal between yourself and another person. Being an intrepid sociologist, you have decided to see what happens when this norm is breached. In doing so, you are practicing ethnomethodology. dramaturgical theory. role conflict. symbolic interactionism.

ethnomethodology

(Q015) What is an example of an application of midrange theory? analyzing how a bartender interacts with customers exploring the role of churches in maintaining community ties in rural areas examining the origins of World War II in terms of class conflict analyzing how a particular dictator rose to power

exploring the role of churches in maintaining community ties in rural areas

(Q007) The early sociological writer, Harriet Martineau, wrote a book in 1838 that examined the institution of marriage and challenged assumptions about women's inferiority. In this respect, Martineau espoused what kind of theoretical position in her sociological writing? Marxist feminist functionalist liberal

feminist

(Q012) Allison is concerned with the subtle messages that her niece receives from her kindergarten teacher about suitable careers. For example, picture books read in class portray women as nurses and secretaries but the doctors and engineers in the books are male. Allison's concerns reflect what kind of theoretical perspective? functionalist positivist conflict theorist feminist

feminist

(Q020) Students, faculty, and staff at Flint River College interact with each other as they all contribute to the mission of the college in various ways. They also have identification cards that mark them as belonging on the campus. This social network would be defined as a(n) formal organization. informal organization. primary group. in-group.

formal organization.

(Q013) A theoretical perspective most popular in the mid-twentieth century held that social realities such as the roles that men and women play in heterosexual couples or the existence of inequality could be explained by the necessary purpose they served in society. What was this theoretical perspective? postmodernism conflict theory symbolic interactionism functionalism

functionalism

(Q012) In her interview with Dalton Conley, C. J. Pascoe talks about the ways in which boys in high school police the boundaries of masculinity, specifically by using the term "fag." What is at stake is not sexual orientation, but gender norms regarding what is perceived as "masculine." In 2010, Billy Lucas, a 15-year-old high-school student, hanged himself after repeatedly being called a "fag" by his peers for "looking different." Lucas's peers were enforcing norms based on gender-role socialization. resocialization. destruction of the generalized other. dramaturgical performance.

gender-role socialization.

(Q006) The Asch test provides insight into what concept? divide et impera network analysis group conformity embeddedness

group conformity

(Q016) Facebook surpassed 1 billion monthly active users in 2012, and that number has continued to climb. Facebook wasn't the first social media site, of course; it had to compete with earlier sites, such as Friendster and MySpace. Today, though, Facebook is many people's default way of staying in touch with family, friends, and colleagues through messages, posts, likes, and event invitations. Widespread reliance on the site is a good example of socialization. domination. soft power. hegemony.

hegemony

(Q017) The American Psychological Association's classification of homosexuality as a deviant personality type, which was only changed in 1973, as well as the US Supreme Court ruling in 2003 decriminalizing homosexual sex both reflect Michel Foucault's assertion that changes in the nineteenth century with regard to the notion of the ideal man required a categorization of "deviance." homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power. the development of the field of psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries initiated a careful evaluation of deviant sexuality. society's need to establish cohesion by identifying and classifying all forms of deviant behavior.

homosexuality appears as the result of the state and the medical profession's interest in asserting their power.

(Q019) Which job could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States? hotel maid nurse practitioner professor human resources manager

hotel maid

(Q009) Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together at least four times per week experience fewer behavioral problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable? the number of times per week that a family eats together how much time children spend with their families how often children misbehave in school the nutritional value of the food children eat with their families

how often children misbehave in school

(Q003) Climate change has evoked a politically polarized debate in the United States. For many, the cause and effect relationship between human activity and climate change seems obvious based on the science available. For others, such a claim seems ludicrous. Although it may seem that climate change is a matter of science, underlying the disagreement are attachments to opposing religious belief sets. ideologies. stereotypes. ethnocentrisms.

ideologies.

(Q003) According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through formal games. imitation. playing informally with other children. first recognizing their own identities.

imitation.

(Q018) What is an example of a given-off gesture? nodding to indicate agreement during a job interview inadvertently glancing at the clock during a boring lecture talking to a colleague over coffee winking at a friend

inadvertently glancing at the clock during a boring lecture

(Q011) Suppose you have a good friend who has done well after college. His work in telecommunications helped him land him a job with a six-figure salary last year. He lives in a tiny apartment in the suburbs and keeps his money in a checking account. In addition, he lives off a credit card, and he still has $50,000 in college loans. Your friend is in the category of people considered to have high wealth. income. net worth. investment income.

income.

(Q004) A researcher observes that most teens entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most retirees choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that youth like to feel that they are part of a larger group of people, whereas the elderly are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach? deductive inductive quantitative a case study

inductive

(Q006) Suppose you are a participant in an online forum where people review online games, and one participant recently posted an angry rant in all caps, which elicited a harsh rebuke from several other users. Such a reprimand is a kind of formal social sanction. informal social sanction. expression of mechanical solidarity. violation of the collective conscience.

informal social sanction.

(Q021) In an interview with Dalton Conley, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated? informed consent "do no harm" participant observation reflexivity

informed consent

(Q008) Joey grew up in an impoverished rural community in the Appalachian Mountains with a high joblessness rate. He learned early on that to be successful meant achieving financial wealth, but without any hope of landing a lucrative career in his hometown, he turned to selling stolen opioid painkillers and became relatively wealthy. According to Merton's strain theory, Joey is a(n) rebel. white-collar criminal. anomic. innovator.

innovator.

(Q018) Many cell phone companies have similar offers and restrictions on changing numbers, adding numbers to a plan, getting a new phone, paying for minutes used beyond those allotted, and so on. These similarities are due to which of the following processes? market alignment converging organizational structures institutional culture institutional isomorphism

institutional isomorphism

(Q020) One of the challenges faced by many colleges and universities is binge drinking on campus. Imagine you are tasked with developing solutions to this problem. Thinking sociologically, you suggest that it would be useful to understand the meaning placed on the parties where binge drinking happens, so solutions are based on a deeper understanding of the experience itself. Your approach relies on the methodology of interpretive sociology. macrosociology. cultural anthropology. functionalism.

interpretive sociology.

(Q001) Feminists argue that gender matters because it is the basis of sex role theory. it structures social relations between people. it emphasizes natural differences that exist between men and women. there are roles for which men are better suited and other roles for which women are better suited.

it structures social relations between people.

(Q010) Chad is the captain of the high-school golf team and son of a prominent business owner in town. Orhan is a refugee from Syria who attends the same school and lives with his single mother on the poor side of town. Both Chad and Orhan were caught cheating on a recent biology exam, but only Orhan was punished, which led him to drop out of school due to the shame he felt and to become involved in the illicit economy of street crime. Chad, on the other hand, went on to become a successful corporate executive after attending a prestigious college. This is an example of which theory of deviance? labeling theory strain theory reflection theory role theory

labeling theory

(Q003) Montrice attends an orientation session on her first day of college. There are 45 students and two orientation leaders in her session. This type of group is known as a medium group. large group. primary group. small group.

large group.

(Q019) Under Adolf Hitler, the Nazis developed a carefully planned network of concentration camps. These were designed to hold all those deemed "undesirable" by the Nazi leadership. An individual consigned to a camp was forced to work, wore a specific uniform, had a limited ration of food, and faced a near certain death. This tragic episode in human history is an extreme example of an attempt at applying rehabilitative justice. an attempt to control and suppress deviant behavior. life in a total institution. an attempt to mandate normative compliance on individuals.

life in a total institution.

(Q016) You have decided to conduct an interview-based study on your campus that examines sexual assault with the hope of offering recommendations to the administration for policy changes. You have selected as your sample the members of all the campus fraternities, as this is a subpopulation of the entire campus and seems often to be at the center of the cases. Although this is an interesting approach, your results will likely be a specific kind of content analysis. limited in generalizability because of your sampling decision. limited as a form of participant observation. biased due to the kind of historical data you have.

limited in generalizability because of your sampling decision.

(Q023) Getting ready to go out on a first date with someone she first contacted through a dating app, Jada tries on a dress and stilettos. Then, remembering that the person mentioned liking sporty women, Jada reconsidered and changed into shorts and a tank top. Jada's wardrobe change illustrates what social theory? looking-glass self double-consciousness Verstehen credentialism

looking-glass self

(Q013) In his experiment, Duncan Watts created a website where respondents could rate songs. His sample size was 14,341 respondents. If Watts selected a new sample of 14,341 different respondents and their average ratings of each song were significantly different than the first sample, what problem would Watts's research suffer from? reverse causation low reflexivity low reliability low response rate

low reliability

(Q021) Montrice is conducting a study of the effect of economic recessions on marriage rates in European countries. What type of sociology is this? feminist functionalist microsociology macrosociology

macrosociology

(Q009) In 2011, a Toronto police officer, during a crime prevention talk, said "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The remark prompted formation of a protest movement dubbed SlutWalk, whose stated objective was to stop oppression by slut-shaming and "of being judged by our sexuality and feeling unsafe." Although controversial in many respects, the effort sparked a larger debate on rape culture, socially acceptable dress and appearance, and the idea of slut shaming. The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of largely unspoken social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called sluts, speaks to the need to police female sexuality. sharp divisions between biological males and females. maintenance of a gender order. role of language in society.

maintenance of a gender order.

(Q014) Despite being a business executive and competitive athlete, Jorge is often treated as helpless by people he encounters in his daily life because he is paraplegic and uses a wheelchair. Jorge's disability is a(n) master status. status set. role strain. achieved status.

master status.

(Q013) Joan is a white, straight, middle-aged, working-class woman who lives in suburban New Mexico. Zia is a black lesbian woman who recently came to the United States from South Africa to attend Harvard University. Patricia Hill Collins would point out that these two women each face a different matrix of domination. glass ceiling. sex/gender system. hegemonic masculinity.

matrix of domination.

(Q019) Observing and analyzing the conversations patients have with their doctors would be an example of what kind of sociology? microsociology conflict theory macrosociology quantitative sociology

microsociology

(Q018) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Paula England highlights the changing gender dynamics of relationships for college students. England's research found that students hook up rather than date, and that when they did, "something sexual happens" (which may or may not be intercourse). Furthermore, the whole idea of a relationship is very tenuous. Dating has a very different meaning, with an expectation that it might mean a relationship, and that it is done after college. monogamous. not done for fun. a guarantee of marriage.

monogamous

(Q005) Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's concept of the master-slave dialectic highlighted the fact that there is a(n) _______ between master and slave. mutual dependency mutual hatred contradictory class location achievement gap

mutual dependency

(Q015) Today, some people engage in open relationships, or polyamory, wherein all partners share details about their sexual health. In some relationships, the size of the group may be as large as a dozen people who share links to one or more of the others in the group. To protect all those involved, everyone agrees to disclose information upon testing positive for a sexually transmitted disease (STD). If someone fails to do this, or simply does not know he or she has an infection, what could the group employ to try to determine what happened? network analysis organizational structure analysis historical analysis a careful look at embedded ties

network analysis

(Q022) Through network analysis a hidden rule was discovered that governs romantic relationships among teenagers. It prohibits dating the ex of your ex's current boyfriend or girlfriend. This rule is known as "______." let sleeping dogs lie tertius gaudens no cycles of four divide et impera

no cycles of four

(Q012) In the effort to stop the spread of HIV, organizations and countries have invested in research to understand how the virus spreads within a population. Often, this research investigates transmission through "having sex." Here, one of the challenges is to precisely define what "having sex" means, so that researchers can identify the relevant variables. This challenge of specifying a key idea is crucial to any good sociological study and is called defining the dependent variable. hypothesis testing. defining the independent variable. operationalization.

operationalization.

(Q016) There are many different student organizations on a college campus, each of which appeals to different segments of the student body. Like a larger society, such organizations have embedded ties. organizational culture. power and authority used to control others. an autocratic decision-making process.

organizational culture.

(Q017) A company changes from a hierarchical approach to product development, with managers alone promoted or fired based on how well a product eventually sells, to a team-based approach, where team members' salaries rise or fall in relation to how a product fares. This is a fundamental change to the company's corporate culture. social capital. organizational structure. small- and large-group dynamics.

organizational structure.

(Q021) In the United States, atheists are one of the most disliked religious groups. In fact, most Americans believe atheists, who make up about three percent of the population, should not be allowed to put up public displays that celebrate their beliefs. Atheists are a(n) small group. informal organization. out-group. secondary group.

out-group.

(Q023) What data collection method was primarily used by Mary Pattillo to study the influx of black professionals into a Chicago neighborhood where many lower-class blacks already lived? audit study survey content analysis participant observation

participant observation

(Q016) Whether Muslim women veil themselves, especially in countries such as the United States and France, is often a controversial topic. Sociological research has found that while some women choose to veil for religious reasons, others may take up the veil because they are motivated to claim their Muslim identity in the face of anti-Muslim sentiment. These different interpretations of the importance of veiling illustrates how meaning is subjective. This emphasis on differences in subjective interpretations, in turn, is characteristic of postmodernism. functionalism. midrange theory conflict theory.

postmodernism.

(Q013) Certain ideals about women's appearance are highly valued in the United States, such as thinness, muscular definition, and blemish-free skin. Reflection theory suggests that this obsession in our culture with the "perfect female body" emerges from our social structures and shapes the kinds of relationships we seek and value: we want to be around people who meet this standard of perfection. That is, the culture of women's bodies is a result of our own proclivities, and not a result of how women are depicted in the media. The primary difficulty with this idea is that it ignores differences found in other cultures. sets up a conflict between men and women. presumes culture is a one-way process. presumes that women's bodies are essential to a functioning society.

presumes culture is a one-way process.

(Q007) Suppose you're at a party at a friend's apartment. One of the guests strikes up a conversation with you about voter apathy and claims he has a pretty good idea as to why it is so high, calling it a "well-educated hypothesis." You point out (much to his annoyance) that his idea is really nothing more than a guess. In order to accurately call his idea a hypothesis, he would need to cite existing studies that support his educated guess. develop a comprehensive explanation for why voter apathy is so high. test the relationship between an independent and dependent variable. propose a relationship between two variables.

propose a relationship between two variables.

(Q018) Devah Pager's research on employment prospects for individuals with a prior criminal record exemplifies the serious consequences for certain stigmas. If an individual with a criminal record cannot easily find a job and decides to return to committing crimes to support his or her family, what sociological idea is this an example of? strain theory primary deviance general deterrence recidivism

recidivism

(Q007) At finals time, you are studying at a downtown coffee shop. Feeling stressed, you are relieved to hear two students from a college across town who are sitting at a nearby table and talking about how tough their tests are. You strike up a conversation with the pair, and you all end the conversation by agreeing that both schools could give students an extra study day to relieve the pressure. This insight came about thanks to your use of the other students as a social network. reference group. secondary group. small group.

reference group.

(Q010) Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post signs that read, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." These signs establish a shared value. reinforce a cultural norm. enforce a subculture. manifest material culture.

reinforce a cultural norm.

(Q014) Suppose that researchers find that if they ask respondents to report their happiness twice over the course of an interview, the respondents nearly always give identical responses. However, they also find that respondents are generally unwilling to report feeling unhappy because they think they will be judged negatively by the interviewer. This measure of happiness would be valid but not reliable. reliable but not valid. neither reliable nor valid. both reliable and valid.

reliable but not valid.

(Q012) As a budding sociologist, you decide to study American politics by attending presidential caucuses. You identify as a liberal independent, but you are interested in the process from different perspectives. Your first stop is at a caucus for Republican candidates. Everyone in the audience is passionate about their beliefs, and you find yourself swept up in the process, reacting against ideas that you see as extreme. In developing the paper discussing your study results, what is one of the challenges you in particular must overcome to produce an unbiased study? determining the actual party affiliation of the people you interview making sure you attend an equal number of caucuses across the political spectrum remembering that everyone, including you, is inculcated into systems of beliefs that influence thinking and perceptions ensuring the names and identifying information of the people you interview is kept completely confidential

remembering that everyone, including you, is inculcated into systems of beliefs that influence thinking and perceptions

(Q020) In Discipline and Punish, the French theorist Michel Foucault examines how the modern penal system discriminates against children and women. unfairly incarcerates racial and ethnic minorities. represents a transformation in social control. gives special treatment to white-collar criminals.

represents a transformation in social control.

(Q008) Zayvon has conducted a study in which he found that college students with more friends tend to have higher GPAs. He concluded that as a person makes more friends, she has more social support and that helps her do better academically. However, when he collected longitudinal data in a follow-up study and was able to take into account time order, Zayvon found that, actually, as a person increases her GPA, she gains status on campus and attracts more friends. This is a case of operationalization. reverse causality. comparative research. a spurious relationship.

reverse causality.

(Q022) Since the 1970s, both violent and overall crime rates have gone down, while at the same time, incarceration rates in the United States have steadily decreased. cycled through various highs and lows. remained steady. risen dramatically.

risen dramatically.

(Q022) Roberto works as regional sales manager, a job that requires him to travel frequently for long periods of time. He often dreams of quitting his job so that he can spend more time with his daughters and be a better father. Roberto is experiencing role strain. role conflict. civil inattention. resocialization.

role conflict.

(Q011) As a mother, Linda sometimes feels torn. Most of the time she focuses on being loving and supportive, but sometimes she needs to be firm to discipline her children. These opposing expectations are an example of role strain. role conflict. adult socialization. ascribed status.

role strain.

(Q010) The decision to marry is a major life step. Contemporary Americans do so with certain cultural expectations: that our partner will love and care for us, will share the duties of managing a household (nowadays, fairly equally and regardless of gender), and will support us in our lives when problems arise at work or with other family members. These expectations of a spouse are an example of status. gender division. sexism. roles.

roles.

(Q016) A classmate has been talking for weeks about trying out for the school dance team. The day after the tryouts, you ask her how it went, and she answers that she couldn't go because she was sick. (In reality, however, she did try out but wasn't selected.) The way your classmate reported the situation to you is an example of what? saving face role strain a breach of common roles the process of social construction

saving face

(Q011) Suppose a teenage girl caught smoking marijuana in her car in the high-school parking lot is suspended. As a result, she gains a reputation around school as a "druggie." After that, she begins using cocaine and eventually tries heroin. The girl's actions following the initial suspension are an example of primary deviance. public indecency. secondary deviance. lewd and lascivious behavior.

secondary deviance.

(Q011) The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids. Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this Father Knows Best model, we can clearly see the structure of postmodern theory. sex role theory. Marxist theory. "doing gender."

sex role theory.

(Q002) At a party, you listen in on a conversation about sex. One person states that he has had sex in some pretty far-out places. He is referring to sex. gender. biology. sexuality.

sexuality.

(Q018) A television ad campaign for a new toy starts playing nationwide in late October. Within weeks, big box retailers are selling out of the toy as parents prepare for the holidays. This response is an example of a long-term, intended media effect. long-term, negative media effect. short-term, intended media effect. short-term, unintended media effect.

short-term, intended media effect.

(Q023) Tig tells her best friends Shonice and Petra about a job interview she had recently as they drink coffee in the student union building. Shonice then recounts her latest trip back home, after which Petra shares a story about her most recent rock-climbing adventure. This social group would best be described as a dyad. party. organization. small group.

small group.

(Q012) Suppose you attend a dinner party, to which you were invited by a close friend who is trying to help you land a job in your chosen field of human resources. Your friend was unable to attend, and you knew nobody at the dinner, even though the dozen guests were all employed in human resource departments in the area. During the dinner, you were quiet and reserved, just listening to conversations around you. Afterward, you worry you missed the chance to gain new triads. organizational culture. social capital. embeddedness.

social capital.

(Q001) Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that if we stripped away all elements of society that result from the institution of private property, only _____ would remain. stratification social equality equality of condition the middle class

social equality

(Q014) When fears of contagious diseases such as avian flu and Ebola arise, public health officials encourage people to replace greetings involving close contact (handshakes, hugs) with an elbow bump. This change in greetings represents a shift in personal values. social norms. media messages. societal subcultures.

social norms.

(Q001) At a friend's housewarming, you meet a young engaged couple from India. They tell you that their relationship was arranged when they both very young (she was 12, he was 14). They seem happy with this arrangement, but you're taken aback. The couple's comfort with the arrangement, as well as your initial discomfort, are examples of symbolic interactionism. operationalization. social interaction. socialization.

socialization.

(Q024) Suppose that the following information is known about Asa: He earns $126,000 in annual income, has a net worth of $324,000, has a master's degree, and works as a civil engineer. A sociologist could use this information to classify Asa in terms of his ____. social equality status-attainment caste socioeconomic status

socioeconomic status

(Q013) One of your closest friends works as a repair technician for an elevator company, and she earns a six-figure salary. While at a social event together, you overhear a conversation in which your friend is jokingly dismissed as a "common laborer" and a "member of the proletariat." The people making these remarks are rudely evaluating your friend based on what? meritocracy status hierarchy caste income

status hierarchy

(Q019) Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the internment of all people of Japanese ancestry living in the United States. The government stated that this action was to protect national security. Many of those sent to these internment camps were US citizens, with parents or grandparents born in Japan. This action relied on the use of stereotypes. hegemony. culture jamming. sexism.

stereotypes.

(Q003) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Devah Pager discusses her field work in Milwaukee and New York, in which she sent out job applicants, both black and white, with half of them pretending to have prison records. Pager found that having a criminal record negatively affected an applicant's ability to be offered a job. In addition, she found that black applicants were far less likely to be called back for an interview than white applicants. This racial disparity in hiring indicates unconscious stereotypes in the minds of the hirers, in addition to the challenge of a criminal record's stigma. secondary deviance. class solidarity. organic solidarity.

stigma.

(Q012) Devah Pager's research on how criminal records affect hiring illustrates the consequences of secondary deviance. strain. anomie. stigma.

stigma.

(Q012) Your introductory sociology professor believes that gender roles serve a purpose in society to fulfill certain functions. What type of theoretical background is your professor espousing? conflict postmodern feminist structural functionalism

structural functionalism

(Q022) Johnnie's father worked his entire career in the automotive manufacturing industry in Michigan. When Johnnie entered the workforce, the auto industry was in decline, so he instead found a professional career in the booming information technology sector, an industry that did not exist when his father began his career. This is an example of structural mobility. horizontal mobility. exchange mobility. social reproduction.

structural mobility.

(Q008) Skateboarding is a popular youth pastime. Within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done, and the skating vocabulary can vary by place. In addition, skateboarders have distinctive gear, such as skate shoes designed to provide grip and durability. All this sets skaters apart as a kind of minority group. mass media. subculture. stereotype.

subculture.

(Q014) A researcher spends time with small organic farmers on their land and at market in order to understand their particular subculture, noting the brands of work clothes they prefer; their conversations about hoop houses, compost, and aquaponics; and the nonverbal greetings they give other drivers on rural roads. This focus reflects which approach to research? postmodernism conflict theory symbolic interactionism midrange theory

symbolic interactionism

(Q009) A sociologist studying the meaning of bicycle theft finds that the young men in her neighborhood who steal bicycles do so as a way of proving that they are more clever than the owners of expensive bicycles, since they can get away with rifling through unlocked or poorly secured garages, porches, and basements unnoticed. In a way, stealing these pieces of sports equipment is a sport in itself for the thieves. This researcher's focus on how those who steal bicycles think of their actions is an example of means-ends theory of deviance. symbolic interactionism. functionalist theory. social control.

symbolic interactionism.

(Q002) Melinda and Alex are co-leads on a project at work, but their working styles differ greatly and they are having trouble agreeing on procedures and objectives. Elena, a member of their team who is relatively new to the company, steps in and pulls together a crucial part of the project to meet a tight deadline. The account manager is impressed with Elena's work, and Elena ends up getting a promotion after the project is completed. In this triad, Elena could be said to have assumed what role? divide et impera mediator role leader tertius gaudens

tertius gaudens

(Q017) For a research project in an introductory sociology course, a student decides to compare how women's magazines cover health and beauty topics versus career and professional topics. This student is conducting cultural relativism. culture jamming. textual analysis. cultural production.

textual analysis.

(Q005) In her interview with Dalton Conley, Annette Lareau discusses the work found in her book, Unequal Childhoods, and gives numerous examples of the ways in which different parenting strategies play out in the home, and the results of those different strategies. Socioeconomic class differences (middle-class, working-class, and poor) figure prominently into the results, and she notes that the success of the child often hinges upon the knowledge and acceptance that what matters is the intrinsic logic of the parents' strategy. that parents must ensure that their child understands plagiarism. that children enter institutions, and institutions have rules. that parents must manage their child's experience with all institutions.

that children enter institutions, and institutions have rules.

(Q006) When a child is born, doctors make a decision about what sex they are. Usually, this is very straightforward. However, when a baby is born with atypical or ambiguous genitalia, most doctors recommend sex-reassignment surgery during infancy to make them conform to typical male or female genitalia. While this decision may or may not be a good choice, a sociologist might view the doctor's rationale as resulting from a sense of medical necessity. the belief in a binary sex system. a social emergency. a belief that sex is socially constructed.

the belief in a binary sex system.

(Q023) One of the consequences of mass incarceration in the United States has been a more equal percentage of races in prison. the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons. a more efficient prison system. the development of a rehabilitative approach to criminal justice.

the disenfranchisement of millions of former felons.

(Q010) The gender wage gap generates considerable discussion. As defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), this gap is the "difference between male and female earnings expressed as a percentage of male earnings." Critics of the pay gap note that women do not work as many hours as men, that children necessitate women as primary caregivers (as the sole persons able to bear children), and that the entire problem "can be explained away by simply taking account of college majors." All of this debate underscores what basic idea? the extent of male dominance in society the innate nature of women as child-bearers in society the way in which work is valued differently between men and women that there are few instances in any society where women are more powerful than men

the extent of male dominance in society

(Q004) Talib was starving as he got on the crowded bus with a greasy cheeseburger he had just purchased. As tempting as it was to eat his messy meal right then and there, he worried what the other passengers might think of him if he did so, and decided to wait until he got home. As illustrated here, Talib is fully socialized because he has developed a concept of the generalized other. master status. role conflict. social interaction.

the generalized other.

(Q022) In 2014, the top 10 models in the fashion industry all had earnings well over $1 million, with a few - Kate Moss and Heidi Klum - earning over $10 million. In her interview with Dalton Conley, Ashley Mears points out that top male fashion models quickly hit a limit as to how far they can go in modeling work, whereas a small number of women can continue on to be top, obviously well-paid, models. According to Mears, this particular career is an example of what in reverse? equal pay for equal work discrimination against working mothers the glass ceiling the glass escalator

the glass escalator

(Q001) According to the sociologist Georg Simmel, what can you use to predict the behavior of members of a social group? whether the group has a hierarchical or flat structure the number of people in the group whether the group is personal or impersonal whether the group serves a social or professional function

the number of people in the group whether the group is personal or impersonal

(Q002) What is an example of nonmaterial culture? a photography exhibit at a modern art museum a fashion blog a hedge maze at a botanical garden the rules for using the weight room at the gym

the rules for using the weight room at the gym

(Q009) The Chicago School of Sociology emphasized the importance of the social and moral consequences of the division of labor. the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality. rigorous statistical research. predicting and describing relationships.

the social environment in shaping people's behavior and personality.

(Q010) Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state senator. She has shared this interest with her family and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts who can help her. One day, she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for that senator in a recent election. The classmate then offers to introduce Martha to his cousin. This is an example of what concept? the strength of weak ties leveraging social capital embeddedness a structural hole

the strength of weak ties

(Q014) In August 2014, police in Ferguson, Missouri, shot Michael Brown, a young black man. The incident sparked a wave of protest and elicited a dialogue about police and race relations nationwide. The town of Ferguson is predominantly African American, having become increasingly so as white residents moved to the suburbs. Some people have argued that part of the problem in Ferguson originated from the disparity between the residents and police department, where the city was comprised of one population (black) and the police department of another (white). This underlies a more fundamental problem faced by many communities, in that the decline of communal ties has lessened the amount of fear. trust. social capital. civic engagement.

trust.

(Q019) Comparative research usually involves studying two or more units of analysis that have almost nothing in common in order to determine why they are so different. two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest. several subgroups in a given country or culture to identify how and why they are similar or different. a minority and majority group in a particular country.

two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest.

(Q003) What is an example of using one's sociological imagination? being comfortable in unfamiliar surroundings, such as visiting a new friend's house creating different hypotheses to explain an individual's behavior when you see that person acting strangely in public creating a story to explain unfamiliar social customs when you are traveling in a new country understanding that the divorce of one's parents is part of a larger societal trend toward marriage dissolution

understanding that the divorce of one's parents is part of a larger societal trend toward marriage dissolution

(Q009) Sociologist Allison Pugh researched consumer culture and socioeconomic class differences through parental purchases for children. In their relationship with their children, low-income parents tended to strive for symbolic indulgence, whereas high-income parents tended toward symbolic deprivation. Both of these approaches are an attempt to ensure that kids "fit in" at school, indicating that parents of all classes shy away from difference. These actions reflect symbolic representation. material culture. ethnocentrism. values.

values.

(Q023) Siying's mother and father both lacked any formal education and supported their family by working as shoe shiners in a New York City subway station. Siying got a scholarship to attend an Ivy League university, went to medical school, and is now a neurosurgeon at a hospital in Boston. This is an example of structural mobility. horizontal social mobility. vertical social mobility. socioeconomic status.

vertical social mobility.

(Q020) If you were to tell someone that you were conducting breaching experiments, you would be telling them that you were intentionally trying to convey a good impression and seeing what happens. violating social norms to see what happens. challenging total institutions to see what happens. resocializing others in order to see what happens.

violating social norms to see what happens.

(Q022) You would like to understand why some high-school students in a private religious school are prone to being cyberbullied. After thoroughly operationalizing the terms, developing well-honed variables, and identifying a sample, you must apply to an institutional review board in order to conduct the research. One of the main concerns is that you are required to get the consent of the parents. you are dealing with the school administration. you are dealing with a protected population group. your questions ask about illegal activities.

you are dealing with a protected population group.