Midterm Exam Review
Midterm Exam Study Slides: [Chronologically]
* Consider the 8 range of questions for each slide * Cross Reference Lecture Notes with Textbook & Section Readings
Section readings:
* know main issues raised in each one
17) View of Acropolis, 447BCE Athens, Greece
***See notecard 16*** -Acropolis was the high city of the GREEKS (Think Parthenon) -The gate to acropolis was "Propylaea" -Caryatids: = are draped women standing in as columns, which stood as an analogy between body and columns -Athena was victorious in Battle and showed IONIC column order with volutes at the Temple of Athena NIKE in Greece
ISHTAR GATE
**Also Ancient Near East (BABYLONIANS) -Nebuchadnezzar the 2nd....he wanted to restore the city to its Glory -Seat of Babylonian Empire..... had a ceremonial entrance....Lions flanking the sides (represent babylonian goddess Ishtar).... APOTROPAIC....architectural ornaments -mudbrick -IMPLied FEROCITY...suggests strength of the king in a passive way
Ziggurats were a part of what?
**Ancient Near East (SUMMERIANS) & (Mesopotamia): 1) white temple of Anu Zigg 2_ Great Zigg of King Ur-Nammu 3)Cone mosaics ***Where civilizations arise **White wash and mud bricks
Midterm Review Terms:
**ten term definitions!!
5) [Camille's] Gothic Art: New Visions of Time
- Possibly the Orthodox religion; after byzantine empire (christianity) fell *** -TIME [past, future, & PRESENT (which is the true time of the Gothic Image)] -stained glass windows, pointed arches, typology (god's plan), inscriptions, made people from the past memorable in the present -space, astrolabe (could determine time of day from the position of the sun), clocks -churches distance from villages were measured not by time but by SPACE (in terms of a days' travel) ....TIME was often measured in terms of SPACE -Time had a beginning and an ending, a purpose and a plan, organized by GOD -Gothic Art = added to forms from the past ... common in tomb sculpture -MVMT of TIME is implied in Gothic Arch, first vertically as you follow the columns upwards -Christ is also the center of the tympanum above the south, or right, door, where he is placed in lap of Virgin Mary -WHAT Bamberg Rider represents: = the powerful union of the Holy Roman Empire and the Church -Historical pageant: in hopes of stimulating a joint crusade against the muslims -Castle of Fortune: = suggests mutability of all earthly things *** Both the past and the future were represented in Gothic architecture as if they were happening in the PRESENT -Time: = played a fundamental role in the elaborate decoration of private chapels....PURGATORY (a new period of time created by the church - between death and judgement- could be shortened thru prayers and offerings)
1) [Shepperson's] Urban Forms as a Mesopotamian Response to the Sun
- Sumerian and Babylonian powers*** - strong summer sun was a limit to the daily human activity -natural sunlight held high symbolic and religious value -City of Ur; Mesopotamia : = land between two rivers. -1) City as a solar defense = harsh sun affects where and when people can work. Major challenge for urban structure on the Mesopotamian plan is protection from sun 2) Urban Layout = residential areas were designed for a day to day comfort of living 3) Close for Comfort = Mesopotamian Cities are cramped, crowded, houses built back to back (to ease sun effects), compact urban form also fosters social interaction, a climatic adaptation 4) Dark alleys & Shining Streets = the narrow, winding streets of ancient near eastern cities serve to keep out the sun, and the dimensions of the streets and the orientation of the streets were relative to the motion of the sun **Diagonal Grid = equality for all reaping equal benefits **Shading of streets = was increased with use of awnings ***Active Shadow Network = made people more active and mobile during the day 5) Light of the Empire = wide, straight roads were used for military/cultic purposes//imperial roads, had a religious significance far above the practical 6) Residential Ur = exposure of cultic features to morning sun could mean: that the activity was not done in the morning, and that the exposure to the morning sun was religiously meaningful and desire-able, must ensure chapel doorways receive early morning sun (easterly), there was a sharp contrast between the cultic features getting sun and the domestic houses not getting morning sun, **Light = a metaphor in Sumerian texts for [sacredness, divine favor, or divine presence] CONCLUSION = in general the layout of the ancient Mesopotamian Cities are effective at creating urban environments that maximize summer shade, producing a cooler microclimate within the city and its houses. The presence or absence of light held religious and symbolic significance.
-Civilization = have...
- is highly sophisticated in terms of MATERIAL PROGRESS: = use of tools, tech, artistic identity, centralized power figure, no more is it simply animistic =Civilizations HAVE : [CITIES AND MONUMENTS]
3) [Mendelsohn's] the PARTHENON
-Parthenon: = in Athens, Greece (GREEK) *** -great billboard of Athens, cultural memory, Located on top of hill to communicate with GODS [Acropolis]. It was the epitome of Greek architecture, it was typical of nothing at all, an anomaly in terms of material and size and design, It was the first temple in mainland Greece to be built entirely out of Marble, hauled up the Acropolis by sledges and carts and pulleys. An unprecedented amount of sculptural decoration. -Brightly painted statues were used to depict crucial moments in Athena's Legend. Merely to walk around the temple was to get a lesson in Greek and Athenian civic history. -Athenians who built the parthenon saw, on the day in 438 BCE when it was dedicated, a memorial to a devastating attack. Compares ideology of the ruins of the One World Trade Center, as this was also forever associated in the minds of the citizens who beheld it, with one terrible day in September, when a Persian force sacked Athens and the Acropolis. Blood was shed, and the Greeks saw this as a violation of sacred law. -was this used as a place of virgin sacrifice?? (possibly a final resting place for the maidens who gave their lives to win Athenian triumph). = the dark side of the greeks comes out -showed a radical departure from architectural tradition by using a more ornate order, the IONIC: a continuous sculptured base-relief frieze running around the entirety of the temple and the cella, where the statue of the god was housed. -High art, religion, and international finance converged in the Parthenon....and this was seen in the 40 ft high gold and ivory statue of Athena "the Virgin", found in the main cella ***GREEK REFINEMENTS = were reflected in this 1) Entasis, 2) Curvature -Adjustment served to correct for an Optical Illusion -Parthenon became a CHURCH Parthenon became a PAWN between Europe and the Ottomans
Ziggurat vs Pyramid
-Ziggurat was 1st = NO axially designed ramps = decorated surfaces with a white wash: (SUMMERIANS) - Ziggurat is a category of Monumental Architecture...think MTNS ex: White Temple Ziggurat of Anu ex: The Great Ziggurat of King UR - NAmmu -Pyramid was 2nd: = YES axially designed; and the egyptians got the idea to build the pyramids from the structures of the Ziggurats.
4) [Beard's] Pompeii: Street Life
-an ANCIENT ROMAN city *** -The sidewalks in the town were so HIGH b/cus: = 1) FILTH (streets collected garbage and feces, as there were no regular municipal rubbish collections + 2)WATER (streets also served as water channels) -the living quarters were cramped and tiny for the avg. person; often was a space to live above a shop -For almost all their basic needs, they went OUTSIDE -@ Pompeii the poor ate out --> a striking reversal to our own social norms -The streets were brightly painted and "In Your Face", the houses were richly colored and had electoral slogans -Bars were strategically located in certain busy areas, catered towards people ENTERING the city -Pompeii was a city W/OUT ZONING: = the rich were neighbors with the poor, and there was no significant difference in distinction in elite and non-elite residential areas
Paleolithic = OLD STONE AGE (one example)
-animistic; natural caves; fire = marks territory and establishes a unit of scociety -no sense of human domination to nature EX: = TERRA AMATA : -first dwelling -prehistoric tools - spears -hunted mammoth and found sheltor
*Pre-historic people:
-saw their creations as a part of NATURE....and people are continuous with Natyre -ANIMISTIC world view
6) Temple of Ramses 2nd, Dynasty 19 c. 1290-1224 BCE Abu Simbel, Egypt
1) -AKA "Great Temple" -ALSO New Kingdom Egypt 2)-in 1290 BCE (AFTER Hatshepsut's Mortuary Complex of the New Kingdom) 3)-2 monumental ROCK-CUT temples -this was a shift in thinking of good art -Sandstone -this whole temple was disembled and moved -huge, massive, accomplished figures -small temple -*Axial Temples and Colossal STatues 4)-New kingdom: - shows that the king no longer needs to prove domination over nature...vs. the old kingdom that had to dominate/overcome the natural setting 5)-the body of the king was directly represented and repetitively shown (in the New Kingdom) -more colossal images of himself (Rameses the 2nd) than any other ruler before him. -***Rameses the 2nd Temple: = a melancholy forshadowing of Egypt's Decline .... blankness and emptiness...anxious assertion of his own strength...that lacked confidence -New Kingdom has a NEW relation to SITE -King's Domination over Man 6)-Ramses the 2nd: = was bankrupting egypt and the quality of the work declined 7)-he showed sculptures of HIMSELF 8)-For instances in which we know about the patronage of the site or object, who was the patron? What was his or her goal in sponsoring such a building/monument/urban plan? -Ramses the 2nd: = he wanted to be known as a great PROTECTOR of INFRASTRUCTURE
14) Lion Gate, 1300-1200 BCE Mycenae (near Athens), Greece.
1) -MYCENAENS = Aegean Bronze Age (ancient Greeks)....a highly MILITARIZED society 2) - 1300 BCE, AFTER the Minoans at Knossos... the Mycenaes demolished all of the Minoan Temples, except for Knossos -a hierarchal society...opp to minoans 3)-Beehive Tombs....aka THOLOS (ex: treasury of Atreus) -Tiny, Dark Houses (W/out Windows to nature)....this is exact opposite to minoans -Mycenaes built walls of rubble w/ horz. and vert. timbers -Thick Corbelled Arch *LION GATE: = had monolithic pieces & a Triangular Lintel -POST & LINTEL Treabeation style portal -shows lionesses -stones are meant to be left rough and INTIMIDATES 4)- The Lion Gate= was used to Enter the City of Mycenae = it was a Corbel ARch ( see a hint of a greek temple form) -Strong walls and Strong Gates --> due to wealth = for protection -Lined the gate with Armed Defenders
9) Reconstruction of the Babylon of Nebuchadnezzar with the Ishtar Gate and Tower of Babel c. 575 BCE.
1) -NEW BABYLON = the return of RITUAL ORDER -(Nebuchadnezzar the 2nd); babylon was touristic; and the site of hanging gardens of babylon (one of the 7 wonders of teh world) =seat of the babylonian empire 2)-575 BCE -Before Hippodamis Plan of Miletis (AFTER:-In 539 the Achaeminid Empire Takes this over, a PERSIAN King that defeats the BABYLONS and calmly takes over, and his name is Syrus the GREAT) 3)-MUDBRICK: = cannot communicate much to viewer (ancient egyptians); Neb 2nd uses Mud Bricks to add the ornament, and then covered with Mud Glzxe. and baked at high temps. -every mud brick was individually made -brightly colored structural elements; colors were to overcome the blue sky -* was the first sig. project for public space 4) -Political Message: showed human artisan power, power of babylon; ceremonial entrance= where dignitaries would enter the city, walking along painted STRIDING LIONS= which were meant to intimidate (they are Snarling)....-This Heightens the RITUAL Character pf entering the city -Religious (Goddess Ishtar): held daily religious ceremonies -***7 levels corresponded to 7 heavens 5)-Neb the 2nd: = wanted to restore the city to its Glory, very imp. political and economic state; he wants POWERFUL and ELOGANT REstoration (artistic identity)....so he restores the Zigg [Tower of Babel] and mounts a decorative campaign throughout the city -LIONS: = represent the babylonian Goddess Ishtar: = she is the goddess of fertility , love, war, and sex 6)-ISHTAR GATE: = was meant to INTIMIDATE; implied "FEROCITY", suggested strength of the King without depicting it; combined VIOLENCE & ORDER = State Control 7)-Exhibits Arch. Ornaments: = is extraneous for artistic identity, AKA decorations of a monument!!! -ISHTAR GATE: = the Ceremonial Entrance to the city; was reconstructed in Berlin; testified to the PRESTIGE of the city, 2) Spoke the POWER of builder, 3) Gate was MONUMENTAL in size, 4) covered in animals, 5) Processional Path 8)**CIVILIZATIONS = build and require 1) Cities, and 2) Monuments ***Highly decorative arch. b/cus dealing with boring mud ***This is the END OF ANCIENT NEAR EAST***
24) Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, 82 BCE Palestrina, Italy
1) Roman Empire; Italy 2) 82BCE: = Before the colosseum was built 3) -spread out over 6 terraces -an overwhelming experience and a crazy big temple -depends on SITE = the side of a hill -the sanctuary cut right into the mountain -barrel vaulted 4) - A Centrally Planned Temple, [THOLOS], containing the stature of Fortuna 7) -built after the goddess of good fortune
8) Great Ziggurat of King Ur-Nammu 2100-2050 BCE Ur, Iraq
1) -SUMMERIANS ..."House whose foundation creates TERROR." 2) -2100 BCE, after the pyramids of KHUFU, and also after the White Wash Ziggurat of ANU -remember that the first Ziggurats (of ANU; white temple) proceed Pyramids.... but this is a later Ziggurat 3) -Ziggurat: = means to build a raised area -*SOLID mass of Mud Brick -UR CITY HOUSES [reference article]: = mud brick and no exterior windows -corners of the zigg were oriented to the Cardinal points 4)-Religious: = mountains were: 1) a religious concept; divine significance and the more HOLY place, 2) the scariest place as well.... to intimidate and scare off other civilizations -@ the top of the Zigg, the King stands alone with GOD 5)-MONUMENTAL architecture -SCARY... to scare away other peoples -Ziggurat Mountains had Divine Significance for the people & the temple for divine to communicate 6-Housed within the mountain, was concentrated all of the Mysterious Powers of Life. 7)-Symbolically represented MTNS; mountainous appearance 8)-We think the Egyptians got the idea for pyramids partly because they were aware of ziggurats -It seems that the Egyptians got the idea to build Monumental Structures towards the sky from the Summerians and their ziggurats ***-Ziggurats: = are temples that rose, wit a stepped profile; they are tangible, sacred centers of the world, where privlidged classes of high priests and governors performed rituals to secure the city's destiny; summerian cities
7) Ziggurat of Anu (White Temple), 3500-3000 BCE. Uruk, Mesopotamia (modern-day Warka, Iraq).
1) -SUMMERIANS of Mesopotamia 2)-3500 BCE -Formed after the first dwelling huts, but B4 Stonehenge, and especially imp to note that Ziggurats came BEFORE pyramids of Egypt.....Egyptians got the idea of pyramids by studying ziggurats. -proceeds Egyptians 3)-fairly modest in size -cut out of MUD BRICK...dry in the SUN...form walls -Mud is used as an adhesive (aka Mortar) -problem is that Mud Bricks are soluble in H2O -Decorated surfaces with a WHITE WASH -NO axially designed ramps to doorways (axial temples did NOT come about until the New Egyptian Temples) -CONE mosaics = mud decorations on the outside... ornaments... literally ends of cones painted....amazing mural decorations on surface 4)-Ritual Purpose; only the divine king can access this temple -CELLA: = the central hall of the ziggurat temple; houses the divinity 5)-*Ziggurat:= MONUMENTAL arch. (represents a mountain)
28) Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus, [HAGIA SOPHIA], 532-537 CE Constantinople, Turkey
1) -[Byzantine Empire] -BYZANTIUM= became the new political capital -Christianity -Hagia Sophia =* the most important Byzantine Empire Monumental Church; was the Gem of Constantinople 2) 532 CE; = AFTER the Early Christian Roman Empire 3) -DOME: = it is in this extreme engineering that we can see the legacy of Rome; 40 windows at base of dome; creates a ring of light that makes the dome appear as if it were hovering; each hour of the day has a new play of light; gives the interior a sense of Movement -Patterns on the wall scream *MOTION* -*DOMES of the Byzantine Churches; were prominent symbols of Christianity -two semi-domes -***NO FIGURES*** -colored marble; gold mosaics -apses -FLYING BUTRESSES: = were added onto exterior for stability -NAVE: = only the Clergy were allowed into the NAVE -APSE: = the center of the Christian Liturgy -COMBINES: = [Centrally planned Architecture w/ a basilica] -Romans never played with Light the way the Hagia Sophia Does -PLAIN exterior, yet HUGE; which allows a contemporary viewer to see how interior space can shape the exterior -***INTERIOR***: = [Hellenistic columns, big stones from egypt, yellow stone from seina; rich materials from all over the world] -built in 5 short years and employs 10,000 people 4)-restrained exterior and a highly decorated interior - not adorned at all on the outside; blank exterior; but still identifiably roman -DOME: = looks as if it is suspended by a golden chain from heaven; from the 40 windows creating a halo of light 5) - we see a shift here and at Old St. Peters Church from Early Christian Architecture to Byzantine architecture -This was a very organized building system; bureacratic process -congregation was separated by gender -***UNITY of CHURCH & STATE*** 6) *METAPHOR = an emphasis on the INTERIOR of the church; that salvation comes from the interior -"The church of the HOLY wisdom of God' -PARTIAL VIEW at the APSE: = heightens the mystery and the ritual of the eucharist; sacrament = jesus's last super; "Do in Rememberence of Him" ..."This is my Body...This is my Blood" (Bread and Wine) -Mysteriousness of SPACE: = how walls descend into Light 7) *LIGHT: = represents the perfect and the divine *FAITH: = church decorted interior makes and manifests the rich christian relgion in people *MEANT to be "HEAVEN ON EARTH" = saintity of the whole building -Normal people could come here but the apse was only for spiritual people 8) -JUSTINIAN was the Patron of this Church -Constantine was still Emperor -This was built in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire -It stayed the largest cathedral of the world for the longest time -Constantine and Justinian hired ANthemius and Isidorus ( a mathematician and a physicist respectuvely) to build this: = these architects make rituals faithful by transfiguring the building into spirituality via LIGHT and SPACE -The Architects find a way to make a Round Dome marry a Square Base via: [Pendentive Architecture] -PENDENTIVE ARCHITECTURE: = an engineering marvel; dome on a square base; triangles provide the joinery; buttresses -Percopius: = he understands that God is present, and he dwells here in the Hagia Sophia
4) Pyramids of the Pharaohs Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure (r-l), Dynasty 4. c. 2570-2500 BCE. Giza, near Cairo, Egypt
1) -still OLD kingdom egypt (a high point of monumental arch.) 2) -2570 BCE, after the stepped pyramid of Djoser which was the first pyramid built ...this pyramid is a perfect Square geom. base, and Djoser's was NOT -oldest pyramids --> 7 wonders of the world 3)-They master the simple geometric shape in space -Pyramid of Khufu: = 775 ft on each side, a PERFECT square finally, as tall as a 60 story building, weighing 2.3 million blocks of stone, each weighing 2.5 tons -oriented with large accuracy to cardinal points -theories that the pyramids were built using RAMPS of sand -blocks had to be transported -geometry itself here does the work And signals Power. 4)-This was a high point of Cult of RA (RITUAL purpose) -These pyramids were for the DEAD, and were NOT meant to be entered; perfectly sealed 5)-pyramids: = are direct symbols of the sun; literal pathways to the SUN and SUN's rays become ramps to the heavens -Sphinx: = protects the entrance = an [APOTROPAIC] animal 6)-Cult of RA: = funerary temples to the EAST where the sun rises -DEATH, AFTERLIFE, SUN GOD 7)-King's Body = the pyramid....descended in a (metaphor) perfect, small moment of time. -SUN BOAT depictions: = a path to the Afterlife; was built for Khufu's kings use to ascend to the SUN w/ ; the RA also travels across the sky in a BOAT... associated with the sun god RA 8)*Sphinx + Pyramid: = represents the strength of the king -the king should be seen as a terrified physical force that is suggested by the sphinx guarding the pyramid -Pyramids: = are the HIGH point of the OLD kingdom of EGYPT; & this is a level of control that CanNOT be maintained. -...People start to question the ideology of the Kingship... and little civil wars start erupting up and down the NILE river...the old kingdom collapsses after this.
Midterm Exam Format
1) 3 Slide Comparison Essays, using 8 bulleted questions practiced with (10 mins each, 15 pts each, = 45 pts) 2) 10 Term Definitions (2 mins each, 2 pts each, =20 pts) 3) 1 Essay Question - Must Cite 2 Readings from Section in Response- Authors Last name and Subject of the Essay (15 mins, =19 pts) 4) 8 M/C Q's, drawn from lectures & section readings (=8 mins, 2 pts each, =16 pts)
12) Reconstruction of the Palace of Knossos, 1700-1400 BCE Knossos, Crete
1) AEGEAN Bronze AGE... aka the ancient greek world: [ a MINOAN Civilization], clustered around the aegean sea... a non-hierarchal minoan society 2) 1700 BCE, proceeds the Mycenae 3) -made use of visual arch., visual effects -characterized by their use of actual writing -Unlike Persepolis [which is obviously monumental], Knossos as a relaxed vibe; knossos is large, not orderly, and NOT monumental -Knossos has building built quickly and easily w/ light materials: = (wooden frame, covered in plaster, based in stone) -Light/airy structures - open to nature -art was inspired by nature -store room on bottom floor, lived above 4)-everyday life was carried out outside (palace at knossos had partly open walls) = indoor and outdoor to nature -Knossos was a very public space, without control of access (that u would have seen at Persepolis) = PRACTICAL PURPOSE 5)-decorations did not have intimidating animals, but just a nature that's a visual delight with natural scenes depicted -humans are presented in harmony with nature -ARCH that is OPEN to NATURE 6)-Houses with windows (pretty advanced).....paper covering their windows -houses built with EQUALITY and w/out defensive walls -Small sense of privacy shown here 7)-Far more of an attention given to EVERYDAY LIFE than we've seen before....day to day life mattered greatly! -attention given here to both public (community) and private space -people were now moving country --> city ... a major change from the prior agricultural cities -the CITY in the greek world is important -more and more city life now that impacted City Planning 8)-Sir EVANS: = bought knossos from Sheimann and takes over -HOMER: Iliad and Oddessy...."The great city of knossos.... = sir Evans thinks he might have found the LABYRINTH here -bull court = center of labyrinth ***FIRST TO: 1) use WINDOWS, 2) turntables, 3) attention to NATURE
13) Hippodamus, Pan of Miletus, 479 BCE Present-day Turkey
1) ANCIENT GREECE : greek guy Hippodamus 2) - 479 BCE, AFTER the minoans and the myceneans of the Agean Bronze Civilizations 3)-Hippodamus: = the "Father of City Planning" -relatively egalitarian and democratic society 4) - Practical reasons: = hippodamus used the grid plan, at 90 deg. angles, in order to ZONE easily, and STANDARDIZE - a grid system in a worker's town is necessary in order to have surveillance on ur people 5)-Hippodamus's Plan: = shows a deep investment in EVERYDAY life; w/ political awareness built into the arch., and a greater sense of EQUALITY from block to block -What hippodamus is doing, is her is assigning functions to each piece of land and assigning importance to each piece of land, almost like a mathematical equation. All of the town can be laid out on a GRID very rationally 6)-Hippodamus believes the City Plan should 1) be functional for an everyday sense, and 2) create a social order -every spatiality as a politics associated with it -he believed in parts relative to a whole 7)- A new SOCIAL IDEA is represented here: =the idea that each unit of the grid represents a person living in the city -*Society became inextricable from architecture in the ancient greek cities 8)-Hippodamus: = he thought the town plan should show and embody a SOCIAL ORDER -Hippodamus developed a GRID SYSTEM of city planning using city "BLOCKS" -He wanted 1) public space, 2) private space, and 3) sacred space -***Hipp. contributed to the Social Theory of Urbanism****...that took into consideration diff.'s between Religious, Public, and Private ZONES....= was a geometric organization....normative GRID plan
11) Royal Palace of Darius and Xerxes, 518-460 BCE [Persepolis] near present-day Shiraz, Iran
1) Achaemenid Empire = a Persian Empire Dynasty ("City of the Persians") 2)-518 BCE 3)-Darius and Xerxes built their monuments near ancestors monuments -Cut into base of mountainside first, then built a giant platform, followed by Darius having a clearer Architectural Picture than Syrus the Great -Mudbrick fortifications; -made of perishable mudbrick -Big mass of sealed cubes *** DETAILING OF PERSEPOLIS: = how pwople looked & dressed in diff. parts of the empire, likes to see himself reflected back on himself, gifts were brought to king...... = siimilar decorations that were at Ishtar Gate (ex: Lions)...... = shows people paying omage to the king, and mirror whats actually going on & makes sure that reality is staying in place. -Tall Wooden Collumns in Apadana Castle 4)- only way to access this was ONE entry point, via ONE set of stairs - a MONUMENTAL structure -APADANA Castle: = an audience hall; main reception room; contained everyday office rooms; 1500 people worked here daily; for ceremonial productions -DOUBLE STAIRS: = so visitors can go up on their horses; a theatrical effect.... to watch the progression up the stairs -GATE OF ALL NATIONS : = is at the top of the double stairway; guarded by animals on both sides [APOTROPAIC], brightly painted man-bulls, Lion represents winter and attacks the Bull who represets summer, and overall represents the equinox -HYPOSTYLE HALL: of 1000 columns -DOUBLE HEADED COLLUMN TOPS 5)- This is OPPOSITE Cyrus's the greats; in that Darius's is NOT spread out as Cyrus's was, but instead is VERY CLOSE together 6) - Persepolis: = a lively, everyday area for Persians *********There is NOT a single TEMPLE or RELIGIOUS BUILDING at the side of Persepolis.********* -*****Persepolis is NOT a simple copy of someone's culture.... but is instead a Visual synthesis of visual influences from Greece and Egypt, into something wholly new. -This advanced artistic trade was spread to other civilizations via TRADE. 7) - Persepolis Ritual Practices: = everyyear representatives from each province of the empire had to travel to persepolis for the Nawruz festival, on the equinox, reminding people who is in charge; the procession itself is very powerful = a sign of power and control.. Rep's are there to demonstrate their leenage by bringing Gifts. 8)-KING HIMSELF : = was also represented in these collumns with some CALM sense of POWER....displaying power at persepolis w/out displaying violence!! -King is powerful; he is able to get rep's to pay omage to him
Roman Architecture comprised 5 features
1) Arches 2) Vaults 3) Domes 4) Roman Town Plan 5) Concrete
27) San Apolinare in Classe, 534-549 CE Ravenna, Italy
1) BYZANTINE EMPIRE (romans): = is in the east now, with Constantinople as the capital **SAN APOLINARE CHURCH = was the SEAT of the byzantine empire -Christianity 2) 534 CE = After Early Christian Architecture --> into Byzantine Architecture -*METAPHOR: = for transfiguration of Christ -*INTERIOR MOVEMENT: = is also a metaphor for FAITH; that christians are always supposed to move in the direction of GOD 3) ***-ARCHUATED: row of arches (arcade) ... that creates a sense of drawing the eye forward into the APSE: (which was the center of the Litergy)*** -Apse: = center of ritual -Columns: = Corinthian-ish w/ visible volutes -leaves (looks like air MOVES through the columns) = ***MOTION*** -Basillicas; Nave; Apse; Wooden Roof -It housed the body of the saint -plain on exterior (brick) -similar in ways to early christian arch -extremely decorated and ornamented INSIDE 4) -This Byzantine Church: = is a good example of a Byzantine meaning: = [depends on Open Spaces & High Ornamentation] = and both are useful ways to depict "AWE" of the State and of God (United in the Emperor) --Byzantine churches show both expressions of the power of the CHURCH and the STATE and that they are *INSEPERABLE* 5) This CHURCH shows that: = Christianity has now gotten on its feet and is 1) creating a metaphor for the interior acts of faith, and 2) churches now show the New Authority of Christianity as it takes over in the Mediterranean. 6)-MEANT to be worshiped Inside by the [PUBLIC] people -Sense of Implied ***MOVEMENT*** as the shafts have a twisting pattern -shows a movement towards the Apse via a twisting of the columns themselves -LIGHT : = pervades the interior "CLEAR STORY"; constant sense of dappled/moving light on the interior 7) *Christian Churches: = were a way of separating the faithful from the unfaithful; they demanded large interior spaces -APSE: = was highly decorated and Light played on the Mosaics; MOVEMENT*** of the church is echoed in the mosaics of the APSE -MOSAICS: = of the apse; showed Christ's Transformations; "Shows saint Apollininare himself among the sheep AKA the 12 apostles; also shows that Jesus' Body is Different -CROSS: = represents Christ 8) -***the Byzantine Empire is defined by the COMBINED ROLE of the CHURCH AND STATE in an emperor -***Byzantine Emperors: = considered themselves to be earthly manifestations of Christ which meant that their will was equivalent to gods will.
The Two Greek Refinements
1) Entasis = a swelling of column @ middle; optical correction 2) Curvature = to help people achieve an optical ideal; @ stylobate
15) Temple of Hera 1st, 550-525 BCE Paestum, Italy
1) GREEK temple *****greek temples = sculptures.....vs Egyptian temples = monuments -Ancient Greek Arch: [source of classicism, sculpted columns, entablitures, and pediments] 2) 550 BCE -NOW: = the greeks start to make COLUMNAR STONE TEMPLES; and got the very idea from the Egyptians' Hypostyle Halls -This Greek Temple follows the Egyptian Hypostyle halls 3) -an ARCHAIC temple w/ Cigar Columns -Egyptian Hypostyle Hall influenced this Greek Temple of Hera -they thought big to support entablature -Very Simple Temple; 9 columns by 18 columns; a 1:2 ratio -Huge Temple, that aligns with the grid of the city -STOA: = a simple building type of 2 rows of columns supporting a rood w/ a wall on one side; a practical building for shoppers and escaping the weather -***shows translation of WOOD --> STONE (temporary --> Permanent) 4) - Strong columns for the purpose of PROTECTING the DIETY -Greek Cult Practice: = a ceremonial ritual practice offered OUTSIDE the temple, so the greek temples themselves were just the house of the Diety... the ritual place outside faced east towards the rising Sun 5) -Expressive Purposes of this Temple of Hera: = the Cigar Columns are meant to be VISUALLY expressive -diamerter at top is slimmer, they demonstrate what happens when you bear weight from above -**MILITARY symbolism -this ongoing arch. focuses on EVERYDAY life 6) -POLIS = a "greek city" = male voters and limited democracy, greek cities provided public spaces, this society was dedicated to the concept of equal rights (a NOVEL idea), now you did not have to be rich or royal to gave a say in the regulations of your own life - a common greek polis town has 1) an AGORA (Marketplace) = in Athens, considered a dangerous place, where people shopped, public space, predom. maes..... - & 2) a LOWER GYMNASIUM (where you would work out while you studied with your prof.,....=both a physical and an intelectual place) -first stab at a democracy 7)-Greeks use a system of Refinements: in order to make the temples look perfect to the human eye: 1)Entasis (a swelling of the column at the middle), 2) Curvature....to help people achieve optical ideal..rooted in the human eye -GREEK TEMPLE COLUMN ORDERS: (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian) 8)-***The greek temple is NOT intended to hold worshippers and NOT meant for a setting of any kind of human activity -The greek temple was a 3D object that would be seen by the celibats, they sat at high-raised places to get visibility -Temples were covered with sculpture and the temple itself was a sculpture -egyptian temple = monument vs Greek temple = sculpture
16) Iktinos and Kalikrates, PARTHENON, 447-432 BCE Athens, Greece
1) GREEKS 2) 447 BCE 3) -Parthenon: = well-spaced and slender collumns, slender shafts, gleaming marble, brightly painted in its day, and sculpture all over the building that showed Athena doing things, and a monument dedicated to the battle and victory -Greek Houses: "OIKOS" = were built comfortably, but, without distinction = society of equals = served as the smallest common denom. of the geometrically ordered Greek Polis; the basis of economy and ecology -The parthenon was rebuilt: = had two Cellas, and a new interest in parallax -TWO REFINEMENTS SEEN HERE : = ENTASIS AND CURVATURE 4) -Acropolis and the Parthenon = "The Piece de Resistance" = "The Heart of Athens" as the House of the Diety -There are temples to other gods and goddesses at this site. 5) -Greeks thought the parthenon was the achievement of refining an idea; the pinnacle of greek architecture -It is part of the ACROPOLIS (high city) = the child of Pericles (a statesman) 6) -Acropolis was a RELIGIOUS ceremony sanctuary, & an important national destination; it was the sight of the parthenon; a site of an imp. ritual (every 4 years) 7) -The Panathenaic Ritual : = was in honor of the God Athena; goddess of athens =everyone took part in this ritual every 4 years, and everyone processed up to the parthenon =the temples of the Acropolis served as the terminus for the yearly festival of the Panathenea 8) ***UNDER PERICLES' RULE: = the art and arch. was crucial to the development of democracy. He thought that social ideas were inextricable from -POLITICAL IDEAL HERE: = reaching for a true democracy ****=the first time in history of a democracy
18) Altar of Zeus, 180 BCE Turkey
1) GREEKS 2) 180 BCE =Was the LAST GREEK Monument 3)-Under Alexander the Great: = Greece Reaches its peak Empire; he started the diffusion of Hellenism: the transmission of greek ideas; -he attempted to combine the democratic culture of Athens with the trappings of autocratic power 4)=The HELLENISTIC Period of the Greeks: -see dramatic effect and tension in ARCH; represents the battle of the gods and giants in Altar of Zeus (Hellenistic Age); evidence of greek civilization ending; expressions of agony on bodies; shows greeks depicting their CONFLICT; a taste for DRAMA.... =Rome starts to conquer Greece Piece by Piece... 5)GREECE --> ROME -Greek Sculpture = [ORDER; ALEXANDER THE GREAT; IDEALIZED AND PERFECT]....vs..... -Roman Sculpture: = [VERISM AKA truth/truism, depicts the average, real person (TRUE), shows an interest in being around for the Long Haul, and dealing with conditions as they actually exist. 6)*ROMANS ended the hellenistic period in 30 BCE, and fully conquered the greeks ***Rome had absorbed everything about greece ***ROMAN arch. is based on Greek Models fused with local traditions.
Corbel Arch vs True Arch
=a TRUE arch is formed with a continuous line of wedge-shaped stones =a CORBEL arch is formed by a series of overlapping stones (in which each stone juts out farther than the one below). =Compared with a true arch, a corbel arch is less stable, and less efficient at converting tensile force into compressive force.
2) Stonehenge c. 3000-2000 BCE. Salisbury Plain, England, UK.
1) Neolithic era (new stone age) - england - A Newly Agricultural society 2)3000BCE -after the terra amatta: follows paleolithic era 3)POST & LINTEL system = works based on gravity -AKA TRABEATION = horizontal beams placed on verticals -Henge: is a prehistoric circle of stones arranged in a circle - Stone-lined ritual pathway w/ 46 stone circles -MEGALITHIC structure: = 97 ft diameter, SIMPLE structural content, with two vertical elements and one horizontal beam -extremely precise -Planned over many years/generations and then executed -materials were from OFF-site, moved great distances -mostly a mystery how the heavy posts and lintels were traveled or put in place -Large stones were traced to Welsh Range Quarry...150 miles away 4)this was some sort of temple for RITUAL WORSHIP: = Sun was imp., also animosity, it was a gathering for a Ritual Worship:... stand inside henge and echo would occur -This was probably also a BURIAL SITE for elders --> human remains -People Meeting at Stonehenge: = was a major part of their identity -Stonehenge served as a TEMPLE for RITUAL purpose 5)ASTRONOMICAL CALENDAR: = sun and stars... stones are in alignment with sun @ solstaces -Division of people into different social groups, via architecture 6)ANIMISTIC WORLD VIEW: pre-historic peoples tended to view the world animistically, w/ inanimate things having a view of their own, and they did NOT think they were dominating nature, but just existing in line with nature. 7)sheer size and magnitude -SUN is very important....& ANIMOSITY 8)***Stonehenge was built for IDEOLOGICAL and NOT practical purposes (for ritual and not for shelter) ***Stonehenge is the will of an Epoq ***COMPARE Terra Amata with Stonehenge
1) Reconstruction Drawing of a Prehistoric Hut c. 400,000 BCE. Terra, Amata, near Nice France
1) PALEOLITHIC ERA (OLD STONE AGE): = [ANIMISTIC, caves, topographic representation of NATURAL dwellings, proceeds neolithic, earliest dwellings were nature made (CAVES) and not man made, the people of this era fought with animals for shelter, FIRE was used in caves as warmth & to claim the caves from animals, NO sense of Human Domination]...-FIRE MARKS TERRITORY AND CARVES OUT A UNIT OF SOCIETY OF A PALEOLITHIC GROUP -near Nice, France 2)400,000 BCE, FIRST DWELLING 3)-OVAL, USED BRANCHES AND YOUNG TREES SET CLOSE TO EACH OTHER, CARVED LINKS INTO SAPLINGS, A RING OF STONE HELD UP THE SAPLINGS (AKA BUTRESSING= AN EXTERIOR MASS THAT GIVES LATERAL SUPPORT TO A WALL). -WOODEN SPEARS, HAND AXES: FROM ROCKS AND SAPLINGS -HEARTH WAS IN THE MIDDLE FOR WARMTH 4)HUMANS DIVIDED DWELLING INTO DIFF. FUNCTIONAL ZONES 5)HUNTING WAS THE PRIMARY STRUCTURAL ELEMENT FOR HOW PEOPLE LIVED THEIR LIVES.... EX: MAMMOTH BONE HUT 6)PREHISTORIC WORLD VIEW OF PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE WAS [ANIMISM] = THESE PEOPLE BELIEVED THAT ROCKS, TREES, GRASS, AND SKY, WERE ANIMATED BEINGS WITH THEIR OWN WILL AND AGENDA... AND THIS ANIMISM EXPLAINS HOW MUCH OF THESE PEOPLE EXPLAINED AND APPROACHED THEIR WORLD -MAN DID NOT DOMINATE NATURE -CAVE: = was the earliest form of a religious art; acquired a new status of a SANCTUARY....beyond the demands of a shelter 7)PREHISTORIC PEOPLE THOUGHT OF BUILDING FROM THE LANDSCAPE NOT ON IT -THEY THOUGHT THEY WERE CONTINUOUS WITH NATURE...& SAW TOPOGRAPHIC & NATURAL FEATURES OF LANDSCAPES AS SHELTER 8)-SHELTER PURPOSES, HUNTING....NOMADIC TEMPORARY DWELLINGS
21) Arch of Constantine, 312-315 CE Rome, Italy
1) ROMANS : Roman Empire 2) 312 CE, After the colosseum .... and built right NEXT to the colosseum 3) -"Triumphyl Arch" style -was put up hastily; a sign of haste in construction -REused other designs on this; stolen from other things; used recycled fragments from other monuments 8) built by CONSTANTINE: he was FANCY; this was constantine's victory over another emperor; and his defeat over this guy made him emperor
20) Colosseum, 70-80 CE Rome, Italy
1) ROMANS: Roman Empire *EMPIRE = [a political structure in which territories are gathered together, not by closeness on a map, but by being ruled by a common power.] *Coloseum was the focal point of the city, and the choice of the land was political...it used to be on the ground of the emperor NERO who was a bad guy 2) 70 CE ...Rome, Italy =After the Greeks, because the romans took over the greeks and eneded the hellenistic age 3) - ROME: = [Brick --> Marbel] -It is ARCHUATED (made of arches).... & a system of barrel vaults -Doric Order at bottom, and Ionic Order next, followed by corinthian third layer, and Tuscan Order top layer (romans created the Tuscan Order) -Pilasters = are columns engaged into wall (NOT doing structural work, purely ornamental, cast an orderly grid over the surface, and gives an identity) -urban renewel of rome began with the wealth aquired from conquest -*TRIUMPHAL ARCH. -CONCRETE and ROMAN BRICKS = are the core of Roman Arch: = Longer and shorter bricks; used mobile brick kilms to fire their own bricks wherever they go, and ALL roman bricks are STAMPED with the MARK OF THE LEGION, which indicated that "You are in Rome". -arches and marble columns - NEW tech. of CONCRETE construction [CONCRETE] = has advantages such as: - quick, efficient, and CHEAP -AQUEDUCT: = roman; uses GRAVITY to move water; uses tech. of arches that can spread a greater distance compared to trabeation. -axial orientation preference -Romans built free-standing monuments -amphitheater: = hypocaust heating system (under the floor); was a public ammenity of Rome; brawls and sporting events here 4) -People spent most mornings working and the afternoons at the baths -staged naval battles ere, as well as gladdiator combatts...and could hold more than 50,000 spectators 5) -POMPEII: = shows the importance of PUBLIC SPACE to ROMAN daily life; pompeii had a forum that included the most imp. temples and legislature building --> BROTHELS of Pompeii: = were an expected part of Roman Life, and penises were drawn on the road to point the way to the brothels; the brothels were for the citizens and showed citizenship. -Roman Women: = enjoyed exceptual freedom. 6) ***-ROMANS: = were extremely practical in a way that the greeks were not (libraries, houses, arenas) 7)- Arch in the roman empire needs to keep the conquered people sufficientyl impressed by the power of the emperor -*** Roman arch. is ARCHUATED = and marks a departure from trabeated arch that we have seen thus far. -*** TRUE ARCH = has a keystone, voussoir, and a pier -*** BARREL VAULT= can be used to make real domes; it is an arch in 3D and can cover a lot of space/ is impressive 8)-ROME: = the "Umbilicus Urbis" = the center of the world -Rome had a strong POPULIST streak that greeks did NOT have
19) Roman Town Plan Timgad, Algeria, 100 CE
1) ROMANS; Roman Empire 2) 100CE 3) - a highly caughtified system of laying out a town -a GRID w/OUT Political content (as the greeks used) -recognizably Roman -a) use of a Grid, b) separation into Blocks, c) two main streets [1) N-->S = "the Cardomaximus, 2) E--> W = "Decumanus Maximus"] 4) -Romans were the most advanced Civil Engineers -ROMAN TOWN PLAN: = could be easily laid out; represented an urban identity -INSULA: = was the apartment house of the common Roman; it was available to most working citizens of Rome; nice places to live; a considerable step up from dwellings; each had their own courtyard and own bathhouse and bar; functioned more like communities; every apartment had a WINDOW facing to the street and they were finally and first to make them GLASS COVERED!!! 5) -VERISM: = truism of roman empire.....vs....this was opposite the greeks that used idealism w/ alexander the great 6)-Greeks = used the optical ideal of a temple.....vs.....Romans = all sorts of inventions for everyday life via arch (bridges, roads, aqueducts) -Greeks would site temples on a HILL and ELEVATE them......vs..... Romans used a temple assimilated into buildings and NOT set apart and Not elevated 7)-Romans are extremely interested in INFRASTRUCTURE -Romans also value INTELLIGENCE - Roman ARch depended 100% on SLAVE LABOR 8) -the roman architecture was used to INTIMIDATE and to give the romans an identity -Rome is beleived to be the bellybutton of the world...aka the center of the world
25) Pantheon, 126 CE Rome, Italy
1) ROMANS; roman empire; Rome, Italy 2) 126 CE; built AFTER the colosseum and the roman town plan 3) - Pantheon was made possible by ARCHUATED construction: = 1)ARCHES, 2) VAULTS, and 3) DOMES -Barrel Vaults: = supports the dome -Dome gets thinner towards occulus -one of the best preserved buildings -it is CONCRETE reaching its full potential; concrete doing everything it can do -It is a vast dome of concrete -OCCULUS: = the hole in the ceiling; functions: = 1) visually emits light inside, & 2) acts as a Keystone [ring of stones] 4) -it was the "Temple/House dedicated to ALL the Gods" -has a HOLY quality to it -Key Roman Quality: = 1) max. visual impact, & 2) economy and practicality/efficiency 5) -PANTHEON: = the significant DOME of Rome -Purpose here: = It shapes Interior Space Itself; it creates a splendid interior space -very efficient 6)- The dome perfectly expresses the Roman's Cosmic Earth view: = that light from heaven shone down on the dome; that the dome was the canopy of heaven and that inside the dome was earth 7) -Dome is ornamented w/ COFFERS: = [recessed panels] -Coffers are 1) attractive (carefully detailed), and 2) make the room lighter and more open 8)***-After this we see a transfer of Roman Arch --> Christian Arch*** ***Wherever the romans went they offered conquered people an improved quality of life via engineering and arch. [theaters, roads, etc. = are meant as a compensation for local loss due to the conquering of their society.] *** Oculus is to a Dome, as a Keystone is to an arch
22) Roman Forum
1) Roman Empire: Rome, Italy 3) -Monuments of important political figures were found here 4) -it was an important marketplace -a seat of legislature in the city -shopping and trading occurred here 5)-the Center of the city of Rome lies here in the Roman Forum -It is a culminating venue for military processions/parades
26) Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 328-336 CE Jerusalem, Israel
1) Romans (Early Christian Empire of Constantine) 2) 328 CE -*This was one of the most prestigious Early Christian Structures of Constantine 3) -two flanking aisles -APSE: = a characteristic half-circe on the end... it may have contained the Cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified -NAVE: = a central aisle of a Basilica Church 4) -It was a Centrally Planned Structure; derived from the Greek Tholos 5)- deals w/ CONTANUITY -Constantine phases in christianity by building Christian Churches on the Ouskirts of Rome; to keep people happy; he tries to phase in the religion without being too shocking -Constantine wanted to put traditions of the Christian Religion into place Gradually 6) -This was the site where Jesus was Crucified -A very important church for Early Christians 7)-Constantine says: "A Basilica more beautiful than any other on Earth." 8) -Church of Holy Sepulchre was built when Constantine was Emperor
23) Basilica of Constantine, 310 CE Trier, Germany
1) Romans (Early Christian Inwardness) ;ORIGIN of Christian Church ***CHRISTIANITY STARTS HERE w/ Constantine*** ... began as a low profile religion 2) 310 CE --> Now we have transitioned to Christian Architecture 3) Basilica: = functions as City Hall; Local businesses occur here; legal matters (judicial system) occurs here; a long hall; a large/open center aisle...sometimes with flanking aisle; a semicircular recess.... AKA an APSE: Covered with a Semi-Dome. -Hypocaust Heating System: = w/ fires that must be constantly tended to -Brick-faced concrete; covered with a grayish/white plaster -painted exterior arnament; black adn white tiles on the floor -APSE: = a semidome covered with mosaics -Some recessed square panels, [Coffers]; there was a coffered wood ceiling; as in the pantheon. -NAVE: = central aisle 4) -Basilica: = the Origin of the Christian church...comes from Rome -A basilica becomes the basic form of a christian church....it becomes perfect for the christian litergy 5)What are the interpretations of its meaning, and on what are those interpretations based? 6) -Roman Public Bath House: = that was a place to hang out and work out and shower; was a gift from the emperor to his people to keep the people happy; symmetrical design; enormous; and this was a WATER-BASED RITUAL: = cold water --> warm water --> Hot water. 7)If there is a representation of a deity, religious figure, or political figure, who is being pictured? How is he/she represented? What are the important symbolic elements? ARTH 103: Introduction to Architecture Fall 2019 Professor Walker Midterm Exam Review Sheet 8) ***-CONSTANTINE THE GREAT = started christianity in the roman empire; he was the first christian emperor; he had triumphal arch next to the colosseum, and the purpose of that arch was representing a victory over another emperor; he attributed his victory to that of being ordained by the christian god; he wanted to blend the familiar with the unfamiliar; he pushes legislature called the Edict of Mulan: that stated that not all religions will be tolerated in the roman empire; constantine wanted to phase out plural religion; in 325 CE he makes Christianity the official religion of the empire; and this makes it okay then for people to persecute those of other religions; other religions became outlawed; in 330 CE he declares that the new capital of Italy is Not rome, but is instead now Constantinople! .....deeply rooted pagan beliefs persisted. ***-CHRISTIANITY: = offers Salvation and Redemption to all, and the promise of an eternal life....caters to ALL...extremely appealing to many, as they like the idea of an afterlife -Jesus of Nazereth; Christianity; and Afterlife
TWO PARTS OF ANCIENT NEAR EAST
1) ZIGGURATS - summerians 2) ISHTAR GATE - babylonians -NEB the 2nd
3) Stepped Pyramid Funerary Complex of Pharaoh Djoser, Dynasty 3, c. 2630-2611 B.C.E. Saqqara, Egypt
1) egyptians created the first pyramids = monumental arch. OLD KINGDOM EGYPT = the beginning of Dynastic Rule [father --> sun] 2) 2630 BCE, after stonehenge, after ziggaruts, ziggurats preceeded pyramids ....this is accompanied by funerary architecture...MASTABA is a funerary monument *PYRAMID: = comes from Mastaba, represents stability and class system of egyptian society, shows the shape of the landscape of life, and it, like all pyramids, are aligned to the cardinal points (sun rises in the east and sets in the west, and the nile river flows south to north). 3)-Nile River: = supplied the wealth of the land, annual floods = rich silt for crops -knowledge of right triangles, & astounding geometrical accuracy -The mass of farmers with little to do during the Nile Inundation offered a ready pool of labor ***ancient Egyptian cities prop up due to WATER....LIFE is organized around the flooding of the NILE RIVER...SOUTH to NORTH flow, upper and lower Egypt /....nile floods for two weeks a year and would fertilize the land for crops -distinctive STEPPED form -first real pyramid we know of -Not square at base, NOT perfect geom. -granite barrel vault beneath 4) built for the KA = religious purpose -KA: = the life force, that lets kife go on forever in the corpse; mummification of the KA occured....the HEART was believed to be the thinking and seat of intelligence...the idea of the KA is that the deceased force is PERMANENTLY alive **-ancient egyptians make no distinction between the body and the soul, the body and the soul live on together, united. -THIS STEPPED pyramid is a FUNERARY monument -buriel chambers for the royal family beneath -RA is the creater god of the SUN...and the PHAROAH was worshipped as a sun god here on EARTH......[POLITICS AND SACRED ARE FUSED HERE]...THE pharoah is descended from RA here, in an almost literal way. -The average Egyptian saw [social, political, and religious meanings] as all coming together and NOT as separate categories but as all one meaning, and all part of the same thing. - ***an afterlife exists; DEATH ...weighing of the Heart Ritual...AMIT the DEVOURER...death was chaos and wanted to be avoided [1) afterlife is not a given, 2) expect labor if u do get in, 3) must pass the Heart Ritual] 5)pyramids: = shelters for spirits of pharaohs; representing PHYSICAL monuments of hope -the real burden of the pyramids came in the form of bankrupting the economy ***CIVILIZATION in egypts old kingdom ***PYRAMID = MONUMENTALITY AND PERMANENCE ***FARMING = is crucial to the stability of the egyptian economy ***RIGID CLASS STRUCTURE OF EGYPTIANS: = {Naturalized} = people were born into a class and stayed there = given by nature (except for scribes) ***Egypt is a civilization (and civilizations have divisions of labor) 6)The needs of the afterlife>> needs of here and now -The buriel grounds were confined to the west bank of the Nile = the land of the setting sun -PYRAMID: = were a necessary link to the realm of the gods. The shone & lead the way to the sun... pyramids relate the pharaoh to the SUN in a PHYSICAL way -pyramid also had a large open court for king to make large public appearances 7)KA: = the spiritual double of the deceased -HEB SEB festival: = a jubilee that was a generational event, celebrated every 30 years, to test his fit to rule, 5 day festival w/ symbolic sacrifice and rebirth of pharaoh & double crowning... to illustrate the physical wellness of the king -The pyramid structure represented a centralized gov. pharaoh at the tippy top of the pyramid -Pharaoh: = is the divine king, that keeps harmony in balance between supernatural forces and humans; is the most powerful person in ancient egyptian society; owns everything and has complete control and owns all land [centralized gov.] -Egyptian tomb painting: = shows people of several social classes: [1) pharaoh, 2) Gov officials, 3) soldiers, 4) scribes, 5) merchants, 6) craftsmen, 7) farmers/slaves] **Scribes were the only ones who could class hop ***FARMERS = doubled as builders of major products LABERORS and FARMERS *DUALITIES: = 1) flood vs drought, 2) life vs death, 3) upper and lower egypt, 4) order and chaos *Rituals of DEATH 8) -IMHOTEP was the architect of stepped pyramids --> who added the traditional flat mastaba: 6 levels of a staged tower [IMHOTEP WAS A METAPHOR OF WOOD --> STONE] -IMHOTEP: = was the most renounf architect anf the pharoahs chancellor and he was the high priest of the SUN god.....first impulse was to therefore build upwards towards the sky, came from mastaba -Imhotep : = tells us that ( via wood --> stone) human life is short yet architecture is long... therefore this is a metaphor for the king in the afterlife. ***- the metaphor WOOD --> STONE: = means "The transformation of the ephemeral into the permanent." -Ancient egypt has an obsession with ORDER ***You have to figure out a way to establish PERMANENCE, despite the fact that human lives are not permanent (FROZEN AT A PERFECT MOMENT IN TIME) ...*** a FROZEN IN TIME IDEA: = is absolutely .... STONE is the PERFECT MEDIUM for PERMANENCE and MONUMENTAL Mentality............crucial for understanding funerary architecture. "It seeks to spend time at a moment of time when the king is young and vital, and that suspended in the moment, the king can rule eternally" -*TIME can literally be made to stand STILL by way of architecture, usually via STONE here. -Pyramid was built for the safety and the happiness of the king in the next life
Gothic style architecture
1) pointed arches 2) stained glass windows 3) high towers, spikes, and roofs 4) skeleton of stone work
10) Site of Mojenjo-Daro, 2500 BCE Present-day Pakistan
1)-INDUS RIVER VALLEY (HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION): = * the first civilization to intentionally avoid building monuments 2)-2500 BCE -Harappans are contemporary with the Mesopotamian City States & the Pharaohs of the Old Kingdom, Pyramids 3)- a Clean and Hygenic City (Upper town and a Lower Town) -Huge 30 ft wide walls surrounding city -Zoning -Grid System of Lower City: = allowed traders to get there easily; very organized places to live -Upper City; = elevated fort for protecting food -Harappan Streets: = very thoughtful urban planning; straight, organized streets, baked brick, streets had elaborate system of DRAINS to keep clean, strong walls around the city to avoid invaders/floods 4)-Harappans do NOT build Monuments, but they are still a civilization....b/cus they are aware of them but deliberately decide not to build them b/cus [ 1) Harappans had enviro. concerns that meant they had to instead focus on INFRASTRUCTURE, and not monuments, aka focused on utilitarian projects. 2) it seems to have been part of the Harappans moral identity to NOT build monuments (moral ideology).......***Harappans were Practical and down to earth instead.] -Downside to the total lack of monuments: = w/out these monuments there are FEW records, and therefore, hard to reconstruct things about their lives....called a LOST culture 5)-PUBLIC BATH building: = the most detailed building in city; CLEANLINESS is huge for Harappan Identity. -**SPIRITUAL PURIFICATION thru Bathing....Bathing was ritualistic -probs a heirarchy based on wealth -Little evifence of a king....and NO centralized Gov. -Some sort of Gov. & Infrastructure by the People 6)-The discovery of Harappans pushed back peoples sense of when writing started in ASIA -HARRAPANS HAD: = 1) COMMON LANGUAGE, 2) STANDARD SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENTS, 3) CITY PLANNING WAS STANDARDIZED ***-they BURNED BRICKS ***BUCKETLOAD of bricks... "Oh So Many Mudbricks" - prof. 7)-Environmental Concerns of the Harappans (Indus River): = 1)entirely deals with WATER, 2) put a lot of energy into managing how to save water and prevent floods, way more than egyptians did, 3) we see development of Wells and Hydrological Projects, 4) Each house had a latrine, 5) more than 1ooo cities, 6) everyone in the harappan civilization speaks the same language, 7) over a large area 8)For instances in which we know about the patronage of the site or object, who was the patron? What was his or her goal in sponsoring such a building/monument/urban plan? *Harappans: = a state of a more egalitarian class structure; they were pacifists and peaceful *THEY did NOT build Monuments: [to save money]...instead the Harappans focused on the arch. of EVERYDAY LIFE! *Harappan Rituals: = took place in the open aire without massive monumental arch.
5) Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Dynasty 18, c. 1473-1458 BCE. Deir El-Bahri, near Thebes (now Luxor), Egypt
1)-New Kingdom Egypt (the New Kingdom ushers in an age of forms that are truly remarkable in their COMMUNICATION) 2)-1473 BCE....after the old kingdom Khufu pyramid, and even follows the middle kingdom... -Hatshepsut: = a queen that ruled New Kingdom Egypt for 21 years 3)-NOT a pyramid but a TEMPLE... we don't see pyramids anymore -ascending terraces covered with Lush Gardens (these plants came from the lands she conquered) -Axial Temples and Colossal Statues 4-also Funerary Architecture of the New Kingdom. *This was a mortuary temple of Hatshepsut (she) 5)-the New Kingdom Arch. sees a shift into ARCH. that directly depicts the BODY of the King. -expansion of trade and borders -New kingdom complex, that shows the King's Domination over MAX; to conquer people... no longer a need for the king to dominate nature 6)-Hatshepsut used architecture as a tool to Bolster her rule [1) her funerary complex, 2) works at Karnok, 3) 5 major temples] 7) -Sphinx: = they line the temple for APOTROPAIC function. -statures of HER as OSIRUS: = a powerful god of regeneration and rebirth. 8)-Hatshepsut is a FEMALE ruler: = she is represented in diff. ways everywhere and all over her mortuary complex; an idealized and all powerful body, she would harness the power of a bunch of diff. gods; 1) king who expands trade, 2) god divinely born, 3) other sub-popular gods. -She immitates Mentuhotep the 2nds morturay complex of the Middle Kingdom.... Hatshepsuts morturary complex is meant to reference his -She is aligning herself with middle kingdom rulers
TEPE
= the first CIVILIZATION = oldest civilization in the world -Not a single tool found on the site
Striking Similarities bewtween Ziggurats and Pyramids
= we think that the egyptians got the idea for the pyramids bcs they were aware of ziggurats
Floor Plan
A sectional view that shows a floor from a point four feet above the finished floor level. a drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationships between rooms, spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure. Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths.
elevation plan
A side view, to scale, of a building or wall.
2) [Steven's] Amarna
Amarna: = an Ancient Egyptian city; of the ruler Akhenatin *** -is the best preserved pharaonic city with cemeteries, had open-air temples, w/ SUN god display, "DEATH" was a force that explicitly shaped this, had a zone of the living and a done of the dead -Ruler is a monotheistic pharaoh Akhenaten: =who promoted the cult of the SUN GOD ATEN, royal family served as divine mediums to the sun god ATEN -Urban Landscape of Amarna: = Riverside city, Low Desert, and Eastern Cliffs/ Cemeteries -Worker-men's Village: = housed workers made tombs, Village cemeteries = lie close to living areas, and are shaft and chamber tombs, rather than pit graves, has a series of chapels to commemorate ancestry -Stelae and Pyramidal = found at south tombs cemetery, with one funeral a day, self-organized//organic development -North Tombs Cemetery = 7-25 year old pop, unique, diseases -Both South and North Tomb Cemeteries = show widespread dietary deficiencies, and heavy labor and pathogen loads, w/ poor overall health and difficult working lives. -Movement of the Sun: = In positioning the dead, being laid down as though in sleep -Use of pointed imagery for stelae and other grave markers: = suggests engagement with SOLAR CULT, the pyramid an ancient solar symbol thought to mimic the rays of the sun -Grave-markers Role: = was to identify places where offerings could be left for the deceased *** 1) Best preserved and short-lived city ***2) Everyday cemeteries show us how lives of the Normal people lived, and not just the pharaohs *TOMB = a place for making offerings
Pointed Arch
An arch with a pointed crown, characteristic of Gothic architecture.
Axonometric Drawing
Means to "measure along axes". View of an object is always inclined to the picture plane in such a way that the three principal axes are foreshortened. tilted up 45 degrees, and gives info of exterior surface of building and spacial orientation
Doric Order
The stoutest and least decorated of classical Greek columns. Doric has a plain capital, a fluted shaft, and no base. The entablature is decorated with alternating squares filled with triglyphs and metopes; Strongest, most masculine
Stylobate
The top step of a temple platform. The floor level of the temple, where things stand; the upper-most course of the platform.
Ionic Order
The middle size of greek classical columns, with capitals decorated with scrolls; Restrained elegance
Corinthian Order
The most attenuated and richly decorated of the three classical Greek orders. Acanthus leaves emerge from its capital and are topped by small volutes; Slenderest, most decorative
Stereobate
The platform itself, forming the floor and substructure of a classical temple, also called crepidoma, podium; stairs are here
Keystone
a central stone at the summit of an arch, locking the whole together.
Dome
a curved roof usually spanning a circular or polygonal base and sometimes raised on a drum
Arch
a curved structure, usually made of wedge-shaped stones (voussiours), that spans an opening
Plan
a design and planning for a building, and can contain architectural drawings, specifications of the design, calculations, time planning of the building process, and other documentation.
section
a drawing of a vertical slice through a building
Cornice
a horizontal projection that caps the wall of a building; the decorated projection at the top of a wall provided to protect the wall face or to ornament and finish the eaves. The term is used as well for any projecting element that crowns an architectural feature, such as a doorway. =The TOP of the entablature
Megalith
a huge, irregular stone
Barrel Vault
a long, rounded vault; an arch in 3D; can cover a lot of space and is impressive
Hypostyle hall
a room with a roof supported by many columns, usually in rows
Oculus
a round window, usually at the apex of a dome
Colonnade
a row of columns supporting a beam, or an entablature; surrounds temple, standing on a stylobate
Volute
a spiral or scroll; The "curl" on the Ionic Order
Tympanum
a triangular space set within a pediment and placed above the columns of a classical building or above a pair of columns at a door or window ... is typically filled with sculptural reliefs
Site Plan
a view of the building as seen from directly above. Shows roof of building, surrounding yards, walks driveways and other features within the property line. Usually shows the streets and property immediately adjacent to the site.
Voussior
a wedge-shaped stone block used in the construction of a true arch
neanderthalls and homosapiens co-existed
with neanderthalls eventually going extinct =SHELTER
Mastaba
an Arabic word for "table," signifying the ancient Egyptian flat-topped, rectangular tombs with sloping sides
Corbel Arch
an arch-like construction method that uses the architectural technique of corbeling to span a space or void in a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge.
Buttress
an exterior mass, usually shaped like a thick rib or flange, that helps to support a wall
Elevation
an exterior or interior vertical plane of a building, or a drawing of the same
Relic
an object esteemed and venerated because of association with a saint or martyr
Post and Lintel
construction system using vertical supports (posts) spanned by horizontal beams (lintels)
Fluted
containing shallow, vertical, concave grooved cut into a column, shaft, or pilaster
longitudinal section view
cut through, cross section building
Coffered
decorated with recessed paneling
NEOlithic Era = NEW stone age (two examples)
ex: SKARA BRAE: = -NOT a civilization -more farming and permanent settlements -focused on EVERYDAY LIFE processes....aarch of everyday life -household tools and sophisticated drianage system ....these two are opposites.... ex: STONEHENGE: = -opposite to Scara Brae in that this is focused on RITUAL and IDEOLOGICAL PURPOSES and not everyday life -a newly agricultural society -megalith structure -post and Lintel Trabeation -Sun was imp -Astronomical calendar -Henge
Urban Plan
focuses on relationships between buildings and on the spaces they create in between each other, shows small portion or entirety of city
Corbeling
layers of flat stones without mortar to form walls with each layer further inward than the previous
Arcuated (arcuation)
means architecture that features arches; the introduction of arches and beams.
Trabeated (Trabeation)
the horizontal span between two upright planes or columns
Entablature
the horizontal spanning element of a classical order divided into the architrave (bottom), frieze, and cornice (top); the super-structure of the temple; everything on top of the columns
-mesopotamia
the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers -the region that is imp. for shaping CIVILIZATIONS
Cella
the main room in a classical Greek or Roman temple, housing the cult statue; the temple core; room with no windows.
Shaft
the main vertical part of a column, between the base and the capital
Pediment
the triangular gable end of an ancient Greek or Roman temple, also placed as the crowning feature over a door or window. Some are curved, based on segmental arch; the triangular space enclosed in the entablature; think triangle; filled with sculpture.
Capital
the upper element of a column or pilaster above the shaft; the "HEAD" of the column
