Midterm-PBH 334
A sound of 100 dB is ___ times more intense than a sound of 80 dB. A) 100 B) 100% C) 20 D) 25%
A
James owns a private well that has a concentration of arsenic of 0.2 mg/L in the water. James drinks 1 L from the well everyday for 40 years. He weights 80 kg. What is his ADD for these 40 years? Beware of the unit. A) 0.0025 mg/kg-day B) 0.0025 mg C) 0.0025 g/kg-day D) 0.0025 g
A
Nanomaterials have at least one dimension less than 100 ____. A) nm B) um C) mm D) cm
A
Organic solvents are generally: A) Used for cleaning or as feedstock chemicals B) Are large molecules C) Dissolve in water easily D) Solid under room temperature
A
Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in cosmetics? A) Phthalates B) BPA C) PBDEs D) PFOA
A
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of recycling? A) Increase in composting rate B) Preservation of raw materials and energy C) Prevention of water pollution D) Reduction in emission of greenhouse gases
A
Which of the following is NOT usually a common route of exposure to pollutants? A) Intravenous injection. B) Ingestion. C) Inhalation. D) Dermal absorption.
A
Which of the following is correct in describing endocrine disrupting chemicals? A) Many of them can be found in consumer products B) They are found mostly in the wilderness C) They can directly interact with our DNA D) The human health impact at low dose exposure is well-understood
A
Which of the following is usually NOT studied by toxicologists? A) Hospital administration B) Mice C) Human liver cells D) Rat nerve cells
A
Which of the following statement is NOT true? A) Very few jobs can disrupt the circadian cycle B) The circadian cycle is related to hormone level changes in our body C) Chronic disruption to the circadian cycle can lead to cancer D) The circadian cycle can be disrupted by shift work
A
Which of the following statements is accurate about the management of hazardous waste in the United States? A) Toxic chemicals present in hazardous wastes may enter drinking water and the food chain. B) Hazardous waste is generated outside of the general household, so it is not a problem that individuals should care about. C) One way to permanently solve the hazardous waste problem is to ship it to developing countries. D) Hazardous waste is rigorously managed, and we shouldn't be worried about the leakage problem.
A
Which one of the following is comparable in size to nanomaterials? A) Protein B) Fine sand grain C) Rice grain D) Tennis ball
A
Over exposure to ultraviolet radiation is associated with a number of long-term effects. Which of the following is NOT included? A) Melanoma B) Bacterial infection of the skin C) Cataracts D) Skin mottling
B
Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in receipt paper? A) Phthalates B) BPAs C) PBDEs D) PFOA
B
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic posed by hazardous waste? A) Corrosive B) Stable C) Toxic D) Reactive
B
Which of the following is NOT a current and continuing threat to the environment of the United States: A) Hazardous wastes leaching from disposal sites. B) International terrorist organizations. C) Air pollution in some areas. D) Polluted water affecting both the health of both human and ecosystem.
B
Which of the following is NOT a major part of a landfill? A) A system for collecting leachates B) A plastic cover at the top C) An accessible location by big cities D) A bottom liner
B
Which statement is correct regarding our exposure to mercury? A) It is found in plants because it is a product of photosynthesis B) It can be biomagnified via the food chain before we ingest it C) It is widely found in our water pipes and we are exposed via drinking water D) It is in our hats and we are exposed via dermal absorption
B
A large number of agents and a diversity of unhealthful workplace settings are associated with occupational diseases. Which of the following does NOT belong to those agents: A) Noise B) Sharp objects C) Lack of training D) Asbestos
C
Based on the ADD in question 6, and an RfD for arsenic of 0.00025 mg/kg-day, what is the MOE for James? A) 0.00225 B) 0.00275 C) 0.1 D) 10
C
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were heavily produced in the United States before being banned in 1977 because: A) PCBs were non-flammable, unstable chemicals B) PCBs were flammable, stable chemicals C) PCBs were non-flammable, stable chemicals D) PCBs were flammable, unstable chemicals
C
The age-standardized mortality rate in Canada in 2002 was 445 per 100,000 and in the United States it was 543 per 100,000. The population of Canada and United States were 31.4 million and 287.6 million in 2002, respectively. What was the SRR of Canada over the United States in 2002? A) 0.11 B) 9.16 C) 0.82 D) 1.22
C
Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in furniture? A) Phthalates B) BPA C) PBDEs D) PFOA
C
Which of the following does NOT belong to the 3R principle? A) Recycle B) Reuse C) Rebuild D) Reduce
C
Which of the following is NOT a heavy metal that poses hazards to human health: A) Lead B) Mercury C) Oil D) Arsenic
C
Which of the following is NOT a major source of lead exposure? A) Aged water pipes B) Lead based paint C) Cigarettes D) Air pollutants
C
Which of the following is NOT a topic in environmental health? A) Hazardous waste B) Pesticide and herbicides C) Child education D) Nuclear power
C
Which of the following is NOT part of the IPAT model? A) Population B) Technology C) International D) Affluence
C
Which of the following is true for PBT chemicals ? A) They are volatile B) Degrade quickly in the environment C) Prefer to be in fat rather than water D) Easily dissolved in water
C
Which of the following radiation is ionizing radiation? A) Sound waves B) Visible light C) X-rays D) Microwaves
C
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding ionizing radiation? A) Alpha particle has low penetrating power therefore it has no negative health effects B) Beta particle will only penetrate a fraction of an inch of skin tissue, therefore it has no negative health effects C) Gamma rays are most highly penetrative types of radiation and can produce adverse health effects, even though their source is external to body D) X-rays are widely used in medical diagnostic procedures because they have no negative health effects
C
Which of the following usually does NOT take the threshold assumptions? A) Neurotoxicity B) Hepatoxicity C) Cancer D) Developmental toxicity
C
Which one of the following is NOT part of the Hill's criteria for evaluating causality? A) Strength of association B) Biological plausibility C) Amount of funding for the study D) Appropriate temporal relationship
C
5,000 new cases of E.Coli (a bacteria) infection happened in a city with a population of 500,000 over a 5-year period. What is the crude incidence rate? A) 1 per 100 B) 1 per 500 C) 1 per 100 per year D) 1 per 500 per year
D
There are four steps in risk assessment, which of the following is NOT one of them? A) Hazard identification B) Dose-response assessment C) Exposure assessment D) Risk communication
D
Which of the following chemicals are commonly found in fast food packaging? A) Phthalates B) BPA C) PBDEs D) PFOA
D
Which of the following is NOT classified as a nonionizing radiation? A) Radio radiation B) Microwave radiation C) Ultraviolet radiation D) Radon radiation
D
Which of the following is NOT in the acronym of PBT in this class? A) Pollutant B) Biological C) Terrigenic D) None of them are part of the acronym
D
Which of the following method is at the bottom of hierarchy of controls for worker health protection according to NIOSH? A) Elimination B) Engineering controls C) Administrative controls D) Personal protection equipment
D
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A) Dose is not an important concept in toxicology. B) As long as the same amount of chemical was ingested, the dose will be the same across a diverse population. C) Given the same doses, children and adults are affected at the same level. D) To describe toxic effects, toxicologists use the symbol LD50 (lethal dose 50), which is "the dosage (mg/kg body weight) causing death in 50 percent of exposed animals".
D
Which of the following statements is accurate about Dioxins? A) Dioxins are very unstable chemicals that disappear quickly in environment. B) Dioxins can only be created by burning of some fuels in industries C) The health effects of long-term frequent dioxin exposure are not significant D) Dioxins refers to a family of chemical compounds that are unintentional byproducts of certain non-industrial and natural processes, usually involving combustion
D
Which of the following statements regarding ecological system is WRONG? A) Ecological systems vary enormously in size. B) Degradation of ecosystems poses environmental dangers C) An ecological system is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and nonliving environment as a functional unit. D) Ecological systems are not determinate to the survival of the human population.
D
When calculating the intake dose, which of the following is needed? A) The concentration of chemicals in the media people are exposed to. B) The intake rate of the media. C) The frequency of exposure. D) The duration of exposure. E) All of above.
E
True of false: The percentage of solid waste in the United States going to open dumping sites has been increasing over the past few decades.
False
True or False: An ecologic study is a good design to hypothesis test the associations between risk factors and health outcomes.
False
True or False: Asbestos exposure can only happen when the workers are working on-site.
False
True or False: Asbestos, being a known carcinogen, is currently banned for commercial use in the United States?
False
True or False: Compared to a cohort study, a case-control study is better suited for studying rare exposures.
False
True or False: Environmental epidemiology uses an entirely different set of approaches compared to other sub-disciplines of epidemiology?
False
True or False: The LOAEL obtained from rat experiments can be used directly as RfD for humans.
False
True or False: The intake dose and the absorbed dose are the same.
False
True or false: All organic solvents are known carcinogens.
False
True or false: Nanomaterials have no adverse health effects?
False
True or false: Nuclear power generation is a major source of exposure to ionizing radiation for the average population in the United States.
False
True or false: Synthetic chemicals are only used in industrial settings and are not to be found in consumer products.
False
True or false: The main exposure routes to organic solvent for workers and the public are the same?
False
True or false: We cannot have too much essential metals for our health?
False
True or False: Radon is an inert, colorless and toxic gas and has been associated with long-term adverse health effects. The main source of exposure to radon gas is from building materials
True
True or False: The term toxicology refers to the study of adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.
True
True or false: Most of the elements in the periodic table are metals.
True
True or false: The longer the wavelength, the lower the energy for radiation.
True
True or false: The primary health concern for endocrine disruptors is regarding reproductive and developmental toxicity?
True
