Midterm 6-10 & 18

Which characteristic of the soil in a depression aids in the formation of a lake?

relatively non-phosphorus, clay rich layer of soil

Which is often a biochemical rock containing fossils?

Limestone

Which does not cause metamorphism?

Lithification

What conditions are required for the formation of the spring?

an aquiclude holding water above the main water table, and recharged from above

Which process formed the structure in this photo?

Abrasion

Which is a coarse grained clastic rock that contains angular fragments?

Breccia

What initiates the process that changes sediments into sedimentary rocks?

Burial

Sinkholes may eventually join to form

Wide valleys

Which agent of erosion can usually move only sand sized or smaller particles?

Wind

Which erosional agent was most likely responsible for the appearance of this feature?

Wind

Which formed the structure in the photo?

Wind

What is the name of a layer of sediment or rock that does not allow water to pass through it?

an aquiclude

In which horizon is humus most concentrated?

O-horizon

Which of the following is a fine grained, clastic sedimentary rock?

Shale

Which property is used to classify Dunes?

Shape

Which does NOT affect the speed of a valley glaciers movement?

internal chemistry of the glacier

What is NaCl commonly known as?

Table Salt

What year was the groundwater level the highest?

1993

Approximately what percent of Earth's surface is presently covered by glaciers?

10 percent

Which sequence of terms correctly labels the features shown in the diagram?

1: zone of aeration, 3: zone of saturation

The last continental ice age covered approximately what percent of Earth's surface?

30 percent

Which range of slope angles is associated with producing an avalanche?

30 to 45 degrees

Which rocks are most likely to metamorphose from the lava flow?

All the rocks reached by the lava flow

Which is NOT true?

An increase in temperature increases a magma's viscosity

Which has the fastest movement?

Avalanche

Which is a way to reduce the risk of mass movements?

Avoid construction and structures on vulnerable slopes

Which soil horizon is a zone of accumulation consisting of soluble minerals that have been carried by water above?

B-horizon

Which is the underlying force that causes all forms of mass movement?

Gravity

What forms when carbon dioxide dissolves in water?

Carbonic acid

According to the rock cycle shown above, what most likely happens after the deposition of sediment?

Cementation occurs and forms sedimentary rock

Which is not considered a factor of soil formation?

Chemistry

If a stream is carrying sand, large boulders, clay, and small pebbles, which type of particle is deposited last as the stream begins to slowdown?

Clay

Which clastic sediment has the smallest grain size?

Clay

Which materials would be best suited for lining a pond?

Clay

Which is usually the primary factor that affects the rate of weathering?

Climate

Which type of volcano is shown?

Composite volcano

Which type of Volcanism produces the most lava annually?

Divergent

What are elongated landforms made of older moraines over which glaciers have moved?

Drumlins

By what process are surface materials removed and transported from one location to another?

Erosion

Which process forms salt beds?

Evaporation

As lava cools and crystallizes, what type of rock will form?

Extrusive Igneous

Identify the unit that is NOT accepted for use with Le Systeme International D'Unites (SI).

Fahrenheit

Which term best describes this rock's texture?

Foliated

Which does not contribute to the rate of weathering?

Fossils

Which statement is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from information in the graph?

From 1993 through 2003, groundwater availability at this well has declined

Which scenario most likely formed most large lakes in North America and Europe?

Glacial activity on continental masses scoured the landscape and left depressions behind

Which statement best describes sediments deposited by glaciers and rivers?

Glacial deposits are unsorted, while river deposits are sorted

Which most likely created the valley?

Glacial ice

From what igneous rock does this sample usually form?

Granite

Which is the underlying force behind the agent of erosion in Letchworth State Park?

Gravity

Which single source of fresh water represents the largest volume of freshwater worldwide readily available for use by human?

Groundwater deposits

How did this terrain feature form?

It formed by a meander of a stream that has been cut off

In the diagram, what is the structure labeled 1?

Laccolith

In which layer do the pores contain mostly air, although the materials are moist?

Layer 1

Which process most likely produced the present appearance of this feature found in Arches National Park, Utah?

Mechanical Weathering

Where are large deposits of glacial loess primarily found?

Midwestern United States

Which rocks are composed of minerals that form with blocky crystal shapes?

Non foliated

Which would you expect to have the greatest porosity?

Sandstone

Based on the diagram, which is the most reasonable hypothesis?

Sedimentary rocks contain grains of other rocks

In the diagram, what is the structure labeled 2?

Sill

Which Particles can wind move most easily?

Silt

What are natural structures hanging from a caves ceiling?

Stalactites

Which area is surrounded by the Ring of Fire?

The Pacific Ocean

What causes the magma to rise upward in a mantle plume?

The magma is less dense than the surrounding material

What characteristic must porous rocks have for them to be permeable?

Their pores must be interconnected

What is the feature labeled 1?

Vent

Frost wedging primarily relies on which process (es)?

freezing and thawing

Which is not a way in which lakes are typically formed?

from asteroid craters

What is the driving force of a stream?

gravity

Which describes a residual soil?

layers of material that weathered from bed rock below

Which process would result in rejuvenation of a stream?

lifting of existing base level

Which substance plays a major role in the eutrophication process?

phosphorus

Which agent of erosion is shown in the picture of Letchworth State Park, known as the Grand Canyon of the East in central New York?

running water

What type of streams form V-shaped valleys?

streams that are far from ultimate base level

Which part of a river is shown?

the mouth

Where are valence electrons located?

the outermost energy level

Which characteristics do most areas with karst topography share?

they are humid areas; limestone bedrock

A mature soil most likely possesses which characteristic?

thick B-horizon

Which water sources are the most easily polluted?

water-table aquifers

When does downcutting of the streambed stop during stream formation?

when the water reaches a base level

Which factors determine the discharge of a stream?

width, depth, and velocity