Midterm - Psychology

Sound waves transmitted to Kyla's auditory nerve create _____. Kyla's reinterpretation of the sound waves as the school bell rings is _____.

a sensation; perception

_____ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals

action potential

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

The _____ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep

alpha

The _____ is involved in our experience of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories

amygdala

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when _____

an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep

Which of the following statements is not a hypthesis?

anxiety disorders are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental influences

_____ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships

archival

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing _____ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug

changes in normal bodily function

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different _____

chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their _____ cycles are aligned with the outside world

circadian

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) _____ rhythm

circadian

The scientific process is _____, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning

circular

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in?

clinical psychology

DISCUSSION: Select one psychoactive drug. Provide the name of the drug, whether it is a stimulant or depressant, and 2 side effects associated with the drug.

cocaine - stimulant - anxiety, hallucination, paranoia

Research on _____ subjects must always involve _____

human; obtaining informed consent

_____ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

humanism

You are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax, attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. What treatment are you undergoing?

hypnosis

While _____ is generally achieved through interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform _____ alone

hypnosis; meditation

_____ are master's-degreed mental health service providers, trained to work with individuals, families, and groups in treating mental, behavioral, and emotional problems and disorders

Licensed Professional Counselor

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the _____ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms _____

at least three nights a week for one month

Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?

Wilhelm Wundt

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on _____ and early childhood experiences

a person's unconscious

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) _____ design

longitudinal

The _____ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves

longitudinal fissure

A theta wave is a type of _____

low frequency, high amplitude brain wave

DISCUSSION: List educational background to become a psychiatrist.

medical school degree

DISCUSSION: Compare and contrast meditation and hypnosis.

meditation- act of focusing on a single target to raise awareness of the moment hypnosis- a state of extreme self focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

methadone

What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a BA in psychology?

mid- and top- level management

The brain's parietal lobe is located immediately behind the frontal lobe, and is involved in processing information from the body's senses. It contains the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing sensory information from across the body. The topic of this reading is:

parietal lobe

_____ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; _____ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called _____

physical dependence

The _____ connects the brain and the spinal cord

pons

Sleepwalking is also referred to as

somnambulism

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the _____

spinal cord

What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

Cocaine is considered a _____ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity

stimulant

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by _____

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's _____ is producing less _____ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of _____

tolerance

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of _____.

transduction

According to the American Psychological Association in Illinois, Louisiana and New Mexico, appropriately trained psychologists can be granted the right to prescribe medication. Patients are able to work with one health care provider for psychotherapy and medication management, if needed.

true

Consciousness describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli

true

Examples of awareness of external stimuli include seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend

true

In psychology, behavior refers to outward or overt actions and reactions

true

Marijuana usage can lead to psychological dependence

true

Nicotine is a stimulant

true

Psychoactive drugs are drugs capable of altering thinking, perception, and memory

true

Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors-the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.

true

A basic experiment involves a minimum of _____ participant group(s)

two

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

Individuals undergoing hypnosis _____

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors

_____ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure

validity

Color vision may also decline with age due to _____ of lens of the eye.

yellowing

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

4

By late adulthood (age 75) we have lost _____ percentage of our taste buds.

65

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage _____ sleep

1

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

2

DISCUSSION: Write two paragraphs about what you learned about research from the Bad Research Example inside module 2 of Vaccines and No Link to Autism.

A physician in Britain named Andrew Wakefield published false information in an influential journal. His medical license was taken away because of this. People believed what he said, so many children were left unvaccinated. Many celebrities and people in the media also have their own opinions on the MMR Vaccine causing Autism, so people who watch these media stars believe what they say. It has been tested and proven that the MMR Vaccine does NOT lead to Autism.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

DISCUSSION: List 2 things you learned from looking at the website on comorbidity in module 5. This must be specific to demonstrate that you researched and reviewed the information.

Comorbidity describes two or more disorders or illnesses occurring in the same person. These certain illnesses can occur both of them at the same time or one following the other. The interactions of both the illnesses/disorders can cause the person to become worse and can increase the intensity of the illnesses. From the reading, I learned that drug addiction is a mental illness that changes the brain in fundamental ways. Addiction changes the brain by controlling a person's normal needs and desires in ways that incorporate the drug into their new "normal" routine. Individuals with substance addictions commonly also have other mental illnesses that go along with it. These addictions can be treated, but it is not always easy for the person going through it. Behavioral therapy, treatments, and medications can be used to help an individual struggling with substance addiction.

Of adoptees whose biological mothers had schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 36.8% were likely to develop schizophrenia; of adoptees whose mothers did not have schizophrenia and who were raised in disturbed family environments, 5.3% were likely to develop schizophrenia. What is the most appropriate conclusion of these results?

Environmental factors and genetic factors interact to determine whether a person is likely to develop schizophrenia

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?

John Watson

DISCUSSION: List and describe a research method in psychology.

One research method used in psychology is surveys. There are countless examples of surveys in this field of study, but the one I chose is personality surveys. This survey allows an individual to assess behavior and the different personality preferences of a group of people.

DISCUSSION: What is the function of the following brain lobes?

Parietal- processes information from the body senses Occipital- responsible for interpreting incoming visual information and language Frontal- involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language

_____ is a medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Psychiatrist

Matt is sleeping, His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Matt is probably experiencing _____ sleep

REM

DISCUSSION: What is the definition of sensation and perception?

Sensation- occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli Perception- involves the organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of those sensations

DISCUSSION: Name 2 senses and describe how they change with age.

Sight- vision, color vision may decline with age due to yellowing of the lens Sound- hearing, as we age we lose the ability to hear high pitched sounds

DISCUSSION: Write one paragraph reflection on what you learned from watching the video on brain anatomy.

The brain has always been so interesting to me, but before these videos, I had only a vague understanding of what each section did. The videos went into detail about each lobe of the brain and explained the functions of each, which allowed me a greater understanding of all the new information. The lobes of the brain are the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal, and they all have specific functions that go along with them. The frontal lobe is responsible for cognitive functions and control of voluntary activity, while the parietal lobe processes all of the sensory information throughout the body. The occipital lobe is responsible for the visual information and the temporal lobe is responsible for emotions, language, learning, and memories. I enjoyed the realistic videos the most because I learn and understand information better when I can visually see it.

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the _____ include food, water, and shelter

basic survival needs

Research indicates that babies are first able to use their sense of taste _____ birth.

before birth

Why is psychology considered a social science?

behavior is biological, and our behavior is influenced by our interactions with others

_____ is a neurotransmitter with roles in pleasure and pain modulation

beta-endorphin

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) _____ rhythm

biological

_____ psychologists study how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior

biological or biopsychosocial

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the _____ that contributes to certain behaviors

biology

Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a

biopsychologist

Inattentional _____ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

both our respiration and heartbeat slow down

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and _____

central; peripheral nervous system

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is _____

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

A _____ scan involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person's body or brain

computerized tomography (CT) scan

_____ is the tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

confirmation bias

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

The _____ group does not get the experimental treatment

control

_____ means that there is a relationship between two or more variables

correlation

Melatonin release is stimulated by _____ and inhibited by _____

darkness; light

Alcohol is considered a _____ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity

depressant

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonlu prescribed for _____

depression

Ethics need to be considered when _____ scientific research

designing, conducting, and reviewing

A major advantage of case studies is _____

detailed information

What kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?

developmental psychology

Marta is pursuing a graduate degree in psychology. As part of her program she must write a long research paper based on the data she spent the last year gathering. What is the long research paper called?

dissertation

DISCUSSION: List the educational background needed to become a psychologist.

doctoral degree in psychology for some certain specialties and at least a master's degree for other specialties

_____ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior

dopamine

In a _____ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments

double-blind

Researchers are conducting a study where they have concerns that that participant's beliefs and/or the experimenter's beliefs may skew the results. Therefore, they chose to conduct a _____ study

double-blind

Sleep apnea is defined by _____

episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?

exposed yourself to bright light while working

Alcohol is a stimulant

false

Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called depressants

false

Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing withdrawal

false

Which of the following would be experienced during an euphoric high?

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

The frontal lobe is located in the forward part of the brain, extending back to a fissure known as the central sulcus. The frontal love is involves in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language. The topic of this reading is:

frontal lobe

William James's perspective was known as

functionalism

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) _____

glial cell

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

Mescaline is considered a _____ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences

hallucinogenic

As we age we begin to lose the ability to hear _____ sounds.

high pitched

Which sound is an infant most likely to hear?

high-pitched, conversational volume

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

DISCUSSION: What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

hypothesis- an assumption/idea that is proposed for the sake of an argument so that it can tested to see if it's true theory- a principle or idea that explains or solves a problem

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) _____

illusory correlation

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

inattentional blindness

The _____ is controlled by the experimenter

independent variable

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors

According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?

interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from _____

jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through place?

kinesthesia

Behaviorists study

learned behavior

In a normal-sighted individual, the _____ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the _____.

lens; fovea

Carol was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Carol may have _____

narcolepsy

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with _____

narcolepsy

Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring _____ balance

neurotransmitter

After David falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does David have?

night terrors

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of _____ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

A negative correlation means _____

one variable decreases as the other increases

Morphine is considered a(n) _____ drug because it decreases pain

opioid

NREM sleep is a period of sleep _____

outside periods of REM sleep

_____ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role

parasomnia

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of _____

parasomnias

Kara notices that as her supply of marijuana decreases, she starts thinking more and more about where she can get another supply as well as feeling nervous and anxious. This is an example of _____

psychological dependence

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

Behaviorists all focus on

psychological responses that result in action

_____ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result

reliability

Stan and Jenny are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called _____

replication

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of _____ leg syndrome

restless

The _____ extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

reticular formation

Research describing a link between childhood vaccines and autism has been _____

retracting due to a financial conflict of interest by the author and found to have been based on falsified data

_____ are the most commonly used species for animal research

rodents

Psychology refers to the

scientific study of the mind

Reggie is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Reggie may be experiencing _____

sleep rebound

DISCUSSION: List and describe one sleep disorder.

sleepwalking is classified as a parasomnia, which is an unwanted and undesirable experience during sleep. Sleepwalking occurs during NREM sleep, which is the deepest stage of non-rapid eye movement. I am very interested in this topic because I know a number of people that struggle with this certain disorder. This disorder is usually easy to diagnose because most people having an episode will get out of bed and walk around, not respond or communicate with anyone, and have a glazed, glassy-eyed expression. Most people struggling with sleepwalking do not remember the episodes they have when they finally wake up. Often, sleepwalking is random and harmless, but there are some occasions where a person may be injured. Since the person having an episode has no idea what is going on, they sometimes will leave the house, drive a vehicle, or even get violent for a period of time. Treatment may be necessary if it occurs multiple times in a short time span or if it causes harm to the individual. Treatments for sleepwalking include some medications and hypnosis.

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results?

small sample size

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is _____

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Kevin suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the _____ theory of hypnotism

social-cognitive

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she _____

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

_____ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail

surveys

The space between two neurons is called the _____

synapse

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

The frontal lobe is located in the forward part of the brain, extending back to a fissure known as the central sulcus. The frontal love is involves in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language. The main idea of this reading is:

the frontal lobe is found at the front of the brain, and it is concerned with our reasoning, motor control, and language

Psychology is a social science discipline. Psychologists scientifically study

the mind and behavior

The brain's parietal lobe is located immediately behind the frontal lobe, and is involved in processing information from the body's senses. It contains the somatosensory cortex, which is essential for processing sensory information from across the body. The main idea of this reading is:

the parietal lobe is located directly behind the frontal lobe and is involved in managing information from our senses

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine _____

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population

Scientific knowledge is advanced through a process known as _____

the scientific method

_____ is a midbrain structure critical to movement

the ventral tegmental area

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Humanism focuses on the potential of all people for evil?

the word "evil" should be changed to the word "good"

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, _____

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

Due to his sense of _____, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

Magali and Jean-Gabriel have been asked to design a study investigating happiness across the lifespan. They decide their study will involve going to the mall and asking people of a variety of ages if they are happy or unhappy. What is the most serious flaw of this design?

they have not defines happiness or how it will be measured

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

they increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions