Midterm 2 ch 4-8

What kinds of activities can create social change?

(1) a dialogue with those in power to convince them to implement a proposed change.. if that fails move on to 2. a confrontation of some kind: a march, a sit-down strike, or a rally. Confrontation dramatizes the need for change by public demonstration to show that people are concerned about an issue. If that fails.. 3. apply economic pressure to those individuals or organizations unwilling to change. (boycott)

established church

When one church is declared the official faith of a political unit (a colony or state) and tax revenues are used to fund this church

Why are Indian treaties still important today?

Yet treaties continue to be important documents because they affirm the status of Indian Sovereignty.

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere

aversive racism

subtle, nonovert, and nonobvious racism

How is the English Only movement an example of xenophobic behavior?

such organizations "often masks racism and certainly fails to appreciate cultural difference"

How does institutional racism influence hiring decisions?

- Studies repeatedly show that one of the most important methods used to recruit and hire employees is word-of-mouth hiring. -Word-of-mouth hiring disadvantages people of color because of the history of segregation and discrimination in the United States. In the past, white male employees were blatantly favored over applicants who were women or people of color.

How did religious diversity increase following the Civil War?

- immigration to the United States surpassed prewar levels - Although Protestants continued to be the dominant group, a third of Americans who claimed church membership in 1920 were members of the Catholic Church -The church's inability to resolve ethnic differences led to the creation of the Polish National Catholic Church in the 1890s and the Lithuanian National Catholic Church in 1914. -conversion of laves and native americans were starting to form -new faiths were forming

What are some arguments from people who are opposed to pluralism?

- it contradicts the American emphasis on the individual by placing more importance on group membership. - emphasizing groups in a society will encourage identification with a group rather than with the nation. -there is still a problem with pluralism because it places so much emphasis on being proud of your cultural group. They argue that any level of individual identification with a cultural group inflates the importance of that group and exacerbates the potential for conflict between groups. -They believe the best way to avoid conflict is to identify themselves as Americans

Did increasing numbers of non-Christians cause anti-Catholic prejudice to diminish?

-Although racial prejudice became more dominant than religious prejudice after the Civil War, a large Catholic immigration fueled anti-Catholic attitudes. -Protestant leaders called for tolerance, yet others said tolerance meant a lack of religious commitment and an indifference to the true faith, and they urged Protestants not to give equal status to any other religion. -KKK: Although their primary targets were blacks and foreigners, as a Christian group, its members were also hostile to Catholics and Jews.

What is aversive racism?

-Aversive racists act in ways that allow them to maintain a positive self-image (i.e., "I am not prejudiced"), and this is demonstrated in a variety of ways: rationalizing racial segregation as necessary in order to access "good schools"; explain- ing a lack of cross-racial friendships as a result of few people of color living in their neighborhood or arguing that they have diverse colleagues because their workplace is diverse; using racially coded terms such as "urban," "underprivileged," "diverse," "sketchy," and "good neighborhoods";

What was the impact of large numbers of Catholic immigrants?

-Catholics fueled Protestant fears and created an atmosphere of suspicion and distrust. -Because the Catholic Church had persecuted, tortured, and even killed those who defied its authority in the past, Protestants believed that Catholics would not hesitate to employ any tactic that would convert Protestants to the Catholic faith. -Protestant mobs set fire to catholic convents out of fear.

How have members of the majority responded to diverse groups?

-Despite what media coverage might suggest, a majority of Americans appear to accept diversity. -

How is institutional racism reflected in statistics on employment?

-Disproportionate numbers of people of color work in low-paying, low-status jobs, and people of color tend to have significantly higher unemployment rates compared to whites. -The data for youth of color is troubling. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2014) reported a 33.4% unemployment rate for black teenagers and 23.8% for Hispanic teenagers compared to 18.9% for white teenagers. Black teenage unemployment is as high as 60% in some urban areas. T

How did the BIA boarding schools promote Anglo conformity with Indian children?

-In fear of parents influencing students anglo conformity, they built boarding schools away from reservations,

Why were Jews regarded as a separate race?

-In the 1870s, American public school textbooks referred to Jews as "a race," using traditional stereotypes of Jews as greedy, selfish, and manipulating. -although Jews were inferior to Aryans, they were a threat to Aryan world dominance -found Jews presented as undesirable aliens who could not assimilate because they were "incapable of grasping American ideals"

What does it mean to have an Anglo conformity perspective? (Americanization)

-It rejects diversity in favor of mogeneity, requiring that everyone conform to values, norms, and standards determined by the Anglo founders of the country and modified by a continuing white majority. 1.Anglo conformity requires that immigrants stop speaking native languages and use only English as soon as possible. 2. requires immigrants to abandon their ethnic heritages, including customs, ceremonies, and traditions, and to adopt American ways

Which immigrant groups benefited from Anglo conformity?

-Northern European ethnic immigrants due to light skin - those passing as white, whom have achieved success) illustrated the power of Anglo conformity and contradicted the concept of America as a melting pot.

Pluarlism counterargument against apposers

-One of the goals of pluralism is to encourage people to shape their own identity. -Cultural pluralism does not require mindless conformity to a group's cultural heritage; it fosters a dynamic process that allows individuals to decide the extent to which they choose to embrace their cultural heritage exclusively or to integrate certain aspects of other cultures or the dominant culture into that heritage. -Pluralists support individuals who have chosen to maintain their heritage as well as those who choose to adopt other cultural ways while retaining important aspects of their cultural heritage.

How have K-12 schools taught students about the concept of religious freedom?

-Starting in the 1940s, U.S. federal courts wrote several decisions related to the constitutional guarantee of religious freedom being enforced or contradicted in schools (page 137) -U.S. courts have ruled that schools are forbid- den to force students to say the Pledge of Allegiance, compel students to pray, begin the day with devotional reading from the Bible, have a minister, priest, or rabbi give a prayer at graduation, post the Ten Commandments in classrooms or hallways, or teach religion disguised as science—"creationism"—as a scientific alternative to evolutionary theory

How has institutional racism influenced the development of segregated neighborhoods?

-Studies have documented that white families will stay in a neighborhood as long as black families do not exceed 7% or 8% of its residents; once that percentage is exceeded, white families leave -Neighborhood segregation is assured when realtors engage in a practice known as steering. The term refers to keeping files of homes for sale in white neighborhoods separate from those for sale in areas consisting predominantly or exclusively of families of color.

Why was hostility directed toward Catholics?

-The 1830s and 1840s was the era of Native American and Know-Nothing parties promoting anti-Catholicism -Catholic prejudices were also reflected in public school textbooks in which priests were depicted as living in luxury, oblivious to the poor and hungry, and the Catholic Church was described as the enemy of freedom and knowledge because of its history of religious persecution and its suppression of the Bible - When catholics created their own education system, they expected protestants to pay taxes on them.

What caused anti-Catholic sentiments in the United States to subside?

-The politics of race and the Civil War put the politics of anti- Catholicism to rest -During the Civil War, Catholic soldiers fought and died as bravely as the Protestant soldiers beside them, and anti-Catholic sentiments declined. the Catholic Church was no longer the only serious opponent for Protestant churches. Religious diversity in the United States was about to increase dramatically.

how do advocates and critics assess the effectiveness of affirmative action programs?

-They propose changing affirmative action policies to focus on socioeconomic status rather than race -They propose that these programs engender reverse discrimination by giving applicants of color preferential treatment over whites, especially white men. -

What non-Christian religions were included among immigrants?

-West Coast: Buddhists among Chinese and Japanese immigrants established a Young Men's Buddhist Association in 1898. -East coast: Orthodox and reform Judaism -Agnosticism

How does institutional racism occur in K-12 schools?

-both black and Latino students tend to be in schools with a large majority of poor children compared to white and Asian American students who are more likely to attend schools with a majority of middle- class students -textbook bias that is difficult to change because teachers are limited on time and resources to develop new material. - racial disparities in the suspension of students. -Tracking: which can have less to do with cognitive ability and more to do with learning another language.

Did the First Amendment establish religious freedom in the new nation

-eventually all 13 states granted catholics the right to vote -Maryland was the first state. North Carolina granted civil rights to Jews in 1868; New Hampshire granted Jews the right to vote in 1876.

How does institutional racism affect politics?

-historic discrimination, but the result is that a black candidate for a statewide office such as Senator or Governor will need the support of white voters to be elected. -Since fundraising for most candidates for statewide office tends to be based on the district they represent, black representatives are typically at a disadvantage in fundraising. - If the majority of voters in a city are white, elect- ing at-large candidates will assure all-white representation on councils or boards, de- spite having areas within the city consisting primarily or exclusively of people of color. -

What attitudes about diversity does pluralism promote?

-pluralism has become the first alternative perspective to challenge the dominance of Anglo conformity. -pluralism is based on: "equality of opportunity for all people, respect for human dignity and the conviction that no single pattern of living is good for everyone"

How have Americans responded to the increasing religious diversity?

-recent immigrants continue to encounter prejudice as Americans have persisted in their past religious animosities and have reverted to learned stereotypes. -Muslim Americans have received the brunt of these negative reactions, in part because they are one of the fastest growing religious groups in America. -American Muslims want to be perceived simply as mainstream believers who em- brace many traditional American values rather than being associated with radicals or extremists, and there is evidence to support their assertion.

How can public schools teach about religion in a way that respects all religions?

-schools were encouraged to teach objectively about all religions. 1.Although schools cannot force students to pray, they cannot prevent a student from praying, as long as the prayer does not create a disruption. 2. Another action that schools can take is to permit the formation of a Secular Student Alliance (SSA). These groups are intended as a safe place for students who are atheists or agnostics or who have more questions than answers when it comes to religion. 3. following the guidelines will ensure that schools address those standards by providing accurate information about fundamental beliefs of the world's major religions.

How did the 1928 election demonstrate anti- Catholic prejudice?

-the Democratic Party nominated Alfred E. Smith, the first Catholic to run for this office. - The Klan and other anti-Catholic organizations insisted that the Vatican was directing Smith's campaign by employing a Jesuit committee assigned to persuade Protestants to ignore Smith's religion as an issue.

What influence did the Holocaust have on American attitudes?

-vets came back disapproving of anti-semitism and prejudice they've witnessed -media/Editorials in many newspapers and magazine articles reinforced the idea that anti-Semitism was no longer acceptable.

Was any group actively persecuted for their religious beliefs?

-yes -Mormanism was run out -Atheists in Virginia could be arrested for publicly professing that God did not exist. -blasphemy law

What remedies have been proposed to address institutional racism?

1. A national agency should be created that has regional offices to coordinate anti-discrimination activities across the nation. 2.There must be a national and statewide commitment to stop the deterioration of inner cities in America. 3.A commitment must be made to improve public elementary, middle, and high schools serving low-income students. 4.Teachers must be taught how to work effectively with diverse student populations.

nalyzing responses coming from members of all racial and ethnic groups, there were three statements about outcomes from America's growing diversity that attracted the strongest support:

1. Americans will learn more from one another and be enriched by exposure to many different cultures. 2. A bigger, more diverse workforce will lead to more economic growth. 3. Diverse workplaces and schools will help make American businesses more innovative and competitive.

Why should American society become pluralistic?

1. anglo conformity is ineffective 2.The impact on self-consciousness and self-determination. If someone feels If people consciously feel proud of who they are, it is easier to set goals and to believe they can be reached. 3..The necessity for human interdependence concerns the extent to which people depend on others. 4.The recognition of diversity as an ideal implies that people must recognize that diversity constitutes the best possible situation. We need only consider what has occurred as a result of the diversity of the United States: Some of the best art, music, and literature ever created in America was a consequence of borrowing from different cultural traditions. 5. The current existence of diversity is perhaps the most compelling argument for promoting pluralism. If some quality is characteristic of a society, it makes sense that we value it rather than deny it or try to pretend that it doesn't exist.

the four perspectives

1.Separatists say that human differences will always cause conflict and will never disappear. 2.Melting pot advocates ignore differences to avoid problems arising from them 3.Anglo conformity advocates demand the elimination of differences based on the assumption that a homogeneous society will be a more harmonious one. 4. pluralism encourages individuals to identify themselves in terms of their heritage in addition to identifying themselves as American.

What are some consequences of racial discrimination?

1.asset inequalities 2.diminished health/longevity 3.incarceration of disproportionate numbers of African Americans, especially males.

agnosticism

A belief that human beings cannot prove or disprove the existence of God

sectarian

A perspective on diverse Christian churches or sects in which an individual regards his or her own sect as the "true faith"

denominations(sects)

A perspective on diverse Protestant faiths that views all of them as a singular Protestant church with different names (denominations)

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

Anglos

A term identifying white people who settled in Mexican territory, eventually becoming a generic term for white people

Chinese Exclusion Act

An 1882 law prohibiting Chinese immigration to the United States, renewed in 1892, and making exclusion permanent in 1902

Mexican American Legal Defense Fund (MALDEF)

An organization opposing discrimination and advocating for Mexican Americans' civil rights

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

vacuum domicilium

English legal doctrine meaning that lands not occupied could be taken. It served as a basis for taking Native American territory.

Individual racism

Established laws, customs, and practices in a society that allow systematic discrimination between people or groups based on skin color

What are front and backstage racism? essay

Front and backstage racism are how people act towards another ethnic group in private quarters. Frontstage would be racially-mixed social sand professional spaces and the politically correct etiquette that comes with the environment. Whereas backstage would be social spaces shared by the same ethnicity, openly sharing prejudice views through comments, stereotypes, and jokes. Today, racism is publicly scrutinized. As people are aware of that, they tend to overcompensate in public by being overly friendly and then making blatantly racist comments privately with friends of their ethnicity. Researches have found that the most common exchanges happen amongst white people, which perpetuates the continuous existence of white superiority that most people pretend no longer exists in fear of being ostracized.

Anti-Semitism

Having anti-Jewish prejudices or stereotypes, or engaging in discrimination against Jews

Why have many Americans objected to Latino immigration?

Illegal entry into the United States and drug smuggling

Why didn't Chinese men bring their wives and families?

In 1870, the California legislature passed the Page Law to stop the immigration of Chinese prostitutes, but this resulted in the exclusion of almost all Chinese women. -By 1890, the ratio of Chinese men to women was 26 to 1

How does the ideology of Individualism reinforce individual racism? essay

Individualism refers to everyone in society being responsible for their own outcome, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender etcetera. Individual racism coincides with examples of white privilege that a lot of white people take for granted, or refuse to acknowledge. An example of the existence of white privilege is the success and achievements of famous directors or produces mentioned as an individual vs. racial group. The white people are never labeled by race, whereas, people of color are, due to the shock of their upcoming success in comparison to their white counterparts. Americans are taught to look past color, yet color is mentioned in negative connations all the time. A personal example is when I was telling a friend, a white male, a story of a man not being let into his apartment by a fellow neighbor, due to her not believing he lived there, followed to his door, and had the police called on him. Initially, my friend reacted with something along the lines of that story being crazy and why that woman reacted that way. I then proceeded to tell him the man was black, and that instantly changed his reaction. Once he knew the man was black, the story made a lot more sense to him. If it were a white guy, the story would have sounded crazy, but since it was a black guy, he instantly understood the lady's intention.

Why was there so little reference to religion in the original Constitution?

James Madison saw the dangers in combining church/state, so he avoided putting it in.

What was a picture bride?

Japanese culture regarded marriage as an affair negotiated between families. In the picture bride system, matchmaking resulted from an exchange of photographs.

Anti-Semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Color-blind racism

Pretending not to notice race or asserting that race has no meaning

Why were Nativists anti-Catholic?

Protestants began forming in some of the larger cities; the party lobbied vigorously against immigrants becoming eligible for citizen- ship after five years. The Native American party insisted on a residency of 21 years before an immigrant was eligible for citizenship. violence insued, making them uncatholic

What are some examples of rationalizations justifying individual racism? Essay

Some examples of rationalizations justifying individual racism include thoughts on affirmative action. People who have denial rationalization would say affirmative action did not force employers to hire qualified candidates of color, it pressured employers to hire anyone of color over more qualified white candidates in order to meet a racial quota, proving they're not discriminatory. Victim blaming also contributes to individual racism, for example, media covers stories that point out the criminal is of color, and therefore, white people associate criminals and violence with people of color. Consequently, white people then blame that ethnicity for setting themselves up for failure. Once race gets brought up as an obstacle that prevents people of color from achieving a goal, it is written up as a complaint because white privilege leads white people to believe anyone can get what they want as long as they work hard for it.

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

The 1954 Supreme Court decision overturning Plessy v. Ferguson by declaring racial segregation unconstitutional

Black Cabinet

The Federal Council on Negro Affairs, consisting of 30 black professionals, served as an advisory group to President Franklin Roosevelt

Gentlemen's Agreement

The Japanese government assured the U.S. government it would issue no more passports (as of 1908) to Japanese workers except those already in the United States or their close relatives

how can institutional racism be reduced in the united States?

The Supreme Court's ruling illustrates the difficulties involved in making much progress on institutional racism unless the people of the United States and the legal system acknowledge that evil intent is not always the cause of discrimination. people of color must rely on affirmative action programs and legal recourse to respond to blatant discrimination within American institutions. Affirmative action has been effective to a degree, but it also has produced vigorous criticisms.

secular

The civic culture of a society not reflective of religious perspective

How did the U.S. Constitution address the issue of slavery?

The constitutional compromise was to count each slave as three fifths of a person, giving significant political power to southern states:

Internalized racial oppression

The largely unconscious racist beliefs and related behaviors that are accepted by people of color raised in a white supremacist society

How is the separatist perspective negative?

The logical outcome is to believe that different groups must have their own places separate from others and should interact only when necessary. The best a person can hope for is peaceful coexistence. -Today, they i perceived as hate groups

In what ways are all people affected by individual racism? essay

The presence of racism has a different impact on people of color than they do whites. People of color see racism and feel as though our society promotes internalized racial oppression, which is the acceptance of inferiority due to being raised in a white-dominated society. People of color start to believe the prejudice that they grew up hearing, laughing at jokes that they are the center of, and accepting white privilege as something that cannot be changed. Although there are white people in society that are blatantly racist, most white people are subtly aware of their feelings of superiority. Their accomplishments are recognized so often that when people of color achieve the same accomplishment, it has to be mentioned. For instance, the acknowledgment of famous award-winning directors and famous award-winning black directors. A personal example is when I was telling a friend, a white male, a story of a man not being let into his apartment by a fellow neighbor, due to her not believing he lived there, followed to his door, and had the police called on him. Initially, my friend reacted with something along the lines of that story being crazy and why that woman reacted that way. I then proceeded to tell him the man was black, and that instantly changed his reaction. Once he knew the man was black, the story made a lot more sense to him.

religious freedom/religious liberty

The right to worship in any church of one's choice consistent with that church's beliefs and practices

Internalized racial dominance

The socialization of white people that results in their acceptance of these largely unconscious beliefs of racial superiority

Nisei

The term for children of Japanese immigrants who were born in the United States and therefore possessed U.S. citizenship

Yellow Peril

The term for the belief that Chinese and Japanese immigrants could never be assimilated into American culture and therefore threatened the unity of American society

In what ways was anti-Semitism promoted?

a. Colleges established admissions quotas for Jewish Students b. Popular figures like Henry Ford and Father Coughlin engaged in anti-Semitic activities

What were the Philadelphia Bible Riots?

a. The Bible was used in public schools and Catholic children were allowed to use the Catholic Bible. b. A protestant mob protested at an Irish Catholic neighborhood leading to riots c. 58 people had been killed and 140 wounded. d. Federal troops were brought in e. Fatalities and injuries resulted, and Catholic churches and homes were destroyed

What is the nature of institutional racism in higher education?

disproportionate enrollment in the most selective four-year colleges includes white students having: 1. greater access to financial re- sources 2. higher completion rates 3. higher rates of graduate school enrollment and attainment of advanced college degrees 4. higher future earnings.

What does it mean to describe America as a melting pot?

immigrants to America need not relinquish their entire racial or ethnic heritage. Instead, the idea was that ethnic differences would blend into the dominant culture to create a new identity, an American identity, made up of cultures and customs carried to America by all immigrants -The melting pot perspective deemphasized differences and emphasized the need to accept immigrants as Americans as long as they learned to speak English and became citizens. - The most common expression of the melting pot perspective today is the argument that people should be color blind; that is, we should ignore a person's skin color.

occupatio bellica

peaceful seizure of land underutilized by the indigenous people.

Individual racism

personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race

at-large candidates

refers to candidates for local offices being elected by an entire community rather than by districts or wards within that community

Cultural racism

the cultural images and messages that affirm the assumed superiority of whites and the assumed inferiority of people of color

Xenophobia

the fear of or prejudice against people from other nations. Although British colonists struggled to be tolerant of ethnic diversity, there was no such struggle with racial diversity.

Must one be actively involved in change to be a pluralist?

yes, unless we are part of the solution, we are part of the problem.

Tracking

—grouping students into categories by ability and assigning them to specific, ability-related classes.

Why were Native American treaties consistently violated?

- if the land became desirable, Indians were forced to surrender it. -treaties were renegotiated once Americans wanted something of value

What was the main source of conflict between Europeans and Indians?

- land ownership. -

What kind of hostile actions did the Chinese encounter?

- perceive the Chinese as refusing to give up their "foreign" identity and become "Americanized. - Chinese laborers complained of white men grabbing or even cutting off their queue. -white politicians and labor leaders blamed economic problems on the Chinese - the Chinese Exclusion Act to prohibit Chinese immigration for the next 10 years; it was renewed for another 10 years in 1892, and renewed indefinitely in 1902. -white workers rioted, beating and shooting Chinese workers.

How did the war affect American attitudes toward Japanese families living in the United States?

- rumors of spying and sabotage began circulating immediately. -Japanese farmers were accused of planting flowers in a particular pattern to guide airplanes carrying bombs to their target -Fearing a broad anti-Asian backlash, many Asian-owned businesses posted signs saying that the owners were Asian but not Japanese.

What relationships did colonists have with native people?

-. Europeans usually began by being friendly toward Indians until they no longer needed them

How do Immigrants contribute to the American Economy

-75% of illegal immigrants paid taxes, contrib- uting $7 billion to Social Security and $1.5 billion to Medicare - one million work in restaurants; they also represent 58% of all farm workers and 15% of all construction workers -the longer immigrants stay in America, the more they spend for such items as cars and homes; this is true even for undocumented workers whose earnings increase by 15% -20% of small business owners are immigrants who generate $776 billion each year and create jobs for American workers. -

How were the black indentured servants treated differently?

-Africans were often forced to accept permanent servitude status. -A 1662 Virginia stat- ute decreed that children born to a woman who was a permanent indentured servant must take her status - 70% of Africans in Virginia at this time were permanent indentured servants

What was the relationship between Deism and Christianity?

-Although Deists denied the divinity of Christ, they tended to admire his moral teachings; therefore, many Deists attended churches of various denominations while others never went to church.

What actions did nativists initially take against the Chinese in America?

-Although the tax penalized any immigrant, the passage of the "foreign miners" act was a major setback for the Chinese. -Because of the 1790 law restricting U.S. citizenship to "whites only," there was little incentive to remain in the United States.

Did blacks play a role in shaping the new South?

-Black males (but not females) could vote and run for office, and 16 were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. -participated in drafting new state constitutions -During the last two decades of the nineteenth century, the U.S. Supreme Court enacted rulings sanctioning Southern legislation that prevented blacks from voting, removed them from jury rolls, maintained their segregated schools, and required racial segregation in public transportation and public facilities

What gains did black Americans make during World War II?

-Blacks in the military were selected for programs that had not been permitted before, such as the engineer corps, pilot training, and officer training. -for the first time, blacks were accepted into marine corps training -. In 1948, President Truman issued Executive Order 9981, officially desegregating the U.S. Armed Forces.

How did Americans view the Japanese before World War II?

-California newspapers initiated a campaign against the Yellow Peril based on the belief that the Japanese, like the Chinese, could not or would not adopt the American culture - Ozawa's argument to the U.S. Supreme Court was that he had done everything that any immigrant could be asked to do to assimilate into the culture, and the only thing that prevented his citizenship was his race. The Supreme Court said that was all that mattered, and rejected his appeal.

Why did so many Africans die during the Middle Passage?

-Conditions on slave ships were horrendous. - Many were unable to get to the buckets and soiled themselves where they lay. - disease was a major cause of death, - some took the opportunity to escape by leaping into the shark-infested waters

What happened to the Cubans who came to the United States?

-Cuban businessmen who had salvaged some of their wealth relied on traditional business methods called socios or socioismo, in which loans were approved not by an objective analysis but because the applicant was a friend. -Cuban immigrants tended to be educated, and many had business experience. - Many found work in businesses owned or managed by Cubans, where they tended to earn higher wages. -Compared to other major Latino groups in the United States, Cuban Americans have recorded the highest median household incomes -One reason for their success is that, similar to Asian American families, they tend to have multiple wage earners in a household.

What other Latino groups live in the United States?

-Dominicans, Central Americans, and South Americans.

What American nativistic attitudes exist today?

-English speaking americans push to make english the official language of the U.S. possibly preventing them from voting -more walls and boarder patrol in hopes of preventing immigrants from crossing the boarder -

Why were Nativists opposed to radical immigrants?

-Immigrant workers fought exploitation through strokes, and marches. -Nativists saw union actions as un-American, especially when the "foreigners" expressed socialist, anarchist, or other radical ideas.

What did the civil rights movement achieve for African Americans?

-In less than a decade, rates of voter registration and voting were almost the same for black and white voters in the targeted states, and since the passage of the VRA there has been a significant increase in blacks and other minorities being elected to public office. -The number of black elected officials increased from 500 in 1965 to 10,500 in 2011

League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)

A national organization for members of Spanish-speaking ethnic groups who are American citizens that is dedicated to promoting the value of citizenship, protesting discrimination, and advocating for civil rights for Latinos

Refugee

A person "unable or unwilling to return to his or her country because of a well-founded fear of persecution . . . based on race, religion, nationality, or membership in a particular social group or political party"

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Assimilation

A process whereby immigrants adopt cultural traits of the host country in order to be identified with that country and integrated into the immediate society

indigenous people

A racial or ethnic group that is well established in an area before the arrival of a new group; a group that may be but does not need be native to the area in which it is established

research on ELL instruction

- Gort (2005) reported: ". . . a growing body of research points to the educational, social, and psychological benefits associated with educating bilingual learners in their native language as they develop skills in English" -Goldenberg (2008) began by providing some demographic data: Of the five mil- lion ELLs in U.S. schools, 80% were Spanish-speaking. Approximately 60% of ELLs received some form of English-only instruction... -Test results revealed that ELLs tended to have low scores on measures of academic achievement, but there was no way of knowing if these scores reflected poor content knowledge or simply the limitations of the students' proficiency in English. Yet, Goldenberg (2008) reported that one of the major findings emerging from both studies was that "Teaching students to read in their first language promotes higher levels of reading achievement in English" bilingual education programs tended to develop sufficient literacy skills to be not only fluent in speaking two languages, but also fluent in reading and writing in both languages

Was it better for Latinos after the war?

- Latino soldiers now had their loan applications approved. -were not segragated in war, so they got to rise up in command -The G.I. Bill allowed many to pursue a college education. -Although they can receive some equitable treatment, the majority of Latinos still encountered prejudice and discrimination, even those who had served in the military.

What actions were taken against the Japanese

- President Roosevelt is- sued Executive Order No. 9066 that was the basis for taking Japanese Americans from their communities and relocating them in federal "camps." - Japanese families were informed that the U.S. government required them to take a loyalty oath renouncing their allegiance to Japan -renouncing Japanese citizenship with no chance of becoming American citizens meant that they would become people without a country.

What alternative pedagogical strategy have American educators proposed (understand the research on ELL instruction

- advocated for bilingual education in an effort to preserve linguistic diversity in the United States; -the Bilingual Education Act in 1968. -

How did black citizens in the South respond to this transformation?

- did not accept the threats and harassment passively, yet without sup- port from the federal government or northern organizations, they did not have the resources to combat white supremacists -They regarded education as the best way to acquire resources and power on their own but were limited w/ minimal state funding -

What was the Underground Railroad?

- existed as early as the late 1700s as a network of people helping slaves escape.

How did Mexican Americans respond to discrimination after the war?

-Mexican Americans brought Mendez v. Westminster School District to California courts in 1946; the judge ruled it was unconstitutional to segregate Mexican American children. -an attorney in San Antonio named Pete Tijerina persuaded the Ford Foundation to provide $2.2 million to estab- lish the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF). MALDEF continues to confront discrimination against Mexican Americans. - Chavez led a strike lasting from 1965 until 1970, resulting in a contract with one of the major growers. After another seven years of activism, the remaining growers agreed to pay farm workers standardized wages and benefits.

Did the New Deal programs help black Americans?

-Millions of black people benefited from New Deal programs, yet millions of others did not. - The Social Security Act provided financial security for older Americans and the Fair Labor Standards Act established a minimum wage, but both excluded agricultural and domestic work--jobs largely held by blacks -Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 banning racial discrimination in defense industries and creating a Federal Employment Practice Commission, but he was criticized for appointing a white Mississippian to head the commission -blacks appreciated the social activism of Eleanor Roosevelt and her close relationship with black activist Mary McLeod Bethune. In 1936, while heading the Division of Negro Affairs, Bethune helped create the Federal Council on Negro Affairs, an advisory group to the president consisting of 30 black professionals. -FDR appointed blacks to serve in the Federal Housing Authority, Department of the Interior, and other federal agencies; during this time black Americans increasingly changed their allegiance to the Democratic Party,

How successful were the nativists in their political activities?

-Native American party never gained political dominance, yet by the 1850s it had prepared the way for the rise of the "Know-Nothings," -it was usuccessful - Congress a resolution was submitted, then voted down, condemning secret organizations

How did Africans resist the oppression of slavery?

-Some cut off their toes or mutilated themselves in other ways so they would be less useful work- ers for their masters. -some slaves murdered their masters; many slave owners lived in fear of being poisoned by their slave servants -They perceived competent literacy skills to be a useful tool to assist themselves and other slaves, as well as an important asset if they managed to escape from slavery -

Which Spanish-speaking group was the first to come to the United States?

-The Spanish established the first permanent U.S. settlements in 1565 at St. Augustine, Florida, and in 1598 at Santa Fe, New Mexico, -mexicans

How do the experiences of Puerto Ricans in the United States compare to those of other Latino groups?

-The percentages of Puerto Ricans who are unemployed or on welfare have been higher than for other Latino groups. -

Why wasn't religious freedom guaranteed in the Constitution?

-To secure consensus for the Constitution, the question of having an established church was left to each state. -religious freedom was a well-established principle in most states, the authors may have thought there was no need to include such a statement until it became obvious that several amendments would be necessary be- fore enough states would ratify the Constitution.

Who employed Chinese immigrants?

-Unable to mine for gold, many Chinese men found work as laborers on the western portion of the transcontinental railroad. - In addition to agricultural jobs, they worked in factories or were employed as houseboys, gardeners, and cooks, and a few started small businesses. -Railroad owners paid the Chinese less than other workers and forced them to work during the winter

What was it like to be a slave?

-Working days were as long as 18 hours during harvest, with brief rest periods to eat. O -punished by whipping -Women worked with men, performed domestic chores, and often suffered sexual assault from masters

Do Americans support or oppose linguistic diversity?

-ambivalent

Why did nativism fail to become a dominant movement in the Untied States?

-because the issue of slavery began to take precedence over anti-Catholic prejudice and fears, and it divided the Know-Nothings.

What happened to African Americans after the war?

-black veterans symbolized to all blacks that they earned the right to have the same rights and opportunities as other Americans. --For World War II veterans who wanted to attend college, the GI Bill covered all of their tuition, fees, and even subsistence payments. -, Brown v. Board of Education overturned decades of legal discrimination based on race. - the civil rights movement was born, opposing discrimination but also challenging Americans to recognize their prejudices and stereotypes

Why did blacks fight on the American side during the Revolutionary War?

-by promising emancipation for military service -The bravery of black soldiers refuted the pervasive stereotypes, but their achievements were betrayed when the U.S. Constitution was drafted.

What was the experience like for Mexicans immigrating to the United States?

-considered inferior - Mexicans were refused admission to public places such as beaches and restaurants - All members of Mexican families participated in agricultural work; child labor laws were not enforced. -In 1903, Mexican and Japanese farm workers formed the Japanese-Mexican Labor Association (JMLA) and engaged in a strike to increase. -To promote Latino immigrants applying for citizenship, the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) was formed in the 1920s. In addition to being American citizens, members promoted assimilation by encouraging the use of English and affirming the virtues of citizenship.

Describe the immigration law of 1924 and why it was a triumph for nativism

-establishing quotas for immigrants based on country of origin. The quotas ensured that immigrants from northern Europe would constitute the majority of U.S. immigrants; - A triumph: preserving the nation's Anglo Saxon heritage

What other Asian immigrants faced anti-Asian attitudes?

-filipinos -Congress passed legislation restricting Filipino immigration to 50 people annually. Filipinos were prohibited from entering many professions and were declared ineligible for federal aid during the Great Depression. Korea -government classified Koreans as "Japanese" during the war because Japan governed Korea

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture.

Why do immigrant families tend to lose their native language?

-gets lost by third generation -They teach the native language to their children, but once these children begin attending K-12 schools, they learn English, speak English with their peers not only at school but also in their community, and tend to prefer using English by the time they leave elementary school. When these children become adults and have children of their own, English is usually the only language spoken at home, resulting in grandchildren who are only able to talk to their grandparents in English.

What were black Americans doing to cope with race problems?

-moved to the North -Over 360,000 out of more than 2 million registered blacks served in World War I, and many returning southern black soldiers settled in northern cities

What influenced twentieth-century nativist attitudes?

-nativist individuals and organizations attacked German Americans for keeping themselves separate and not assimilating to an Anglo ideal. -German Americans were not the only targets of anti-American accusations and anti-semitism

What groups were affected by the addition of racism to xenophobia?

-people of color -white people not being white enough, not sharing common prejudices of the white majority -italians (blackest of the black. socilians)

Why has the experience of Cubans been so different from that of Puerto Ricans?

-prospered due to sugar production -the combination of free and enslaved blacks was larger than the population of whites. -United States agreed to make Cuba a sovereign nation, but the Platt amendment gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba's affairs at any time to protect property and liberty in Cuba. -Cuba was announced a communist state and everyone tried to flea -CRP refugee centers provided resources rarely given to other immigrants

Who opposed slavery and what did they do

-quakers -organized the first anti-slavery society in Philadelphia; -In two decades, all northern states had abolished slavery or legislated a timeline for its extinction. -As the new nation began, slaves continued to oppose slavery, either through slave rebellions or by using the Underground Railroad to escape from slavery.

Where and how did the British procure Africans?

-slaves have been victims of conquest. African slaves tended to be prisoners of war, and some were sentenced to slavery for crime or debt, but the removal of 15 to 18 million Africans to America, as Franklin and Moss (2000) have stated, was "one of the most far-reaching and drastic social revolutions in the annals of history" - 90% of all African Americans are descended from West African ancestors.

What effect did becoming part of the United States have on Puerto Rico?

-the basis of the economy was trans- formed from small farms producing food to meet the local need to large farms hiring low-wage workers and exporting their products - Soon the island was not producing enough food for its own people, and malnutrition became common. Because of improved health care, Puerto Rico's population doubled by 1940, but jobs did not. -By 1910, about 1,500 Puerto Ricans had come to America because of economic hardship, with a third of them living in Spanish Harlem in New York City

Why did attitudes toward Mexicans change during World War II?

-the government began negotiations for Mexicans to replace the workers who had joined the military and the Japanese workers who had been taken to relocation camps. -The U.S. government had guaranteed that Mexican workers would be paid the "prevailing wage" for their labor, but supervision of the program was inadequately funded, and many growers abused it by failing to pay the promised wages.

How was the principle of religious freedom established in all the colonies?

-the great awakening period - This sectarian view of Christianity gave way to a consensus about what it meant to be Christian: accepting others, doing good deeds, and ignoring theological controversy. The Great Awakening replaced a sectarian approach to Christianity with a denominational view

Did slaves and free blacks fight for the Union during the Civil War?

-they supported the union but When the war began, free blacks offered to enlist, but once again they were rejected. -issued in January 1863, the final ver- sion of the Emancipation Proclamation allowed free blacks to enlist in the army. Over 200,000 blacks enlisted. -the War Department finally approved equal pay for black and white soldiers, even though it came too late for the 38,000 black soldiers who had died.

nomads

-were not granted a legal claim to land. In making land claims, colonists described indigenous people as "nomadic" because they would move their villages every few years because of soil depletion and decreasing crop productivity.

Where were Japanese immigrants employed?

-worked in canneries and took a variety of jobs, but many worked as agricultural laborers, as they had done in Japan. Some began to contract for land, negotiating a share of the profits with the owner -In 1913, California legislators passed the Alien Land Law to prohibit any immi- grant ineligible for citizenship from owning land or leasing land for more than three years. -new Alien Land Law in 1920, prohibiting the use of children's names to lease or purchase land.

Why should educators be advocates for bilingual programs?

1. Diplomacy/security—s enables the United States to play a major role in global affairs and negotiate peaceful solutions to political conflicts.strengthen our ability to gather credible intelligence with regard to issues affecting our national security. 2. Economic—Businesses that are able to navigate the linguistic and cultural terrain will be able to establish better relations with trading partners around the world. 3. Educational—likely result in increasing the numbers of bilingual students choosing to enroll in teacher train- ing courses. For many years now, it has often been difficult for K-12 schools to find teachers who are both fluent in another language and have teaching certification. 4. for linguistic diversity and cultural competence should be the catalyst for Americans developing a more pluralistic attitude toward the value of diverse languages and cultures.

What 6 myths about immigrants do many Americans believe?

1. Immigrants arrive ignorant, penniless, and with very little formal education and immediately have to go on welfare. 2. Immigrants cling to their culture, language, and traditions, and refuse to assimilate into the American "melting pot." 3. the united states is taking more than its fair share of immigrants; other countries need to take more. 4. the main problem with u.s. immigration is the large number of illegal immigrants getting into the country 5. Illegal immigrants are responsible for increased crime, disease, and terrorism in the united states. 6. Immigrants are taking jobs away from American

Causes of Xenophobia and Nativism in the United States

1. assimilation- British colonists preferred a homogeneous population of immigrants who could be assimilated into a dominant Anglo culture 2. nativism-"an anti-immigrant ideology that advocates the protection of native inhabitants of a country from immigrants who are seen as threatening or dangerous 3. anti-Catholicism 4. anti-radicalism.

What are other contemporary issues affecting indigenous people?

1. schoolchildren are not taught about the multiplicity of Indian cultures that existed in early America 2. Instead of educat- ing youth about Indian diversity, teachers have tended to promote a stereotype based on the Plains Indians, which is reinforced by the use of Indian mascots. 3.Many history textbooks reinforce the former image by presenting in- formation about Native Americans only up to the nineteenth century; students are left to assume that Native Americans lived long ago and no longer exist, except for a few living on reservations.

What did European settlers fail to learn from Native Americans?

FOOD/MEDICINE -European settlers did not want to eat food initially unfamiliar to them -did not try to acquire the indigenous people's knowledge of medicinal properties of plants. -75% of prescription drugs derived from plants discovered by indigenous poeple HYGIENE -American Indians practiced frequent bathing while Europeans did not. europeans thought they'd catch colds, christians thought it'd encourage lust. CHILDCARE -indian boys/girls were given freedom - Young children were not expected to assist their parents with farming, hunting, or household tasks. -There were few restrictions on their activities as they became intimately familiar with their surroundings. -Instead of punishing with straps or rods, Indian children were scolded and made to feel a sense of shame about misbehaving. They believed that threats and physical punishment would cause children to become passive and fearful

What did Du Bois want for black Americans?

He supported vocational training for black students, but not for those who demonstrated academic ability. - secretly donating money in support of legal efforts opposing racial segregation, Du Bois challenged the status quo, publicly denouncing all racial discrimination -helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) a

Bracero Program

Initiated during World War II, this program continued to import Mexicans to work as manual laborers in the United States for 22 years

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by President Lincoln to free slaves only in Con- federate States and permitting free blacks to enlist in the Union Army

What were the Zoot Suit Riots?

Local media often stereotyped young Mexicans wearing flamboyant "zoot suits" as criminals and gangsters. - attacking mexican American youth during the Zoot Suit Riots by claiming it was unpatriotic to wear zoot suits requiring so much cloth when cloth was being rationed because of the war.

What is the model minority myth?

White Americans used the success of many Asian-Americans to argue that race did not prevent someone willing to work hard from achieving success in America

asylum

a safe place; a shelter from danger)

Operation Bootstrap

an economic plan for Puerto Rico during the 50's and 60's to boost its industrial base and create more manufacturing jobs

What new development affected xenophobic attitudes in the Untied States?

anti-semtism

How did the colonies promote the concept of religious freedom?

denominational churches instead of an established church; no church received state assistance, nor did the state interfere in church affairs. (quakers were the majority)

How does the model minority myth distort reality?

diverts attention away from serious social and economic problems that affect many segments of the Asian American population, detracts from both the subtle and overt racial discrimination encountered by Asian Americans, places undue pressure on young Asian Americans to succeed educationally and professionally, and fuels competition and resentment between Asian Americans and other groups.

Was there a decrease in discrimination against blacks after World War I?

no -the U.S. military did not recognize the achievements of black soldiers during World War I. -the U.S. Army did not invite the first battalion (or any black units) to Paris for the victory parade in August 1918 -the U.S. Army did not invite the first battalion (or any black units) to Paris for the victory parade in August 1918 - The 1920s saw the rebirth of the Ku Klux Klan, reaching a peak of 5 million members in 1925. -the best hope for black people seemed to be the nominee of the Democratic Party, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and his "New Deal."

How did the first colonists deal with religious diversity?

puritans were angry. exile, punishments, property loss for committing blasphemy by 1775 only 10% were church attenders

How did Puerto Ricans become citizens of the United States?

the Jones Act in 1917. - Puerto Ricans elected representatives to their two legislative bodies as well as a resident com- missioner, but the U.S. president still appointed the governor and maintained veto power (Fitzpatrick, 1971). The Jones Act also provided the opportunity for Puerto Ricans to become U.S. citizens, giving them six months to make a decision.

What did Europeans learn from Native Americans?

the governance structure of the Iroquois League and borrowed heavily from it to create his "Albany Plan," the basis for the Articles of Confederation that was the first form of government implemented in the United States.

Describe the eugenics movement of 1910-1940

the science of improving the human race by scientific control of breeding -supported bc some popular scholars supported it - When Henry Goddard implemented intelligence tests with the immigrants at Ellis Island, he reported that 80% were "feeble minded"