Midterm Sociology

Sapir and Whorf

A hypothesis concerning the role of languages in shaping cultures was created by linguist(s) A. William F. Ogburn. B. Sapir and Whorf. C. W. I. Thomas. D. George Murdock.

as an outsider

A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one's own society: A. from the perspective of personal experience. B. from the perspective of cultural biases. C. as an outsider. D. as an insider.

B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.

A primary group is a small group that is A. characterized by impersonality, with little intimacy or mutual understanding. B. characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. C. used as a standard for evaluating oneself and one's behavior. D. characterized by impersonality and face-to-face associations.

Conflict

A sociologist who studies the unequal economic reality between men and women would probably be following which of the following perspectives? A. functionalism B. interactionism C. conflict D. All these answers are correct.

hypothesis

A speculative statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a A. correlation. B. hypothesis. C. sample. D. research design.

a survey

A study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides sociologists with information concerning how people think or act is known as A. observation research. B. a survey. C. secondary analysis. D. an experiment.

A. group

A(n) ________ is any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who regularly and consciously interact. A. group B. negotiation team C. organic solidarity D. aggregate

C. Social capital

According to sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, ________ is the collective benefit of social networks, which are built on reciprocal trust. A. constant connectivity B. group cohesion C. social capital D. communal stake

D. a negative self- identity

According to the concept of the looking-glass self, development of one's self-identity based on misperceptions may lead to A. an increase in self-esteem. B. the sensorimotor stage of development. C. destruction of the looking-glass self. D. a negative self-identity.

D. the game stage

Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allison's pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead? A. the preparatory stage B. the imitative stage C. the play stage D. the game stage

A. attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts

An achieved status is a social position A. attained by a person largely through his or her own efforts. B. "assigned" to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. C. that is assigned to an individual at birth. D. that is given to an individual based upon his or her age, race, or gender.

Dysfunction

An element or a process of society that may actually disrupt a social system or lead to a decrease in stability is known as a A. latent function. B. manifest function. C.dysfunction. D. conflict function.

B. processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships.

Anticipatory socialization refers to A. the process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a culture. B.processes of socialization in which a person "rehearses" for future positions, occupations, and social relationships. C. the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. D. the process whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.

D. All of these answers are correct.

Ascribed statuses may be based on an individual's A. race. B. gender. C. age. D. All of these answers are correct.

values

Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper, as well as bad, undesirable, and improper, are known as A. values. B. folkways. C. mores. D. sanctions.

B. Role conflict

Elaine is a clinical sociologist who practices marriage and family therapy. She is also a college professor. One of her current students asks her if she can make an appointment for a therapy session. Elaine tells the student that she will refer her to a colleague because she feels that holding therapy sessions with a student might create A. role strain. B. role conflict. C. role exit. D. status displacement.

A. gatekeeper

George is the executive producer of a small recording company with an established label. He rejects a popular local band because it competes with a group already on their label. He functions as a A. gatekeeper. B. censor. C. comptroller. D. watchdog.

define the problem

If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to A. review the literature on date and acquaintance rape. B. define the problem. C. create a hypothesis. D. choose a research design.

C. technology

In Gerhard Lenski's view, societal organization is highly dependent on its level of A. farming. B. education. C. technology. D. banking.

funeral ceremonies

In his research, George Murdock determined which of the following to be a cultural universal? A. war B. astronomy C. funeral ceremonies D. All of these answers are correct.

random sample

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected? A. random sample B. quota sample C. index sample D. Roper sample

folkways

Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as A. mores. B. cultural universals. C. folkways. D. laws.

sanctions

Penalties and rewards for conduct relating to a social norm are known as A. folkways. B. mores. C. values. D. sanctions.

A. the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity.

Role exit is defined as A. the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity. B. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person. C. a difficulty that occurs when incompatible expectations arise within one social position occupied by an individual. D. a set of expectations of people who occupy a given social position.

C. the ways in which people respond to one another

Social interaction is A. the process of learning norms, values, beliefs, and other requirements for effective participation in social groups. B. the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships. C. the ways in which people respond to one another. D. a series of relationships linking a person directly to others and therefore indirectly to still more people.

C. - whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and action appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture.

Socialization is the process A. of mentally assuming the perspective of another. B. of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. C. whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. D. whereby people normally being socialized are at the same time socializing their socializers.

independent variable

Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n) A. hypothesis. B.independent variable. C. dependent variable. D. index.

D. game stage

The child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the A. preparatory stage. B.play stage. C.imitative stage. D. game stage.

The American Sociological Association (ASA)

The code of ethics for the discipline of sociology was developed by A. Max Weber. B. the U.S. Department of Education. C. he American Association of University Professors. D. the American Sociological Association.

A. a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers.

The dramaturgical approach is A. a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers. B. a framework developed by George Herbert Mead. C. a phrase used to emphasize that the self is the product of our social interaction with others. D. the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life.

B. promotion of consumption

The function of media advertising is to support the economy, provide information about products, and underwrite media costs associated with A. conferment of status. B. promotion of consumption. C. enforcement of social norms. D. surveillance of the social environment.

casual logic

The statement "Eating fewer fats and carbohydrates will lead to weight loss" is an example of A. causal logic. B. a dependent variable. C. an independent variable. D. a cross tabulation.

Ethnocentrism

The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called A. culture shock. B. cultural relativism. C. ethnocentrism. D. value stability.

independent variable

The variable that is hypothesized to cause or influence another variable is referred to by social scientists as a(n) A. independent variable. B.dependent variable. C. spurious variable. D. operational variable.

verstehen

The word that Max Weber used to stress the need for sociologists to take into account people's emotions, thoughts, beliefs, understandings, and attitudes was A. verstehen. B. Gemeinschaft. C. anomie. D. Gesellschaft.

Reviewing the literature

What is commonly the second step in the scientific method? A. defining the problem B. selecting the research design C. reviewing the literature D. collecting and analyzing data

A. cultural convergence

What term do we use for the flow of content across multiple media and the accompanying migration of media audiences? A. cultural convergence B. digital divide C. culture gap D. information superhighway

Herbert Spencer

Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time? A. Émile Durkheim B. Charles Darwin C. Harriet Martineau D. Herbert Spencer

A. The U.S. government

Which of the following is an example of a social institution? A. the U.S. government B. a group of passengers on an inner-city bus C. the members of a stamp-collecting society D. a children's playgroup

B. Women are often portrayed as being in need of rescue by males.

Which of the following statements concerning media portrayal of gender roles would the feminist perspective most likely endorse? A. Women are overrepresented in most television roles. B. Women are often portrayed as being in need of rescue by males. C. Men are often portrayed as compliant, working-class persons. D. Women are portrayed as overweight and dull in most television roles.

C. Schools are responsible for teaching the values and norms of the larger society.

Which of the following statements reflects a functionalist view of education as a socializing agent? A. Schools can reinforce the divisive aspects of society, especially those of social class. B. Schools are frequently used by those in power to maintain their power and to continue the subjugation of those with lower status. C. Schools are responsible for teaching the values and norms of the larger society. D. A teacher's style may often influence classroom interaction.

C. Mass media

Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences? A. transmitters B. opinion leaders C. mass media D. narcotizers

Scientific Method

Which of the following terms is used to describe a systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem? A. scientific method B. social science C. experiment D. value neutrality

A. narcotizing dysfunction

Which of the following terms refers to the phenomenon whereby massive amounts of coverage result in the audience becoming numb and failing to act on the information regardless of how compelling the issue was presented? A. narcotizing dysfunction B. surveillance function C. gatekeeping D. None of these answers is correct.

b. Resocialization

Which of the following terms refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life? A. role divestment B. resocialization C. desocialization D. anticipatory socialization

knowledge of great American authors

Which of the following would be an example of cultural capital? A. the reciprocal trust inherent in social networks B. knowledge of great American authors C. a close network of extended relatives D. knowledge of Laotian cuisine

conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would view sports as a form of big business in which profits are more important than the health and safety of athletes? A. functionalist perspective B.conflict perspective C.interactionist perspective D.None of these answers is correct.

Functionalist Perspective

Which sociological perspective would view sports as serving as a safety valve for both participants and spectators, allowing them to shed tension and aggressive energy in a socially acceptable way? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. feminist perspective

C. Erving Goffman

Which sociologist is associated with the concepts of the dramaturgical approach, impression management, and face-work? A. Charles Horton Cooley B. George Herbert Mead C. Erving Goffman D. Wilbert Moore

D. reference group

Which term is used by sociologists when speaking of any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior? A. primary group B. secondary group C. tertiary group D. reference group

A. Personality

Which term refers to a person's typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior? A. personality B. social promotion C. socialization D. human nature

informal norms

While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and grossly picks his nose. He is violating A. mores. B. laws. C. informal norms. D. formal norms.

D. digital divide

Worldwide, low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries have far less access than others to the latest technologies. This gap is referred to as the A. digital enclosure. B. digital world. C. digital dam. D. digital divide.

cultural relativism

An American traveling abroad observes locals eating chocolate-covered crickets. While she does not partake in this "treat" herself, she does not judge the practice. She is exhibiting A. xenocentrism. B.ethnocentrism. C. cultural relativism. D. monophobicism.

language

An abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture is called A. a material culture. B. sanctioning. C. language. D. an argot.

Macrosociology

Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are known as A. microsociology. B. interactionism. C. macrosociology. D. dramaturgy.

D. stereotyping

The creation of unreliable generalizations that distort the reality of persons, groups, and cultures is indicative of A. posture enabling. B. the surveillance function. C. the narcotizing dysfunction. D. stereotyping.

interactionist perspective

Which sociological approach would view sports as an agent for defining people's social positions as players, coaches, and referees as a result of their performances and reputations? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. feminist perspective

C. interactionist perspective

Which sociological perspective is more likely to study the media's influence on society from the micro level to determine how social behavior is shaped? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. feminist perspective

Conflict perspective

Which sociological perspective would argue that the most powerful groups and institutions control wealth, property, and the means of producing beliefs about reality through religion, education, and the media? A. functionalist perspective B. conflict perspective C. interactionist perspective D. global perspective