Midterm Summer'16

27. Fetal nervous system development begins at about ___ weeks. A. 3 B. 9 C. 12 D. 20

A. 3

50. Which of the following reflexes tends to remain throughout one's lifetime? A. Blinking B. Rooting C. Grasping D. Babinski

A. Blinking

29. Which of the following brain structures has its major growth period before birth and is responsible for basic bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate? A. Brain stem B. Cerebellum C. Cerebrum D. Frontal lobe

A. Brain stem

97. Which of the following is recommended by doctors to reduce the occurrences of SIDS? A. To avoid letting babies sleep on their stomach B. To give babies more solid food than liquid food C. To let infants share a bed with the mother or any other adult D. To use very soft bedding in the crib

A. To avoid letting babies sleep on their stomach

64. A study of infants' hearing suggests that infants identify new speech sounds from those they have heard before A. as early as 3 days after birth. B. at about 2 weeks after birth. C. at about 4 weeks after birth. D. as early as 10 days after birth.

A. as early as 3 days after birth.

93. If a normal, healthy infant dies in his sleep, he most likely suffered from A. sudden infant death syndrome. B. fetal alcohol syndrome. C. hyaline membrane disease. D. trauma.

A. sudden infant death syndrome.

8. According to the cephalocaudal principle, A. upper body parts develop before lower parts. B. lower body parts develop before upper parts. C. upper and lower body parts develop simultaneously. D. the order of development depends on environmental influences.

A. upper body parts develop before lower parts.

16. Which of the following statements about obesity is true? A. The age of an overweight child is a poor indicator for obesity in adulthood. B. Overweight has increased in infancy as in all age groups in the United States. C. An overweight child with only one obese parent is not likely to become obese later in life. D. Infants and toddlers in the United States tend to eat much less than required.

B. Overweight has increased in infancy as in all age groups in the United States.

63. Which of the following liquids would a newborn most likely prefer? A. Water B. Sugar solution C. Unsweetened lemonade D. Salt water

B. Sugar solution

12. Why are babies' heads so large in proportion to their body size? A. The head widens the birth canal so the rest of the body can pass easily. B. The baby's brain and head are more developed than are other parts of the body. C. The brain is surrounded by a large volume of fluid that gradually subsides after birth. D. The head has excess fat at birth to protect it during passage through the birth canal.

B. The baby's brain and head are more developed than are other parts of the body.

6. Mothers can expect their babies' first tooth to erupt A. during the first month. B. between 5 and 9 months. C. between 2 and 4 months. D. after the tenth month.

B. between 5 and 9 months.

78. Babies begin using different forms of locomotion such as scooting, crawling, and standing A. between 2 and 4 months. B. between 6 and 10 months. C. during the 5th month. D. from 11 months on.

B. between 6 and 10 months.

10. Baby Kevin can accurately reach for a toy bat and grasp it in his hands, although he cannot yet stand on his feet. Only when he is older will he be able to control his legs well enough to stand. This pattern of development illustrates the _____ principle. A. proximodistal B. cephalocaudal C. centrifugal D. longitudinal

B. cephalocaudal

82. The visual cliff is a device for testing infants' A. peripheral vision. B. depth perception. C. visual preferences. D. color perception.

B. depth perception.

46. During brain development, through differentiation A. the neurons that control various groups of muscles coordinate their activities. B. each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function. C. the multiplication of dendrites and synaptic connections takes place. D. each neuron releases chemicals called neurotransmitters.

B. each neuron takes on a specific, specialized structure and function.

61. The American Academy of Pediatrics now maintains that anesthesia is _____ during circumcision. A. preferred B. essential C. not required D. ineffective

B. essential

21. Breast-fed babies are A. more likely to need braces. B. less likely to become obese. C. more likely to contract infectious illnesses such as diarrhea. D. less likely to develop osteoporosis.

B. less likely to become obese.

49. Three-month-old Eddie extended his arms automatically in an attempt to break a fall, when his mom tilted him downward to pose for a picture. Eddie's automatic response to movement is an example of a _____ reflex. A. primitive B. postural C. Babinski D. locomotor

B. postural

51. Rooting for the nipple is an example of a _____ reflex. A. Babinski B. primitive C. postural D. Moro

B. primitive

48. An automatic, involuntarily, innate reaction to stimulation is called a(n) A. unconditioned response. B. reflex. C. neutral response. D. conditioned response.

B. reflex.

94. The leading cause of postneonatal infant death in the United States is: A. fetal alcohol syndrome. B. sudden infant death syndrome. C. poor medical care. D. unintentional injuries.

B. sudden infant death syndrome.

72. Increasingly complex combinations of skills that permit a wider or more precise range of movement and more control of the environment are called A. cephalocaudal skills. B. systems of action. C. proximodistal skills. D. centrifugal movements.

B. systems of action.

58. The first sense to develop is the sense of _____. A. smell B. touch C. sight D. hearing

B. touch

87. The infant mortality rate is defined as the proportion of babies who die A. at birth. B. within the first year of life. C. during toddlerhood. D. during the first 3 years of life.

B. within the first year of life.

25. Pediatric experts recommend that iron-enriched solid foods be introduced gradually between ages ___ and ____ months. A. 2; 4 B. 3; 5 C. 6; 12 D. 12; 16

C. 6; 12

77. Baby Eddie is developing normally. At what age will Eddie be able to assume a sitting position and remain in that position without help while a photographer takes his picture? A. 2 months B. 5 months C. 8 months D. 11 months

C. 8 months

86. Which of the following statements best describes the role of culture in infant motor development? A. Motor development is genetically programmed, and culture has no effect. B. Researchers have found no instances in which culture affects motor development. C. A culture's specific child-rearing practices can have some effect on motor development. D. Culture has a major influence on motor development.

C. A culture's specific child-rearing practices can have some effect on motor development.

96. Which of the following groups has the highest risk of dying from SIDS? A. Babies of average birth weights B. Babies weighing more than 9 pounds at birth C. Black babies of low birth weight D. White babies of low birth weight

C. Black babies of low birth weight

47. Which of the following statements is true of cell death in brain development? A. Cell death ends after birth. B. Cell death leads to physical and cognitive delays. C. Cell death helps to create an efficient nervous system. D. Cell death begins after birth.

C. Cell death helps to create an efficient nervous system.

41. _____ are cells in the brain that send and receive information. A. Axons B. Dendrites C. Neurons D. Glia

C. Neurons

83. Which of the following is necessary for proper depth perception? A. Binocular coordination B. Focusing with both eyes C. Motor control D. All of the above are necessary.

D. All of the above are necessary.

73. Which of the following principles does motor development in infancy follow? A. Cephalocaudal B. Proximodistal C. Simple-to-complex D. All of these

D. All of these

90. Which of the following groups is least likely to have babies that die in infancy? A. African Americans B. Hispanics C. American Indians D. Asian Americans

D. Asian Americans

89. Which of the following is NOT one of the major causes of infant mortality? A. Birth defects B. Low-birth-weight C. Sudden infant death syndrome D. Birth trauma

D. Birth trauma

32. Which of the following regions of the brain is the largest and is divided into two halves or hemispheres? A. Cerebellum B. Brain stem C. Spinal cord D. Cerebrum

D. Cerebrum

99. Which of the following statements about immunization is true? A. Infant immunization has been identified as a leading risk factor for autism and other developmental disorders. B. The immune systems of young children cannot safely handle multiple vaccines. C. Immunization rates are lower among minority groups and poor families. D. Immunization has done little to combat childhood illness, including measles and pertussis.

D. Immunization has done little to combat childhood illness, including measles and pertussis.

91. Which of the following behavioral factors does NOT account for racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality rates? A. Mother's obesity during pregnancy B. Smoking C. Alcohol consumption D. Number of children in the home

D. Number of children in the home

22. Breast-feeding mothers A. take more time to recover from childbirth. B. are less likely to return to their prepregnancy weight. C. have a higher risk of postpartum bleeding. D. report feeling more confident and less anxious.

D. report feeling more confident and less anxious.

43. The tiny gaps that are the communication links in the nervous system are called A. axons. B. neurons. C. dendrites. D. synapses.

D. synapses.

55. A generalization about brain development that has emerged from animal research is that plasticity A. is evident only during the first trimester of gestation. B. is evident only during the period immediately after birth. C. tends to occur more in female brains than in male brains. D. tends to be evident throughout life.

D. tends to be evident throughout life.

84. Haptic perception is A. an accidental process that leads to learning. B. the ability to accurately see items that are far away. C. the ability to accurately see items that are in close proximity. D. the ability to acquire information about objects by handling them.

D. the ability to acquire information about objects by handling them.

44. Upon seeing her newborn baby brother, Wanda exclaims, "He looks all oily and shiny

" Wanda has noticed the A. fontanels. B. lanugo. C. meconium. D. vernix caseosa.!D. vernix caseosa.

114. Nancy, age 16 months, is about to touch an electric outlet, but then says, "No

" and pulls her finger back. Nancy is demonstrating A. negativism. B. shame and doubt. C. basic mistrust. D. the beginnings of self-regulation.!D. the beginnings of self-regulation.

57. A healthy newborn can receive a maximum score of _____ on the Apgar scale. A. 10 B. 8 C. 6 D. 4

A. 10

98. Brenda has accidentally marked her cheek with a crayon. When she later sees herself in a mirror, she touches the mark on her cheek. Approximately how old would you guess Brenda to be? A. 18 months B. 12 months C. 9 months D. 6 months

A. 18 months

53. When both parents carry an abnormal recessive gene, such as the gene for cystic fibrosis, each of their children has 1 chance in: A. 2 of being a carrier. B. 4 of being a carrier. C. 2 of receiving two abnormal recessive genes. D. 2 of receiving two normal genes.

A. 2 of being a carrier.

23. A cell that has divided through mitosis possesses _____ chromosomes, whereas a cell that has undergone meiosis possesses _____ chromosomes. A. 23 pairs of ; 23 B. 46 pairs of ; 46 C. 23 ; 46 D. 23 chromosomes; 23 pairs of

A. 23 pairs of ; 23

35. The neonatal period is the first _____ of life. A. 4 weeks B. 8 weeks C. 6 months D. year

A. 4 weeks

79. Which child is likely to exhibit the smallest reaction range for the trait of intelligence? A. A child born with severe brain damage B. A child born to parents with low intelligence C. A child born to parents with normal intelligence D. A child born to parents with extremely high intelligence

A. A child born with severe brain damage

42. Which of the following children is probably NOT experiencing a problem of "fit" between temperament and environment? A. Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child. He lives in a small apartment with his older parents. B. Brian likes to sit quietly and play alone. He spends most days with ten other children at a day care center. C. Carolyn enjoys trying out musical instruments and experimenting with arts and crafts materials. Her mother likes the house to be quiet and neat. D. Debby is hesitant and quiet. Her father pushes her to experience new situations.

A. Aaron is a quiet and fairly inactive child. He lives in a small apartment with his older parents.

81. In which of the following procedures is a sample of fluid taken from around the fetus and analyzed for possible defects? A. Amniocentesis B. Chorionic villus sampling C. Ultrasound D. Electronic fetal monitorin

A. Amniocentesis

79. In the United States, which of the following pregnant women is likely to get the least amount of prenatal care? A. Angela, an unmarried teenager B. Bea, a married woman C. Delia, who has a college education D. Sandra, who just turned 45 years of age

A. Angela, an unmarried teenager

73. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson were both laid off from their high-paying positions at a local clean energy plant. Both found new jobs, but they are now working far more hours for much less money. The stress is showing at home, with frequent parental arguments and inpatient discipline with the children. The family's home is no longer the nurturing environment that it once was. Which of the following perspectives best explains this situation? A. Bioecological B. Ethological C. Information-processing D. Cognitive

A. Bioecological

31. Which of the following is a part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination? A. Cerebellum B. Brain stem C. Spinal cord D. Cerebrum

A. Cerebellum

5. __________ first emphasized the developmental nature of behavior by publishing a record of his son's sensory, motor, language, and emotional milestones during his first years of life. A. Charles Darwin B. John B. Watson C. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard D. John Dewey

A. Charles Darwin

89. Which of the following statements about environmental influences is FALSE? A. Children growing up in the same family experience the same environment. B. Some individual experiences, such as illness and injury, become environmental influences. C. Siblings are usually more different than they are alike. D. The home is the primary environment in the early years of life.

A. Children growing up in the same family experience the same environment.

125. Which of the following statements would NOT be cited as evidence that supports the nativist perspective? A. Children learn the grammar of their own language by repeating sounds their parents praise them for making. B. Almost all children master their native language without formal teaching. C. Linguistic advances, such as the onset of babbling, occur in similar ways for hearing and deaf babies. D. Newborns are born with perceptual mechanisms that match the requirements of language.

A. Children learn the grammar of their own language by repeating sounds their parents praise them for making.

83. In which prenatal assessment procedure is tissue taken from the membrane around the embryo? A. Chorionic villus sampling B. Amniocentesis C. Maternal blood test D. Ultrasound

A. Chorionic villus sampling

12. As a child, Juan always enjoyed Sunday outings with his grandparents. Juan rarely felt happier than when he got into his grandparents' car and pulled away from his house. At the time, his grandmother loved to listen to one particular singer on the radio. Although this all happened more than 20 years ago, whenever Juan hears a song by that musician, he gets a warm feeling as he is reminded of those Sundays. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A. Classical conditioning B. Habituation C. Operant conditioning D. Maturation

A. Classical conditioning

122. An experimenter measures the cognitive skills of 100 three-year-olds and compares the results with the skills exhibited by 100 seven-year-olds. This is an example of which research method? A. Cross-sectional B. Longitudinal C. Sequential D. Clinical

A. Cross-sectional

135. Tanya tells her mother a story before going to bed. She is the "storyteller," while her mother is the active listener. This is similar to what reading style? A. Describer B. Authoritarian C. Comprehender D. Performance-oriented

A. Describer

62. ___________ attachment is the least secure pattern. A. Disorganized-disoriented B. Passive-aggressive C. Avoidant D. Ambivalent

A. Disorganized-disoriented

72. Doug has been recruited for a family study looking at the heritability of personality traits. Who else will most likely be included in the study? A. Doug's brother or sister B. Doug's spouse C. Doug's closest friends D. Doug's first cousins

A. Doug's brother or sister

54. Based on experiments conducted with animals, which of the following statements about environmental influences on brain development is correct? A. Early experiences can result in actual physical changes in brain functioning. B. Early experiences can affect cognitive and social functioning but cannot bring about actual physical changes. C. Early experiences have minimal effect on brain development. D. Early experiences are less influential than later experiences.

A. Early experiences can result in actual physical changes in brain functioning.

37. Baby Eddy's schedules are predictable. He adapts easily, is pleasant, and responds well to change. Which kind of temperament does he have? A. Easy B. Difficult C. Slow-to-warm-up D. Placid

A. Easy

39. Which of the following was NOT used as an indicator of temperament according to the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire? A. Eating habits B. Activity level C. Fear and frustration D. Positive emotion

A. Eating habits

16. Which of the following cell groups becomes the outer layer of skin, hair, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system? A. Ectoderm B. Endoderm C. Mesoderm D. Epiderm

A. Ectoderm

28. At which stage of gestation is exposure of the fetus to alcohol the most damaging? A. Embryonic B. Germinal C. Fetal D. Terminal

A. Embryonic

83. Ramona is walking in a mall when she notices a distressed-looking infant in a stroller. The infant's facial expression engrosses Ramona, and she immediately looks around to see if an adult is there to help the infant. The infant's mother is indeed right there, and Ramona moves on, but the image stays with her. She begins to wonder if humans have some innate ability to communicate with facial expressions that provides an evolutionary advantage. Which of the following theories might support Ramona's idea? A. Evolutionary B. Bioecological C. Sociocultural D. Cognitive

A. Evolutionary

86. Which of the following statements is true of prenatal care? A. Experts believe that more emphasis should be placed on proper prenatal care even before women get pregnant. B. Prenatal care focuses primarily on screening for treatable defects and diseases. C. The United States has uniform national standards for prenatal care. D. Prenatal care is unnecessary for healthy women.

A. Experts believe that more emphasis should be placed on proper prenatal care even before women get pregnant.

24. If a pregnant woman learns to use certain breathing techniques and muscle relaxation in response to a "coach," she is using the childbirth method developed by A. Fernand Lamaze. B. the American Academy of Pediatrics. C. Benjamin Spock. D. Jerome Kagan.

A. Fernand Lamaze.

29. Melissa has had two miscarriages and is understandably anxious about her third pregnancy. She realizes that a miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, is most likely to occur in which trimester of the pregnancy? A. First B. Second C. Third D. There is equal risk throughout all three trimesters.

A. First

66. Rubella has the potential of damaging an unborn child during which period of pregnancy? A. First 11 weeks B. 13 to 16 weeks C. 18 to 22 weeks D. After 24 weeks

A. First 11 weeks

103. At approximately what age are babies first able to distinguish different speech sounds? A. From birth B. 3 weeks after birth C. 6 weeks after birth D. 12 weeks after birth

A. From birth

85. William came from a disadvantaged background, with abusive parents. In high school, he turned his exceptional ability to win arguments into a positive characteristic by participating on the school debate team. When the debate team visited the nation's capital, William was so inspired by what he saw there that he decided to pursue a career in government. Which of the following terms best explains William's development? A. Genotype-environment interaction B. Canalization C. Reaction range D. Shared environmental effects

A. Genotype-environment interaction

8. In which stage of prenatal development does the fertilized ovum become implanted in the wall of the uterus? A. Germinal B. Seminal C. Fetal D. Embryonic

A. Germinal

85. Which of the following theories describes developing motor and sensory abilities as interdependent parts of a functional system that guides behavior in varying contexts? A. Gibsons' ecological theory of perception B. Thelen's dynamic systems theory C. Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory D. Piaget's theory of cognitive development

A. Gibsons' ecological theory of perception

40. _____ cells of the brain nourish and protect the neurons. A. Glial B. Nerve C. Synaptic D. Stem

A. Glial

85. _____ memory refers to remembering that occurs without effort or even conscious awareness. A. Implicit B. Explicit C. Practiced D. Repressed

A. Implicit

15. Which of the following statements about infants and emotions is FALSE? A. Infants cannot express emotions for about the first month. B. Infants show facial expressions that are similar to adults'. C. One of the earliest emotional expressions shown by infants is unhappiness. D. Infants and adults both share the same basic emotions.

A. Infants cannot express emotions for about the first month.

45. _____ describes the process by which neurons coordinate the activities of muscle groups. A. Integration B. Differentiation C. Consolidation D. Lateralization

A. Integration

23. Which of the following is NOT a function of the placenta? A. It encases the baby with a fluid-filled membrane. B. It removes body wastes from the baby. C. It fights infections. D. It produces hormones that stimulate lactation.

A. It encases the baby with a fluid-filled membrane.

23. Which of the following statements about the use of prepared childbirth is FALSE? A. It involves delivering babies in dimly lit, isolated rooms. B. It allows the mother to participate actively in birth. C. It allows the father to be involved in labor and delivery. D. It uses breathing and muscular responses to overcome fear and pain.

A. It involves delivering babies in dimly lit, isolated rooms.

23. Which of the following is NOT a self-evaluative emotion? A. Love B. Pride C. Shame D. Guilt

A. Love

41. Which of the following statements about the first few days of life is FALSE? A. Newborns initially have very little variance in their complexions. B. Babies lose as much as 10% of their body weight. C. The baby's nose is likely to look flattened. D. The baby's head may be misshapen.

A. Newborns initially have very little variance in their complexions.

74. Which of the following refers to a baby's ability to pick up tiny objects using the thumb and the index finger? A. Pincer grasp B. Raking grasp C. Palmar grasp D. Grasp reflex

A. Pincer grasp

118. Which of the following is the most advanced form of socialization? A. Receptive cooperation B. Committed compliance C. Social referencing D. Self-recognition

A. Receptive cooperation

7. __________ viewed human development as being shaped by unconscious forces. A. Sigmund Freud B. B. F. Skinner C. Jean Piaget D. John B. Watson

A. Sigmund Freud

28. Which of the following statements about temperament is correct? A. Temperament appears to be largely determined by a person's biological makeup. B. Temperament is learned. C. Temperament, once set, rarely changes. D. Second-born children are likely to have easier temperaments than firstborns.

A. Temperament appears to be largely determined by a person's biological makeup.

75. Which of the following motor skills is present at birth? A. The ability to lift the head while lying on the stomach B. The ability to hold the head erect while being held C. The ability to grasp with the thumb and index finger D. The ability to roll over purposefully

A. The ability to lift the head while lying on the stomach

67. Jane is 8 weeks pregnant and has just contracted rubella. If you were Jane's obstetrician, what information would you give her regarding the health of her unborn baby? A. The child will almost certainly be deaf. B. The child has a 1 in 3 chance of being born with Down syndrome. C. The child will likely be hyperactive. D. No serious effects will occur.

A. The child will almost certainly be deaf.

32. "Mourning a Miscarriage or Stillbirth" suggests which of the following? A. The way in which these situations are handled is culturally constructed. B. It is best not to talk about the incident. C. Typically, men and women grieve similarly following a miscarriage. D. None of the above is true.

A. The way in which these situations are handled is culturally constructed.

87. Which of the following statements about postmature babies is FALSE? A. They tend to have more fat owing to a longer period in the womb. B. They are at a higher risk for brain damage. C. The placenta provides a reduced blood supply during the later stages of gestation. D. They tend to be longer than babies who are delivered on time.

A. They tend to have more fat owing to a longer period in the womb.

77. Which of the following is NOT an intrusive technique for detecting birth defects? A. Ultrasound B. Amniocentesis C. Umbilical cord assessment D. Chorionic villus sampling

A. Ultrasound

63. Mara purchased a shape sorter for her 9-month-old daughter, Lucia. Mara notices that Lucia picks up the shapes but has difficulty dropping them into the correct slots. Mara hands a shape to Lucia and guides her hand to the correct slot, slowly turning the shape until it fits. After some practice with Mara, Lucia is able to retrieve a shape and twist it until it fits into the slot. Mara's assistance is consistent with which of the following concepts? A. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development B. Piagetian schemes C. The information-processing perspective D. Bandura's Social learning

A. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development

89. An ongoing longitudinal study in Kauai suggests that the effects of low birth weight, birth injuries, and other birth complications can be counteracted by A. a favorable home environment. B. drug therapy. C. adoption into an affluent home. D. surgical intervention.

A. a favorable home environment.

42. According to Piaget, a baby who habitually sucks his thumb is demonstrating A. a primary circular reaction. B. a secondary circular reaction. C. a tertiary circular reaction. D. the coordination of secondary schemes.

A. a primary circular reaction.

14. In operant conditioning, the learner A. acts on the environment. B. is passive. C. does not respond to a stimulus. D. responds favorably to punishment.

A. acts on the environment.

68. One-week-old Cody's eyes are open, and he is quietly looking around the room. Cody's is in a state called A. alert inactivity. B. active sleep. C. waking activity. D. drowsiness.

A. alert inactivity.

47. Most babies begin to breathe A. as soon as they are exposed to air. B. about 30 seconds after birth. C. about 4 minutes after birth. D. only after a sharp slap on the bottom.

A. as soon as they are exposed to air.

25. Behaviorists look for events that will determine whether or not a particular behavior will be repeated. This mental link is referred to as A. associative learning. B. unconscious learning. C. intelligence. D. personality.

A. associative learning.

9. In classical conditioning, the subject exhibits a(n) _____ response to what at one time was a _____ stimuli. A. automatic; neutral B. voluntary; neutral C. automatic; biological D. programmed; biological

A. automatic; neutral

100. Silvia spends hours saying "da-da-da-da." This is an example of A. babbling. B. telegraphic speech. C. a holophrase. D. a language acquisition device.

A. babbling.

88. Mutual regulation refers to A. babies' active participation in controlling their emotional states. B. babies becoming less dependent on caregivers' emotional states. C. babies becoming self-regulated rather than other-regulated. D. the absence of a "still-face" effect.

A. babies' active participation in controlling their emotional states.

6. Dietrich Tiedemann and Charles Darwin used the information obtained from __________ to support their early theories about child development. A. baby biographies B. teachers C. doctors D. mothers' diaries

A. baby biographies

46. Two-year-old Hanna believes that her needs in life will be fulfilled and that she can obtain what she desires. According to Erikson, Hanna has successfully resolved the challenge of A. basic trust versus basic mistrust. B. autonomy versus shame and doubt. C. industry versus inferiority. D. generativity versus guilt.

A. basic trust versus basic mistrust.

9. Daniel and Nellie are hoping to maximize Nellie's chances of becoming pregnant. When should they have intercourse? A. between the 6th and 21st days of the menstrual cycle B. 5 days after the onset of ovulation C. 14 days after the onset of menstruation D. 28 days after the onset of menstruation

A. between the 6th and 21st days of the menstrual cycle

97. Infants first communicate their emotions at A. birth, by crying. B. 6 months of age, by babbling. C. 12 months of age, by imitating sounds. D. 18 months of age, by using words.

A. birth, by crying.

12. At the end of the first month of gestation, A. blood is flowing through very small veins and arteries in the embryo. B. the facial parts of the embryo have fully developed. C. the mother can feel the baby's movements. D. the embryo looks like a small-scale baby.

A. blood is flowing through very small veins and arteries in the embryo.

85. Postmature babies are at risk for A. brain damage. B. hyaline membrane disease. C. respiratory distress syndrome. D. childhood obesity.

A. brain damage.

128. Constructive conflict between siblings A. can be an opportunity for growth. B. becomes less common after the younger sibling starts school. C. usually leads to an escalation of the original conflict. D. interferes with children's ability to learn how to fight, disagree, and compromise.

A. can be an opportunity for growth.

122. One of the earliest behavioral differences between boys and girls is a preference for A. certain toys and play activities. B. the same-sex parent. C. female preschool teachers. D. male role models.

A. certain toys and play activities.

1. Child development is the scientific study of the processes that human beings undergo from the moment of conception through adolescence. The main focus of study is how children A. change. B. develop physically. C. develop social relationships. D. learn language skills.

A. change.

117. Kochanska's studies of the origins of conscience in children ages 26 to 41 months indicated that A. children whose mothers characterized them as having internalized the household rules showed the most committed compliance. B. children whose compliance was only situational were just as likely as children with committed compliance to have internalized the rules of their household. C. internalization grows out of situational compliance. D. there was little continuity in committed compliance from the initial observation in toddlerhood to a follow-up observation in early childhood.

A. children whose mothers characterized them as having internalized the household rules showed the most committed compliance.

26. Every time Tanya leaves 2-year-old Timmy at day care, Timmy cries. Tanya always hands Timmy to the same teacher. She notices that Timmy now starts to cry when he sees this teacher from a distance. Timmy's behavior is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. negative reinforcement.

A. classical conditioning.

28. When John B. Watson trained "Little Albert" to be afraid of small furry animals, he used A. classical conditioning. B. negative reinforcement. C. shaping behavior. D. intermittent reinforcement.

A. classical conditioning.

48. The ______ perspective focuses on thought processes and the behavior that reflects those processes. A. cognitive B. behaviorist C. psychodynamic D. evolutionary

A. cognitive

70. Dr. Cortez's undergraduate psychology class is studying the subtle differences between mannerisms of students in the Deep South to those of students in the Northeast. They begin to realize that in order to understand these differences, they must consider the social settings in which the students live. This is an example of the __________ perspective. A. contextual B. cognitive C. information-processing D. psychodynamic

A. contextual

116. The major difference between a laboratory experiment and a field experiment is the degree of A. control. B. manipulation. C. random assignment. D. correlation.

A. control.

105. The first types of gestures to emerge in an infant's repertoire are _____ gestures. A. conventional social B. representational C. presemantic D. symbolic

A. conventional social

106. Ozzy is celebrating his first birthday. After he blows out the candles, he blows a kiss to his grandmother. Ozzy's attempt to communicate with his grandmother is called a A. conventional social gesture. B. representational gesture. C. symbolic gesture. D. telegraphic gesture.

A. conventional social gesture.

92. Patterns of parent-infant interaction may be based on A. culture. B. phenotype similarity. C. mother-infant bonding after delivery. D. genetics.

A. culture.

47. Brooklyn has curly hair but carries a gene for straight hair. Her phenotype is A. curly hair. B. straight hair. C. unknown. D. her total genetic makeup.

A. curly hair.

52. Krystal was ill as a baby, and before she was a year old, she was diagnosed with _____, a genetic defect that causes thick mucus to clog the breathing passages and the digestive system. A. cystic fibrosis B. Down syndrome C. neural tube defect D. Huntington's disease

A. cystic fibrosis

58. A father talked on the telephone in front of his baby. The next day, the baby picked up a toy telephone and repeated his father's actions. According to Piaget, this is an example of A. deferred imitation. B. social learning. C. invisible imitation. D. reciprocal interaction.

A. deferred imitation.

47. During Erikson's basic sense of trust versus mistrust stage, children A. determine whether or not the world can be relied on. B. strive for independence. C. object to their mothers leaving the room. D. are often filled with doubt.

A. determine whether or not the world can be relied on.

70. A baby who experiences 100 presentations of a high-pitched tone no longer reacts to the sound by stopping the sucking response. When a new low-pitched tone is presented, the baby stops sucking. This cessation of sucking caused by the new tone is called A. dishabituation. B. disinhibition. C. nonadaptation. D. a conditioned response.

A. dishabituation.

71. To observe the development of a child's fine motor skills, a psychologist would ask the child to A. draw with a crayon. B. read a children's book. C. throw a baseball. D. kick a football.

A. draw with a crayon.

30. The part of the brain that maintains balance and motor coordination grows fastest A. during the 1st year of life. B. between 3 and 5 years of age. C. during middle childhood. D. during the first few weeks after conception.

A. during the 1st year of life.

7. During childbirth, dilation of the cervix occurs A. during the first stage. B. during the second stage. C. during the third stage. D. shortly before the first contractions occur.

A. during the first stage.

15. The portion of the blastocyst from which the baby develops is called the A. embryonic disk. B. trophoblast. C. placenta. D. ectoderm.

A. embryonic disk.

50. Which one of the following is NOT a factor that determines socioeconomic status? A. ethnicity B. income C. education D. occupation

A. ethnicity

38. Research looking at influences on development indicates that A. every child has a unique developmental trajectory. B. developmental milestones are universal. C. heredity is more important than environment. D. there are few gender or ethnic differences in physical or cognitive maturation.

A. every child has a unique developmental trajectory.

108. In an experimental study, the subjects who receive the treatment are referred to as the _____ group. A. experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent

A. experimental

110. A group of children is given special training on how to handle their anger. A second group is treated the same as the first group except they do not receive the special training. Those given the training comprise the _____ group, and those who receive no training comprise the _____ group. A. experimental; control B. control; experimental C. dependent; independent D. independent; dependent

A. experimental; control

84. Leah has been amusing her parents with her ability to remember new words, people's names, and the names of her dolls. This type of intentional memory that allows children to recall and declare facts, names, and events is known as _____ memory. A. explicit B. implicit C. expressive D. purposeful

A. explicit

1. Children's most rapid physical growth takes place during the _____ year of life. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth

A. first

6. Yvonne has begun to experience uterine contractions that are causing her cervix to dilate. She is in the _____ stage of childbirth. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth

A. first

11. Laurence and Kristina, pregnant with their first child, have read about their baby's development and learned that their baby will grow more rapidly during the _____ than at any other time. A. first month after conception B. second trimester C. third trimester D. last week of pregnancy

A. first month after

39. Places in the neonate's skull where the bones are not completely fused are called the A. fontanels. B. vernix. C. apex. D. hyaline commissure.

A. fontanels.

40. When Billy's mother brings his new baby sister home from the hospital, the first thing that he asks her is if he can touch her. His mother says yes, but to be careful not to touch the soft spot on her head. Billy's mother is referring to the A. fontanels. B. vernix. C. apex. D. corpus callosum.

A. fontanels.

101. When authorities remove a maltreated child from his/her home, the usual alternative placement is A. foster care. B. with neighbors. C. with relatives. D. an orphanage.

A. foster care.

49. The differential expression of certain genetic traits is known as A. genome imprinting. B. genome splitting. C. chromosome imprinting. D. chromosome splitting.

A. genome imprinting.

9. The zygote begins rapid cell division and forms into a blastocyst during the __________ stage. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. zygotic

A. germinal

70. Physical skills that involve the large muscles are called _____ motor skills, and physical skills that involve the small muscles and eye-hand coordination are called _____ motor skills. A. gross; fine B. large; gross C. fine; large D. fine; gross

A. gross; fine

2. According to the proximodistal principle, A. growth occurs from the center of the body outward. B. growth occurs from top down. C. upper and lower body parts develop simultaneously. D. the order of development depends on environmental influences.

A. growth occurs from the center of the body outward.

67. Virginia has noticed that her baby no longer looks at the picture of the dinosaur on his bedroom wall. A baby's gradual loss of interest in a particular picture is evidence of A. habituation. B. classical conditioning. C. operant conditioning. D. cognitive regression.

A. habituation.

90. A longitudinal study of children in Kauai found that difficult births, illness at the time of birth, and low birth weight A. had much less effect than children's environment on their development. B. resulted in serious adverse effects—physical, cognitive, and emotional—on most of the children in the study, even into adulthood. C. had no long-lasting physical effects but were strongly correlated with poor grades and emotional problems during childhood. D. were not correlated with cognitive or emotional problems during childhood but almost always left permanent physical damage.

A. had much less effect than children's environment on their development.

98. Many studies suggest that schizophrenia A. has a strong genetic component. B. has a strong environmental component. C. is a result of environmental stress. D. is caused by a single gene.

A. has a strong genetic component.

66. Piaget's theory A. has continued to be accepted with modifications. B. has been found to be deeply flawed. C. has stimulated little recent research. D. was influential only in the 1950s and 1960s.

A. has continued to be accepted with modifications.

123. In terms of gender differences, parents A. have higher expectations of boys. B. view boys and girls as equal. C. want boys and girls to be more similar. D. have higher expectations of girls.

A. have higher expectations of boys.

39. Characteristics that are the result of inborn influences are generally attributed to A. heredity. B. the environment. C. both heredity and environment. D. a natural sequence.

A. heredity.

41. William is a gifted baseball player. His father was a star player in the major leagues. They did not spend much time together while William was growing up because of his father's professional commitments. William's talent for baseball would seem to demonstrate the influence of A. heredity. B. environment. C. maturation. D. cohort differences.

A. heredity.

37. Matu received identical genes for hair color from each of his parents. We would say that Matu is _____ for that trait. A. homozygous B. monozygous C. heterozygous D. dizygous

A. homozygous

48. According to Erikson, a child who develops a sense basic trust will have the characteristic of A. hope. B. caring. C. intimacy. D. love.

A. hope.

79. A newborn's air sacs keep collapsing, making it very difficult for her to breathe. A likely diagnosis for this infant's problem is A. hyaline membrane disease. B. respiratory dystrophy. C. postmaturity syndrome. D. pulmonary incompetence.

A. hyaline membrane disease.

3. Before designing her research study, Dr. Bennett predicts that infants who have poor diets will have academic problems later in life. Dr. Bennett's prediction is an example of a(n) A. hypothesis. B. theory. C. interpretation. D. conclusion.

A. hypothesis.

11. Parents who are up all night attending to the almost insatiable demands of their newborn babies are often frustrated by infants' apparent tendency to operate on the "pleasure principle." The pleasure principle is associated with the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. ego ideal.

A. id.

114. A youth sports league is involved in a study in which one group of coaches is given instruction covering developmental considerations of teaching children and another group receives no such training. The coaches are assigned to different groups of children for two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, each group of children is interviewed to assess their level of satisfaction with their sport experience. In this study, the type of training the coaches received is considered the ______ variable. A. independent B. dependent C. extraneous D. control

A. independent

3. A child's rate of growth is most rapid during _____. A. infancy B. early childhood C. late childhood D. adolescence

A. infancy

37. Attachment is particularly important during which developmental period? A. infancy and toddlerhood B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. adolescence

A. infancy and toddlerhood

81. Baillargeon's studies of babies' understanding of physical phenomena suggest that A. infants may have innate learning mechanisms that help them make sense of the world. B. infants in the sensorimotor period are unaware of causality. C. the ability to reason about physical phenomena develops independently of the development of motor abilities and experience. D. maternal responsiveness has little influence on early cognitive development.

A. infants may have innate learning mechanisms that help them make sense of the world.

6. The _____ approach to cognitive development focuses on perception, learning, memory, and problem solving. A. information-processing B. behaviorist C. neuroscience D. social-contextual

A. information-processing

17. The science of genetics focuses on the A. inherited factors that affect development. B. effects of environmental influences on phenotypic development. C. development of abnormal, rather than normal, behaviors and traits. D. processes involved in fertilization.

A. inherited factors that affect development.

20. One-year-old Tamara's height and weight, along with her newfound ability to walk, A. interact with her cognitive, personality, and social development. B. occur independently of her cognitive development. C. will become less important than personality and social development with age. D. are primarily controlled by her genetic makeup.

A. interact with her cognitive, personality, and social development.

55. When infants engage in imitation that involves parts of their body that they cannot see, it is referred to as _____ imitation. A. invisible B. visible C. motor D. sensorimotor

A. invisible

69. Maternal stress and/or anxiety during pregnancy A. is normal at low levels. B. elevates the risk of intellectual disability. C. increases fetal activity. D. elevates the risk of cleft palate and heart malformations.

A. is normal at low levels.

13. Smiling is an important social behavior in infants because it A. is one of the ways that babies can encourage adults to respond to them. B. paves the way for the development of an emotional vocabulary. C. relieves the infant's distress more effectively than crying does. D. signifies happiness as early as the first week of life.

A. is one of the ways that babies can encourage adults to respond to them.

35. The function of the corpus callosum is to A. join the two hemispheres of the brain. B. control breathing in newborns. C. maintain balance and motor coordination. D. maintain body temperature in infants.

A. join the two hemispheres of the brain.

94. Marcus is interested in the effects of television aggression on children's behavior. Marcus brings participants to a play room and shows them a short cartoon depicting the main characters hitting, yelling, and destroying toys. He then allows the children to play for 15 minutes, observing their behavior from behind a one-way mirror, noting instances of aggression. Marcus is using the _______ observation method. A. laboratory B. participant C. naturalistic D. case study

A. laboratory

128. In about 98% of the population, the _____ is dominant for language. A. left hemisphere B. right hemisphere C. medulla oblongata D. brain stem

A. left hemisphere

1. A scientific theory is a set of A. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict human behavior. B. facts derived from research. C. predictions about future outcomes. D. opinions presented by a well-known authority in a field.

A. logically related statements seeking to describe, explain, and predict human behavior.

123. Researchers realize that while it may provide invaluable information, a _____ study is time-consuming and expensive, and it has problems associated with attrition. A. longitudinal B. cross-sectional C. cross-sequential D. clinical

A. longitudinal

12. The most common cause of infertility in men is A. low sperm production. B. impotence. C. use of over-the-counter medications. D. premature ejaculation.

A. low sperm production.

51. Waste matter formed in the fetal intestinal tract and secreted after birth is called A. meconium. B. witch's milk. C. lanugo. D. vernix.

A. meconium.

74. Piaget and his wife kept journals noting how their children developed and interacted with one another in the home. According to the bioecological approach, Piaget was studying the children in their A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. exosystem. D. macrosystem.

A. microsystem.

41. Pedro is quiet and extremely shy, often requiring a great deal of time to warm up to new people. Pedro's temperament A. might be substantially modified by environmental factors. B. cannot be modified. C. is strongly affected by birth order. D. is not affected by cultural differences.

A. might be substantially modified by environmental factors.

52. A newborn who smiles at a smiling adult is engaging in ______ imitation. A. mirror B. invisible C. deferred D. circular

A. mirror

33. One difference between the sexes during pregnancy is that A. more males are conceived than females. B. males develop more rapidly than females. C. females are more likely to have birth defects than males. D. female fetuses are more likely to be spontaneously aborted than male fetuses.

A. more males are conceived than females.

43. Melvin grew up near the Three Mile Island nuclear plant when the meltdown occurred. An analysis of his genetic material indicates changes that are consistent with radiation exposure. The term that describes such genetic or chromosomal alteration is called A. mutation. B. transmission. C. transduction. D. selective alteration.

A. mutation.

92. Jeremy has become interested in the interactions that children have with their parents in public places. He suspects that, when they are at the mall, children may interact differently with their fathers than they do with their mothers. He decides to watch the food court of a local mall and observe interaction patterns. Jeremy is using a _______ observation method. A. naturalistic B. laboratory C. group D. participant

A. naturalistic

52. By examining an infant's reflex behaviors, we can assess A. neurological development. B. intelligence. C. handedness. D. personality development.

A. neurological development.

100. In infancy, lack of appropriate growth for no known medical cause, accompanied by poor developmental and emotional functioning is known as _____. A. nonorganic failure to thrive B. shaken baby syndrome C. fetal alcohol syndrome D. attention deficit hyperactive disorder

A. nonorganic failure to thrive

87. The idea that each child in a family grows up in a unique environment is referred to as _____ effects. A. nonshared environmental B. macrosystem C. shared environmental D. hereditary

A. nonshared environmental

63. Events that occur at about the same age for people around the world, such as starting school, are called A. normative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. nonnormative life events. D. cohort-determined influences.

A. normative age-graded influences.

65. Events such as puberty and entry into formal education, which are highly similar for people in a particular age group, are considered A. normative age-graded influences. B. normative history-graded influences. C. cohort experiences. D. nonnormative life events.

A. normative age-graded influences.

49. In western societies, the dominant traditional family structure is the __________ family, while in other societies such as Asian and Latin America, the __________ family is more traditional. A. nuclear; extended B. general; nuclear C. extended; general D. extended; nuclear

A. nuclear; extended

71. Pregnant women over age 40 and pregnant adolescents are at increased risk for having A. offspring with chromosomal abnormalities. B. inadequate prenatal care. C. babies weighing more than 8 pounds. D. fraternal twins.

A. offspring with chromosomal abnormalities.

36. If Ekaterina is homozygous for a particular trait, what will she pass on to her offspring? A. only one kind of gene for that trait B. either of two kinds of genes for that trait C. a sex-linked gene for that trait D. no gene for that trait

A. only one kind of gene for that trait

117. A child who calls a dog a "bow-wow" and also calls a cat a "bow-wow" is A. overextending. B. overregularizing. C. using a monophrase. D. using syntax.

A. overextending.

33. During the 1860s, Gregor Mendel conducted experiments that laid the foundation for understanding A. patterns of inheritance. B. intelligence. C. meiosis and mitosis. D. prenatal development.

A. patterns of inheritance.

14. Annette started crawling, then standing, and is now taking her first steps. This aspect of Annette's development falls within the _______ domain. A. physical B. motivational C. biological D. toddler

A. physical

57. Toy manufacturers know that during the early years of life, a child's brain can be "molded" by experience. This capacity, known as _____, encourages companies to develop new and more enriching types of toys. A. plasticity B. programmability C. functionality D. flexibility

A. plasticity

91. Intelligence is a trait that is A. polygenetic. B. determined by a relatively small number of recessive genes. C. the karyotype of both parents. D. the phenotype of both parents.

A. polygenetic.

84. Christa is now in her 43rd week of pregnancy. Her unborn baby is considered to be A. postmature. B. preterm. C. post fetal. D. post differentiated.

A. postmature.

22. A method of childbirth whereby mothers are trained to make breathing and muscular responses to sensations of uterine contractions is called A. prepared childbirth. B. silent childbirth. C. doula birth. D. cesarean response training.

A. prepared childbirth.

15. Luci can control her shoulder muscles well enough to move her arms in the general direction of a toy, but she has trouble using her hands to grasp it. When she is older, she will be able to control her hands and grasp the toy. This sequence illustrates the _____ principle of development. A. proximodistal B. cephalocaudal C. evolutionary D. information-processing

A. proximodistal

1. The _____ approach to cognitive development attempts to measure intelligence quantitatively. A. psychometric B. Piagetian C. information-processing D. behaviorist

A. psychometric

35. The Piagetian approach focuses on A. qualitative changes in cognition. B. quantitative differences in intelligence. C. establishing norms for intelligence tests. D. the relationship between brain development and sensorimotor function.

A. qualitative changes in cognition.

101. A plan for conducting a scientific investigation is called a A. research design. B. hypothetical outline. C. scientific projection. D. research outcome.

A. research design.

130. When performing psychological research with children, a researcher's primary consideration must be A. research ethics. B. using the correct research design. C. random sampling. D. operationally defining variables.

A. research ethics.

76. Barbara is delighted that her 4-month-old son Matt is developing normally. At this age, Matt should be able to A. roll over. B. sit unsupported. C. pick up small objects. D. stand while holding on.

A. roll over.

87. When conducting research, scientists typically study a _____ and generalize the results to a _____. A. sample; population B. nonnormative group; normative group C. population; sample D. cohort; sample

A. sample; population

59. Beth readily leaves her mother to explore her surroundings, occasionally looking toward or touching her mother. Beth appears to be A. securely attached. B. disorganized-disoriented. C. ambivalent. D. avoidant.

A. securely attached.

96. Dabbing children's noses with rouge to see how they react when placed in front of a mirror is a test of A. self-recognition. B. self-description. C. self-negativism. D. self-control.

A. self-recognition.

47. By receiving feedback on their behavior, children gradually form standards for judging their own actions. They begin to develop a A. sense of self-efficacy. B. superego. C. gender identity. D. sense of self-esteem.

A. sense of self-efficacy.

36. Kaitlyn spends her day discovering the world by putting almost everything she touches in her mouth. She is in Piaget's _______ stage. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational

A. sensorimotor

73. A 9-month-old infant who cries when her mother leaves is exhibiting A. separation anxiety. B. stranger anxiety. C. anxious attachment. D. overdependence.

A. separation anxiety.

127. Dr. Knowles wants to assess the effectiveness of Ritalin, a drug used to treat hyperactivity and inattention. At the beginning of the school year, he administers a test of cognitive skills to two groups of children who are on the medication: third-graders and fifth-graders. He retests both groups at the end of the first semester and at the end of the school year. Dr. Knowles is using a __________ design. A. sequential B. cross-sectional C. longitudinal D. time-sampling

A. sequential

32. The X and Y chromosomes are referred to as the A. sex chromosomes. B. autosomes. C. DNA. D. meiotic autosomes.

A. sex chromosomes.

8. The earliest smile, a reflex smile, appears A. shortly after birth. B. when a baby is about 2 weeks old. C. when a baby is about 4 weeks old. D. when a baby is about 6 weeks old.

A. shortly after birth.

88. The relatively late appearance of working memory in children seems to be largely responsible for the A. slow development of object permanence. B. atrophy of the prefrontal cortex between 6 and 12 months of age. C. development of long-term memory. D. inability of children to walk until they are approximately a year old.

A. slow development of object permanence.

33. Lucy is a quiet infant who is mild in her responses, both positive and negative. She shows a distinct dislike for new situations, but eventually adjusts and enjoys new things. Thomas and Chess would classify Lucy as a(n) _____ child. A. slow-to-warm-up B. difficult C. easy D. ambivalent

A. slow-to-warm-up

82. Joey and Jake were part of a longitudinal research study that beganwhen they were infants. They were labeled as securely attached. As preschoolers, Joey and Jake were likely A. sociable. B. inhibited. C. dependent on the teacher. D. less curious than other children.

A. sociable.

132. Characteristics of child-directed speech, or "parentese," include all of the following EXCEPT A. speaking in a low-pitched voice. B. speaking slowly. C. repeating words. D. speaking "baby talk."

A. speaking in a low-pitched voice.

81. Individuals with traits better adapted to their environments survive; those less adapted do not. This statement demonstrates the process of A. survival of the fittest. B. ethological development. C. psychoanalytic development. D. biological maturation.

A. survival of the fittest.

49. Paulo causes a piano to make sounds by hitting the keys with his fists. Later, he tries to make the piano play by hitting the keys with a stuffed animal. According to Piaget, this behavior is representative of A. tertiary circular reactions. B. the use of reflexes. C. primary circular reactions. D. secondary circular reactions.

A. tertiary circular reactions.

113. Self-regulation is A. the control of a child's own behavior to conform to social expectations. B. a manifestation of goodness of fit. C. usually fully developed by the age of 2. D. rarely acquired before the age of 4.

A. the control of a child's own behavior to conform to social expectations.

56. Dr. Lakivani is doing research on childhood attachment using Ainsworth's "Strange Situation," whereby a baby is observed in a room with A. the mother and a stranger in different combinations. B. only a stranger. C. only the mother. D. the father and the mother.

A. the mother and a stranger in different combinations.

69. A recent cross-cultural study of attachment in China, Colombia, Germany, Israel, Japan, Norway, and the United States found that A. the tendency to use the mother as a secure base is universal, although it may take somewhat varied forms. B. children in some countries used their mother as a secure base, but others avoided her. C. ratings across cultures were more similar than ratings within cultures. D. mothers' preferences for "ideal" attachment behavior varied greatly.

A. the tendency to use the mother as a secure base is universal, although it may take somewhat varied forms.

84. Research on intergenerational transmission of attachment patterns has shown that A. the way adults recall their early experiences with their own parents affects the way they treat their own children. B. mothers who grow up with a working model of themselves as unlovable are especially attuned and sensitive to their babies' needs. C. the attachment relationship that forms between a mother and her baby cannot be predicted until after birth. D. the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) is not valid for women whose early attachment relationships were negative.

A. the way adults recall their early experiences with their own parents affects the way they treat their own children.

79. In the case study involving "Genie," researchers found that A. there is a critical period for language development. B. no critical period exists for language acquisition. C. the critical period for language development begins in middle childhood. D. adolescence is an optimal time for acquiring a second language.

A. there is a critical period for language development.

68. Nonnormative life events are A. unusual events that influence a person's life. B. events that generally happen to everyone. C. typical for a given population. D. traumatic or unhappy events.

A. unusual events that influence a person's life.

13. The most common method of childbirth is a _____ delivery. A. vaginal B. medicated C. cesarean D. forceps

A. vaginal

5. In fertilization, the male and the female gametes combine to create a single cell called a(n) _____, which then duplicates itself again and again to become a baby. A. zygote B. ovum C. sperm D. follicle

A. zygote

111. Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech? A. "Cookie." B. "Want cookie." C. "I want a cookie." D. "I want a chocolate chip cookie."

B. "Want cookie."

20. Babies can switch to full-fat cow's milk after age _____. A. 2 years B. 1 year C. 8 months D. 6 months

B. 1 year

76. The capacity for joint attention develops by about _____ months. A. 6 B. 12 C. 18 D. 24

B. 12

79. Tina has just begun to walk regularly and steadily without assistance. If Tina is an "average" child, she is approximately _____ months old. A. 8 B. 12 C. 20 D. 24

B. 12

65. During the first two months of life, a baby's visual abilities include all of the following EXCEPT A. blinking at bright lights. B. 20/20 visual acuity. C. the ability to follow a moving target. D. color perception.

B. 20/20 visual acuity.

22. How many pairs of chromosomes does a typically developing human being have? A. 22 B. 23 C. 44 D. 4

B. 23

45. In a healthy pregnancy, how many extra calories should a woman consume each day? A. 50-200 B. 300-500 C. 700-900 D. over 1,000

B. 300-500

67. Binocular vision usually does not develop until _____ months of age. A. 2 or 3 B. 4 or 5 C. 7 or 8 D. 9 or 10

B. 4 or 5

69. When interpreting the Denver Developmental Screening Test, "average" refers to skills exhibited by _____ percent of all children at a given age. A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 90

B. 50

56. The highest score on the Apgar scale is 10; more than 90% of normal infants receive a score of at least A. 8. B. 7. C. 6. D. 5.

B. 7.

37. The average newborn weighs _____ pounds. A. 5 B. 7½ C. 8½ D. 9

B. 7½

25. The Mortons' pediatrician has asked them to have their son Donny assessed by a development psychologist using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Which of the following descriptions would likely fit Donny? A. A 4-month-old who seems to be very shy B. A 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words C. A 3-year-old who developed language at an early age D. A newborn who suffered anoxia during delivery

B. A 2-year-old who has not yet spoken any words

77. Which of the following statements about the influences of heredity and environment is correct? A. A person's height is determined by his or her genes. B. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition. C. The genetic upper limit or range of height can be increased by improved nutrition. D. Nutrition is more important than are genetic limits or range.

B. A person's potential range of height is genetically determined, but actual height may be influenced by nutrition.

92. Which of the following statements is true of racial/ethnic disparities in infant mortality? A. Infant mortality has increased for all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. B. African American infants are more likely to die in their first year than white babies. C. Asian Americans are most likely to die in infancy than any other ethnic group, D. Chinese American infants are more than three times as likely to die as Hawaiian infants.

B. African American infants are more likely to die in their first year than white babies.

19. The modern intelligence test originated with _____ and was used to identify children who could not handle academic work and needed special instruction. A. Nancy Bayley B. Alfred Binet C. Jean Piaget D. J. B. Watson

B. Alfred Binet

95. Which of the following statements about heredity and personality traits is correct? A. Most personality traits seem to be inherited and unalterably imprinted at birth. B. Although many personality traits seem to be inherited, they are not unalterably imprinted at birth. C. Personality traits, unlike many physical traits, do not seem to be inherited. D. Because of the limitations of research methodology, researchers have not been able to identify any personality traits that are genetically based.

B. Although many personality traits seem to be inherited, they are not unalterably imprinted at birth.

3. ______ suggested that the production of male babies was the natural order of things and that a female came about only if development was disturbed. A. Bronfenbrenner. B. Aristotle. C. Skinner. D. Mendel.

B. Aristotle.

11. __________ conducted longitudinal studies that traced the stages of motor development, which contributed to our understanding of developments that typically occur at various ages. A. G. Stanley Hall B. Arnold Gesell C. Jean Piaget D. Lewis M. Terman

B. Arnold Gesell

99. When Billy is asked, "What are you like?" he replies, "I am a good boy with brown hair." Two weeks earlier, Billy did not apply such labels to himself. Approximately how old would you guess Billy to be? A. At least 13 months B. At least 20 months C. At least 4 years D. At least 6 years

B. At least 20 months

67. Which of the following research tools measures attachment by asking raters to sort descriptive words or phrases into categories ranging from most to least characteristic of the child? A. Bayley Scales of Infant Development B. Attachment Q-set (AQS) C. Dyadic Quality Measure (DQM) D. Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA)

B. Attachment Q-set (AQS)

134. Which of the following is NOT one of the reading styles that adults use with children? A. Describer style B. Authoritarian style C. Comprehender style D. Performance-oriented style

B. Authoritarian style

55. Which of the following is NOT a pattern of attachment during infancy identified by Ainsworth? A. Ambivalence B. Autonomy C. Avoidance D. Security

B. Autonomy

88. Which of the following is NOT considered a protective factor against potentially negative influences of early life stressors? A. Individual attributes B. Being an only child C. Affectionate ties with one or more family members D. Rewards for accomplishments in school, work, or home

B. Being an only child

81. Which of the following is most beneficial for a low-birth-weight baby? A. Being placed in isolation to avoid human contact B. Being touched and massaged frequently C. Being in a simple sensory environment to avoid overstimulation D. Being in a cool environment to reduce fluid loss from sweating

B. Being touched and massaged frequently

41. Which of the following statements regarding the fetal period of development is FALSE? A. Boys tend to be more active than girls. B. Boys move less vigorously than girls. C. Heart rates vary in regularity and speed. D. Fetuses who are more active during this period also tend to be more active after they are born.

B. Boys move less vigorously than girls.

60. The _____ is a test that assesses five aspects of behavior in order to measure a newborn's response to the environment. A. Apgar scale B. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale C. Bayley scale D. PKU screen

B. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

62. Gannon and his twin brother Garrett have just been evaluated for their responses to stress, ability to calm down, reflexes, hand-mouth coordination, alertness, and response to cuddling. Which test have they been given? A. Apgar scale B. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale C. Denver Development Screening Test D. PKU screen

B. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

7. Professor Hughes believes that students can better understand the developmental nature of behavior by studying human origins, both as a species and as individuals. Professor Hughes's belief is consistent with _______ view of child development. A. John Locke's B. Charles Darwin's C. John Watson's D. Alfred Binet's

B. Charles Darwin's

78. Over time, the relative importance of peers and parents to the developing child changes. Which level of the bioecological theory accounts for this? A. Microsystem B. Chronosystem C. Macrosystem D. Exosystem

B. Chronosystem

49. Which theory portrays people as active in their own learning and emphasizes qualitative and quantitative changes? A. Behaviorist B. Cognitive C. Psychoanalytic D. Social learning

B. Cognitive

103. What type of research design should a researcher use if she wishes to determine if a statistical relationship exists between variables? A. Qualitative B. Correlational C. Experimental D. Case study

B. Correlational

35. Baby Benjamin sleeps and eats irregularly, adjusts slowly to new routines, and is suspicious of strangers. Which of the temperamental patterns described by Thomas and Chess does Benjamin fit? A. Easy B. Difficult C. Low reactive D. Mixed

B. Difficult

32. Though Elaine has no formal medical training, she has given birth to five children and has exceptionally good interpersonal skills. She would like to receive training that would enable her to help other women emotionally during the birthing process. Which of the following roles should she look into? A. Midwife B. Doula C. Sherpa D. Shaman

B. Doula

17. Dr. McGuire is studying the cells in the blastocyst that eventually become the brain and the spinal cord. Where are these cells located? A. Mesoderm B. Ectoderm C. Endoderm D. Neuroderm

B. Ectoderm

21. Which of the following is NOT one of the organs that develops to nurture and protect the unborn child? A. Amniotic sac B. Embryonic disk C. Umbilical cord D. Placenta

B. Embryonic disk

21. As an assignment for a developmental psychology class, Darius interviewed his grandparents to learn more about their life experiences. In the interview, Darius learned that his grandparents view development as lifelong. The idea that personality development occurs throughout the life span is consistent with ______ theory. A. Freud's psychosexual B. Erikson's psychosocial C. Bandura's social learning D. Bowlby's ethological

B. Erikson's psychosocial

80. Your psychology professor claims that attachment between an infant and a caregiver must form during a critical period to ensure normal development. Which developmental perspective does your professor support? A. Behaviorist B. Ethological C. Psychoanalytic D. Informative-processing

B. Ethological

38. Which prenatal stage of development lasts the longest? A. Germinal stage B. Fetal stage C. Embryonic stage D. Each stage lasts for the same amount of time—one trimester.

B. Fetal stage

9. Who was the first to identify adolescence as a separate stage of development? A. John Watson B. G. Stanley Hall C. Arnold Gesell D. Lewis Terman

B. G. Stanley Hall

121. _____ is the significance of being male or female. A. Sex B. Gender C. Genotype D. Type

B. Gender

60. Jenna's pediatrician recommends that her newborn son receive lots of sensory stimulation. The doctor tells her to stimulate the sense that is the most developed. Which of the following techniques should Jenna use? A. Play classical music softly. B. Give her newborn a massage. C. Turn the lights on and off. D. Show the infant complex pictures.

B. Give her newborn a massage.

91. Which of the following descriptions regarding the concept of guided participation is false? A. Guided participation brings the child's understanding closer to that of the adult. B. Guided participation requires reinforcement to work C. Guided participation decreases the range of the child's zone of proximal development on that particular task. D. Guided participation varies from culture to culture.

B. Guided participation requires reinforcement to work

23. Dr. Leon, a college professor, is explaining to students why it is difficult to assess the intelligence of infants. Which key reason should he include in his lecture? A. All infants seem to show the same level of ability. B. If infants fail to give the "expected" response, the reasons for the "failed" response may be unclear. C. Intelligence does not develop until after infancy. D. There are no tests that will reveal an infant's intelligence.

B. If infants fail to give the "expected" response, the reasons for the "failed" response may be unclear.

73. Although Roberto's adoptive parents are short in stature, he is growing to be tall like his biological mother. What might we conclude about Roberto's height? A. It is influenced primarily by environmental factors. B. It is influenced primarily by hereditary factors. C. Nutrition did not contribute to his height. D. It is primarily a result of independent segregation.

B. It is influenced primarily by hereditary factors.

66. Which of the following has NOT been a criticism of the "Strange Situation" technique? A. It asks mothers to refrain from initiating interaction with their babies. B. It provides a measure of mother-infant interaction in nonstressful situations, but it sheds little light on how well mothers and infants function under stress. C. It may be especially inappropriate for children of employed mothers who are used to routine separations from their mothers and the presence of other caregivers. D. It may not be valid in all cultures.

B. It provides a measure of mother-infant interaction in nonstressful situations, but it sheds little light on how well mothers and infants function under stress.

82. _____ extended ethological principles to the study of human development, focusing attention on the mother-infant bond. A. Mary Ainsworth B. John Bowlby C. Konrad Lorenz D. Niko Tinbergen

B. John Bowlby

117. The research team at University Hospital wants to ensure that their research results can be verified by others through replication. What research technique should they use? A. Natural experiment B. Laboratory experiment C. Case study D. Cross-sectional design

B. Laboratory experiment

33. Which of the following is a primary function of the left hemisphere of the brain? A. Visual and spatial functions B. Language and logical thinking C. Motor skills and locomotion D. Vision and hearing

B. Language and logical thinking

121. Over a 10-year period, Professor Dohner followed the same group of schoolchildren, measuring their performance on an intelligence test twice a year. Which method of data collection did Professor Dohner use? A. Cross-sectional B. Longitudinal C. Cross-sequential D. Clinical

B. Longitudinal

25. Three-year-old Lydia is extremely athletic. Although her interpersonal skills were not strong when she entered preschool, her athletic prowess meant that she was always included in play activities. Due to her high level of participation in these activities, she gradually learned to interact with her peers at a higher level. Which of the following statements explains Lydia's progress? A. Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her psychosocial development. B. Lydia's psychosocial development was enabled by her physical development. C. Lydia's physical development was enabled by her cognitive development. D. Lydia's cognitive development was enabled by her physical development.

B. Lydia's psychosocial development was enabled by her physical development.

34. Which of the following is true of spontaneous abortions and stillbirth? A. Males are less likely than females to be affected. B. Males are more likely than females to be affected. C. No difference exists between the rates of spontaneous abortion or stillbirth in males and females. D. The Y chromosome appears to carry protection against spontaneous abortion and stillbirth.

B. Males are more likely than females to be affected.

124. _____ suggests that human beings have an inborn capacity or mechanism for acquiring language. A. Learning theory B. Nativism C. Behaviorist theory D. Social-learning theory

B. Nativism

43. Which of the following behaviors has led researchers to conclude that fetuses develop preferences for the kinds of sounds they hear while in the womb? A. Newborns prefer male voices to females voices. B. Newborns prefer female voices to male voices. C. Newborns usually turn their head toward the sound of their mother's voice. D. Fetuses blink in response to sound.

B. Newborns prefer female voices to male voices.

105. A researcher determines that children whose parents read to them for more than one hour each day have better grades than do children whose parents read to them for only a few minutes per day. What can you conclude from this pattern of data? A. Parental reading causes children to do better in school. B. Parental reading time and grades are positively correlated. C. Parental reading time and grades are unrelated. D. Good students cause their parents to spend more time reading to them.

B. Parental reading time and grades are positively correlated.

2. Researchers use the _____ approach to cognitive development when they focus on the quality of cognitive functioning at different stages of life. A. psychometric B. Piagetian C. information-processing D. behaviorist

B. Piagetian

34. Dr. Kelly examines how children think and how their cognition changes in stages as they move from preschool to adolescence. She is using the _____ approach. A. behaviorist B. Piagetian C. psychometric D. information-processing

B. Piagetian

4. Fred is involved in a heated argument with Gene. Gene believes that the stages of a child's cognitive development are worthy of study. Fred sarcastically comments that this field of study is nothing more than speculation about the mind and that all that really matters is what you observe individuals doing. Gene is taking a _____ approach, while Fred is a proponent of the _____ approach. A. behaviorist; psychometric B. Piagetian; behaviorist C. psychometric; Piagetian D. Piagetian; information-processing

B. Piagetian; behaviorist

74. Which of the following most clearly demonstrates the influence of environment? A. Georgio, who was adopted at birth, and died at the same age as his biological father did B. Sally, who was adopted at the age of 2, and walks like her adoptive mother C. Bill and Jim, identical twins who were separated at birth, and are both overweight D. Ann and Jennie, fraternal twins who were reared apart, only Ann has high blood pressure

B. Sally, who was adopted at the age of 2, and walks like her adoptive mother

8. Mary is in the delivery room giving birth to her first child. Her cervix has fully dilated, and the baby's head is just visible in the vaginal canal. Mary is in which stage of childbirth? A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth

B. Second

9. Harriet's labor has gone on for quite a while, so her physician decides to grasp the baby's head with forceps to help with the birth. Harriet is in which stage of childbirth? A. First B. Second C. Third D. Fourth

B. Second

81. Marina is a 3-year-old who is securely attached to her parents. Which of the following characteristics would she likely exhibit? A. Shyness B. Self-confidence C. Fearfulness toward strangers D. Exceptional intelligence

B. Self-confidence

17. Which of the following emotions is NOT yet present in an 8-month-old infant? A. Anger B. Shame C. Sadness D. Disgust

B. Shame

119. Philippe is a model child as long as an adult oversees his activities. When no adult is present, he tends to do inappropriate things. Which of the following terms would best explain this behavior? A. Committed compliance B. Situational compliance C. Self-regulation D. Self-efficacy

B. Situational compliance

36. Mrs. Pilky's newborn son Danny is quiet, adjusts only gradually to new situations, and has moderately predictable biological cycles. Which kind of temperament does he have? A. Easy B. Slow-to-warm-up C. Timid D. Difficult

B. Slow-to-warm-up

29. Which of the following statements about social construction is correct? A. Social construction is a theory that explains the sequence of children's play patterns. B. Social construction is an idea about the nature of reality that is accepted by members of a particular society at a particular time. C. As children reach adolescence, they socially construct their free time. D. Social construction must be conditioned into children in order to avoid antisocial or deconstructive behaviors.

B. Social construction is an idea about the nature of reality that is accepted by members of a particular society at a particular time.

110. _____ is the process by which children develop the habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible, productive members of a society. A. Self-actualization B. Socialization C. Selective regulation D. Auto-didacticism

B. Socialization

63. Which of the following may be associated with caffeine consumption during pregnancy? A. Leukemia B. Sudden infant death syndrome C. Hyperactivity D. Obesity

B. Sudden infant death syndrome

75. Susan and Betty are monozygotic twins, whereas Ming and Li are dizygotic twins. If a particular trait is determined primarily by hereditary factors, what would be the relative degree of concordance in these two twin pairs? A. Ming and Li are more concordant than are Susan and Betty. B. Susan and Betty are more concordant than are Ming and Li. C. Given similar environments, the two sets of twins are equally concordant. D. It is not possible to determine concordance from studying twins.

B. Susan and Betty are more concordant than are Ming and Li.

42. Which of the following statements about the components of a neuron is true? A. Axons receive incoming messages from dendrites. B. Synapses are the nervous system's communication links. C. Glial cells are narrow, branching, fiber-like extensions. D. Dendrites send signals to other neurons.

B. Synapses are the nervous system's communication links.

87. Which of the following statements regarding studies of mutual regulation and emotional communication is FALSE? A. Infants as young as 3 months of age take an active part in regulating their emotional state. B. The ability to decipher other people's emotions and adjust one's own behavior accordingly develops after the first year of life. C. The still-face paradigm is used to measure mutual regulation. D. Infants feel emotional distress when their mothers do not use facial expressions to respond to them.

B. The ability to decipher other people's emotions and adjust one's own behavior accordingly develops after the first year of life.

60. John has hemophilia, a sex-linked, blood-clotting disorder transmitted by a recessive gene. Neither his mother nor his father has symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude about the genetic makeup of John's parents? A. Both of his parents have the faulty gene. B. The mother is a carrier of hemophilia, but the father does not have the gene. C. The mother is homozygous for the faulty gene, whereas the father is heterozygous. D. The father has the faulty gene, whereas the mother does not.

B. The mother is a carrier of hemophilia, but the father does not have the gene.

129. Which of the following statements about babies' interest in other children is correct? A. Their interest increases steadily throughout the first two years of life. B. Their interest increases until about 1 year of age, then falls off (evidently because of preoccupation with motor skills), and then increases again at about 18 months. C. Their interest is low until about 1 year of age, then increases dramatically (evidently because of growing communication skills), and then decreases again until the "terrible twos." D. Their interest is initially high but then decreases steadily throughout the first two years of life and tends not to reappear again until about age 3.

B. Their interest increases until about 1 year of age, then falls off (evidently because of preoccupation with motor skills), and then increases again at about 18 months.

63. Which of the following statements regarding Down syndrome is FALSE? A. The vast majority of genetic abnormalities are associated with the mother's ovum. B. There is no connection to paternal genetic abnormalities. C. Down syndrome is also called trisomy-21. D. The risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with parental age.

B. There is no connection to paternal genetic abnormalities.

90. Which of the following statements regarding obesity is FALSE? A. Twin studies indicate that 40-70% of the risk of obesity is genetic. B. Twin studies indicate that up to 80% of the risk of obesity is environmental. C. Obesity is on the rise in western countries. D. A predisposition toward obesity does not necessarily mean that a person will become obese.

B. Twin studies indicate that up to 80% of the risk of obesity is environmental.

78. If a mother wants to have a clear image of the fetus in her womb, which procedure would you recommend? A. Amniocentesis B. Ultrasound C. Fetal biopsy D. Chorionic villus sampling

B. Ultrasound

89. _____ considered guided participation important and thought of learning as a collaborative process. A. Piaget B. Vygotsky C. Bronfenbrenner D. Chomsky

B. Vygotsky

103. According to Erikson, which characteristic develops during the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt? A. Hope B. Will C. Caring D. Love

B. Will

109. Derek says, "Wa," meaning "I want some water." This is an example of A. a monophrase. B. a holophrase. C. a synonym. D. "motherese."

B. a holophrase.

30. The New York Longitudinal Study of Temperament found that A. all children fit into a clear temperamental category. B. about one in every three children has a mixed temperament pattern. C. children are evenly distributed among the basic temperamental categories. D. the largest temperamental group was slow-to-warm-up.

B. about one in every three children has a mixed temperament pattern.

56. According to Piaget, the process of changing existing schemes to adjust to new information is called A. organization. B. accommodation. C. assimilation. D. disequilibrium.

B. accommodation.

58. Frederika is learning to play a musical instrument. She struggles at first because the experience is unlike anything she has been associated with previously. Slowly she begins to make progress. This best demonstrates Piaget's concept of A. assimilation. B. accommodation. C. vicarious reinforcement. D. object permanence.

B. accommodation.

36. Carlos is undergoing rapid physical growth, has the ability to use abstract thought, and is trying to establish an identity. Carlos is a(n) A. school-age child. B. adolescent. C. young adult. D. college student.

B. adolescent.

35. Genes that produce alternative expressions of a trait are called A. gametes. B. alleles. C. autosomes. D. karyotypes.

B. alleles.

22. The fluid-filled sac surrounding the developing human organism is called the A. placenta. B. amniotic sac. C. trophoblast. D. blastocyst.

B. amniotic sac.

16. Soon after birth, an infant can show all the following emotions EXCEPT A. contentment. B. anger. C. interest. D. distress.

B. anger.

48. The Costellos' baby daughter did not begin to breathe within 5 minutes after birth, and doctors are concerned that she may have suffered brain damage due to A. hypothermia. B. anoxia. C. hyperphagia. D. oxidation.

B. anoxia.

130. Differences in sociability among very young children A. appear to be entirely due to hereditary factors. B. are associated with the amount of time babies spend with other babies. C. tend to reflect the sociability of the fathers. D. is unrelated to the amount of early contact with nonfamily members.

B. are associated with the amount of time babies spend with other babies.

19. Cesarean deliveries A. are most common among low-income women. B. are sometimes performed unnecessarily. C. lead to a substantial increase in risk of newborn death. D. generally result in shorter hospital stays.

B. are sometimes performed unnecessarily.

56. According to research by Melzoff and Moore, children become capable of deferred imitation A. at an older age than Piaget suggested. B. at a much younger age than Piaget suggested. C. at the age Piaget suggested. D. minutes after birth.

B. at a much younger age than Piaget suggested.

57. Peter, age 1, rarely cries when his mother leaves him with a babysitter. When his mother returns, he seems angry and refuses to let her hold him. Peter's pattern of attachment would best be classified as A. ambivalent. B. avoidant. C. disorganized-disoriented. D. secure.

B. avoidant.

86. According to the concept of mutual regulation, A. parental actions determine an infant's emotional state until about 9 months of age. B. babies as young as 3 months regulate their own emotional state to some degree. C. low-birth-weight babies require extra stimulation for proper emotional development. D. emotional states of the mother do not affect the infant.

B. babies as young as 3 months regulate their own emotional state to some degree.

65. According to attachment theory, A. early caregiving has a negligible influence on the development of attachment. B. babies build a "working model" based on their interactions with caregivers. C. attachment patterns cannot be changed after the age of 12 months. D. a baby's attachment is distinct from Erikson's concept of trust.

B. babies build a "working model" based on their interactions with caregivers.

42. First, Jacob is praised when he points to his wet diaper. Then, Jacob is praised only if he speaks up before he is wet. Finally, Jacob is praised only when he uses his potty chair. This is an example of A. extinction. B. behavior modification. C. negative reinforcement. D. aversive conditioning.

B. behavior modification.

3. Lucas is interested in the basic mechanics of learning, especially how behavior changes in response to experience. Lucas's interest is consistent with the _____ approach. A. Piagetian B. behaviorist C. psychometric D. dialectical

B. behaviorist

1. Bronfenbrenner's _____ approach examines the layers of social systems and how these layers interact. A. interactionist B. bioecological C. behaviorist D. cognitive

B. bioecological

72. Bronfenbrenner's __________ approach examines how environmental factors interact and contribute to child development. A. interactionist B. bioecological C. behaviorist D. cognitive

B. bioecological

10. The fluid-filled sphere that floats freely in the uterus for a day or two and then implants itself into the wall of the uterus is called the A. embryo. B. blastocyst. C. chorion. D. fetus.

B. blastocyst.

35. The appearance of _____ results in the transition from the embryonic to the fetal stage of prenatal development. A. toenails B. bone C. eyelids D. fingernails

B. bone

18. Krystal's obstetrician has told her that the baby she is about to deliver has his buttocks down in the uterus. Krystal's baby is in the _____ position. A. normal B. breech C. transverse D. effacement

B. breech

102. When scientists study the life of an unusual or newsworthy individual to develop theories about aberrant behavior, they are conducting a(n) A. naturalistic observation. B. case study. C. interview. D. experiment.

B. case study.

6. The ______ principle explains why an embryo's head, brain, and eyes develop earliest and are disproportionately large until the other parts catch up. A. proximodistal B. cephalocaudal C. prenatal D. gestational

B. cephalocaudal

126. Young children's relationships with their siblings are usually A. characterized by rivalry. B. characterized by affection and attachment. C. stressful for later-borns. D. important from birth.

B. characterized by affection and attachment.

39. In Piaget's theory, a _____ is a simple behavior that is repeated often. A. scheme B. circular reaction C. reflex D. conditioned response

B. circular reaction

40. Emma loves to place her cheek on the window because it feels cool to the touch. She learns to repeat this action to get a pleasurable sensation. According to Piaget, she has acquired a(n) A. adaptation. B. circular reaction. C. unconditioned response. D. symbolic representation.

B. circular reaction.

11. Two-year-old Rhonda received an injection from a doctor who had a beard and wore glasses. Now she fears any man who has a beard and wears glasses. Rhonda's fear is a result of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. maturation. D. habituation.

B. classical conditioning.

27. Daniel was embarrassed by his coach for not making a basket during an important game. Since then, whenever he gets the ball and heads down the court, he gets an overwhelming feeling of anxiety that prevents him from thinking clearly when he tries to shoot the ball. This is an example of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. social learning. D. intermittent reinforcement.

B. classical conditioning.

15. At age 1, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at 2 years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. Language development falls within the ______ domain. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. neurological

B. cognitive

23. Darrin attends a preschool program that focuses on enhancing children's language and reasoning skills, as well as fostering creativity. Darrin's preschool emphasizes ________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. physiological

B. cognitive

67. The information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development compares the brain to a A. calculator. B. computer. C. modem. D. telephone.

B. computer.

64. According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, attachment forms primarily as a result of A. the total time spent with the mother. B. consistency of responsiveness by the mother. C. the mother speaking frequently to the child. D. the mother's socioeconomic level.

B. consistency of responsiveness by the mother.

37. The sensorimotor stage A. covers the period from birth to 6 months of age. B. consists of the period from birth to about the age of 2 years. C. occurs throughout the first four years of life. D. lasts from birth until six years of age.

B. consists of the period from birth to about the age of 2 years.

69. According to the __________ perspective, development can be understood only when individual behavior is observed as it interacts with the environment. A. psychodynamic B. contextual C. cognitive D. behavioral

B. contextual

109. In an experimental study, the subjects who do NOT receive the treatment are referred to as the _____ group. A. experimental B. control C. dependent D. independent

B. control

98. Three-month-old Francella likely communicates happiness through A. holophrases. B. cooing. C. babbling. D. imitation.

B. cooing.

19. Each of Erikson's stages of development involves a psychosocial challenge, or _______, hat is important at a particular time. A. trauma B. crises C. historical event D. phase

B. crises

7. Connor, a 3-week-old infant, is crying. His cry began suddenly, is very loud, and was not preceded by moaning. According to Wolff, Conner is exhibiting a(n) A. angry cry. B. cry of pain. C. hunger cry. D. cry of anxiety.

B. cry of pain.

77. Infants who show wariness of unfamiliar people from about age 6 months to 1 year are A. anxiously attached. B. demonstrating stranger anxiety. C. demonstrating basic mistrust. D. using social referencing.

B. demonstrating stranger anxiety.

75. The most serious risk for low-birth-weight babies is that they may A. be stillborn. B. die in infancy. C. be very sick during the first year of life. D. have severe physical deformities.

B. die in infancy.

32. Baby Elise is irritable, does not follow regular patterns of eating and sleeping, and has intense reactions to what goes on in her environment. Elise's temperament can be characterized as A. easy. B. difficult. C. slow-to-warm-up. D. mixed.

B. difficult.

63. Marcella smiles and greets her mother when she returns from a shopping trip but then looks away fearfully. She also seems afraid much of the time. Marcella's attachment pattern suggests that she is A. securely attached. B. disorganized-disoriented. C. ambivalent. D. avoidant.

B. disorganized-disoriented.

40. Ulrich is heterozygous for a trait; therefore, he displays the _____ trait in his phenotype. A. recessive B. dominant C. dominant-recessive D. genotypic

B. dominant

56. Arnold underwent genetic testing to determine whether he has the gene for Huntington's disease. The test confirmed that he does have it. This is an example of transmission by _____ inheritance. A. recessive B. dominant C. sex-linked D. multifactorial

B. dominant

30. An experienced helper who provides emotional support to a woman during labor is referred to as a(n) A. maternity nurse. B. doula. C. labor facilitator. D. adjunct.

B. doula.

33. During which developmental period do children develop speech and locomotion, and become somewhat more assertive and self-reliant, yet need considerable help in restraining their impulsive behavior? A. infancy and toddlerhood B. early childhood C. middle childhood D. the preschool years

B. early childhood

12. According to Freud, during the first year of life, the part of the personality that represents reason and operates on the "reality principle" becomes more evident in the baby's behavior. This is due to the development of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. conscience.

B. ego.

25. The second stage of pregnancy occurs between 2 to 8 weeks after conception. During this stage, we refer to the organism as a(n) A. blastocyst. B. embryo. C. fetus. D. zygote.

B. embryo.

26. Luanne's doctor told her that her baby's major body systems and organs were rapidly developing. Luanne's baby is in the __________ stage of development. A. fetal B. embryonic C. germinal D. terminal

B. embryonic

27. An unborn baby is often most vulnerable to prenatal environmental influences before a woman even realizes that she is pregnant. This vulnerability occurs during the __________ stage. A. fetal B. embryonic C. germinal D. terminal

B. embryonic

18. The portion of the embryonic disk that eventually becomes the digestive system and the respiratory system is the A. ectoderm. B. endoderm. C. mesoderm. D. trophoblast.

B. endoderm.

59. According to Piaget, children change their ways of thinking to adapt to new experiences because of the need for A. satisfaction of id impulses B. equilibrium. C. a stable sense of identity D. parental approval.

B. equilibrium.

57. A group consisting of people united by ancestry, race, religion, language, or national origin is known as a(n) A. subculture. B. ethnic group. C. unique culture. D. nuclear family.

B. ethnic group.

106. A controlled procedure in which a researcher manipulates variables to learn how one affects another is called a(n) A. theory. B. experiment. C. naturalistic study. D. correlation.

B. experiment.

6. Ovulation refers to the A. fertilization of an ovum by a sperm. B. expulsion of an ovum from the ovary. C. passage of an ovum through the vagina and out of the woman's body. D. absorption of an ovum by the woman's white blood cells.

B. expulsion of an ovum from the ovary.

39. To get Michelle to clean her room more often, her parents gave her a piece of candy each time she picked up her toys. This resulted in more frequent room cleaning. However, when her parents stopped giving her candy, Michelle's room-cleaning behavior gradually became less frequent. The weakening of the room-cleaning behavior is called A. intermittent reinforcement. B. extinction. C. punishment. D. negative reinforcement.

B. extinction.

60. Children of mothers who smoked during their pregnancies are at a higher-than-normal risk for all of the following EXCEPT A. hyperactivity. B. face and limb malformations. C. social maladjustment. D. sudden infant death syndrome.

B. face and limb malformations.

14. Sometimes laughter helps babies discharge tension, such as A. sadness. B. fear. C. anger. D. disgust.

B. fear.

96. Jana knows that the conversations she and her cooing baby are having communicate A. ideas. B. feelings. C. symbols. D. words.

B. feelings.

55. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy is associated with A. neural tube defects. B. fetal alcohol syndrome. C. Down syndrome. D. all of the above.

B. fetal alcohol

9. Kendrick has been awake in his crib for a long time. He produces two or three drawn-out cries with no prolonged breath-holding. He is probably A. hungry. B. frustrated. C. angry. D. in pain.

B. frustrated.

20. The _____ is the basic unit that determines inherited characteristics. A. zygote B. gene C. follicle D. gamete

B. gene

67. It eventually may be possible to treat inherited diseases by repairing or replacing abnormal genes through A. genetic counseling. B. gene therapy. C. genome replication. D. phoneme therapy.

B. gene therapy.

68. Brynn carries the gene for heart disease. She now believes that no matter what steps she takes to protect her health, she will have a heart attack in the future. Brynn's misconception is known as A. genetic variability. B. genetic determinism. C. biological destiny. D. a false positive.

B. genetic determinism.

84. The environment often reflects or reinforces genetic differences. In other words, certain genetic and environmental influences tend to reinforce each other. This tendency is called A. environment-genotype covariance. B. genotype-environment correlation. C. niche-picking. D. shared environmental effects.

B. genotype-environment correlation.

83. The effects of similar environmental conditions on genetically different individuals is called A. reaction range. B. genotype-environment interaction. C. canalization D. niche-picking.

B. genotype-environment interaction.

55. The Apgar scale does NOT measure A. pulse. B. gross motor ability. C. respiration. D. activity.

B. gross motor ability.

72. Marcella, pregnant with her first child, works in a manufacturing plant that produces semiconductor chips. As a consequence of Marcella's exposure to heavy metals, A. her baby is more likely to have an Rh-factor incompatibility. B. her baby may have below average intelligence. C. she is more likely to have twins. D. she is at-risk for developing hypertension during pregnancy.

B. her baby may have below average intelligence.

70. A statistical estimate of how much heredity influences individual differences in a specific trait at a certain time within a given population is referred to as A. inheritance. B. heritability. C. heredity. D. genetics.

B. heritability.

69. All of the individuals who were elementary school students in New York City during the 9/11 Terrorist attacks shared a common experience. This group is referred to as a(n) A. cohort. B. historical generation. C. culture. D. encounter group.

B. historical generation.

10. According to Freud, the element of personality that operates under the pleasure principal is referred to as the A. libido. B. id. C. superego. D. ego.

B. id.

53. Neonatal jaundice is caused by A. incomplete development of the circulatory system. B. immaturity of the liver. C. incomplete development of the respiratory system. D. an inability to regulate body temperature.

B. immaturity of the liver.

14. Dan and Fiona have decided to utilize technology to overcome their infertility problems. They opt for a procedure in which a mature ovum is surgically removed, fertilized in a laboratory dish, and then implanted in the woman's uterus. This technique is called A. artificial insemination. B. in vitro fertilization. C. gamete intrafallopian transfer. D. zygote intrafallopian transfer.

B. in vitro fertilization.

53. Researchers Meltzoff and Moore reported that babies less than 72 hours old appeared to imitate adults by opening their mouths and sticking out their tongues. This is consistent with other research that claims that A. Piaget's developmental timetable sequence is accurate. B. infants may develop earlier than Piaget proposed. C. infants may develop later than Piaget stated. D. early learning is the result of conditioning.

B. infants may develop earlier than Piaget proposed.

50. Neo-Piagetian theories combine both Piagetian theory and elements of _____ theory. A. social cognitive B. information-processing C. behavioral D. mechanistic

B. information-processing

68. Those who ascribe to the __________ approach attempt to explain cognitive development by observing and analyzing mental processes involved in perceiving information. A. social cognitive B. information-processing C. social learning D. behaviorst

B. information-processing

22. Dr. Wilson is using a standardized test to determine the reasoning and comprehension abilities of 4-year-olds compared to other test takers. Dr. Wilson is measuring the children's A. qualitative intelligence. B. intelligence quotient. C. literacy stage. D. scheme level.

B. intelligence quotient.

93. Data on the heritability of intelligence indicates that when two people are very closely related, their A. similarity in intelligence is low. B. intelligence test scores are much more similar than are those of unrelated people. C. intelligence test scores are similar only if they have been reared together. D. intelligence test scores are no more similar than would be expected for any two randomly selected individuals.

B. intelligence test scores are much more similar than are those of unrelated people.

82. A strongly canalized trait is one that A. is easily influenced by environmental conditions. B. is affected little by environmental conditions. C. appears only in certain situations. D. has a large reaction range.

B. is affected little by environmental conditions.

80. Low-birth-weight newborns are usually placed in a warmed crib called a(n) A. warming machine. B. isolette. C. heat bed. D. oxygen tent.

B. isolette.

50. Priscilla, a former ballet dancer and stringent dieter, was warned that maternal malnourishment during pregnancy is related to all of the following EXCEPT A. miscarriage. B. length of gestation. C. stillbirth. D. low birth weight.

B. length of gestation.

86. Postmature babies tend to be A. very plump, because they have had a longer time to receive nourishment in the womb. B. long and thin, because their food supply has been insufficient at the end of gestation. C. at a much lower risk of brain damage than babies delivered on time, because the brain has had a longer time to mature. D. kept in isolettes after delivery.

B. long and thin, because their food supply has been insufficient at the end of gestation.

82. Baillargeon and DeVos showed babies possible and impossible events involving moving carrots, a track, and a screen. They found that babies A. looked longer at the possible events. B. looked longer at the impossible events. C. looked equally long at possible and impossible events. D. became distressed when viewing the impossible event.

B. looked longer at the impossible events.

123. Noam Chomsky defined a language-acquisition device as a(n): A. perceptual mechanism that allows reinforcement to strengthen commonly used words. B. mechanism that enables the brain to infer linguistic rules from the language it hears. C. inborn mechanism that helps children to understand the meanings of words. D. teaching method that helps children to become literate.

B. mechanism that enables the brain to infer linguistic rules from the language it hears.

50. The Petris, new parents of a healthy son John, were at first concerned about the newborn's stringy, greenish-black waste called A. physiologic jaundice. B. meconium. C. lanugo. D. vernix caseosa.

B. meconium.

17. Infants can remember information best when A. they are in a relaxed state, such as just before falling asleep. B. memory retrieval occurs in the same context as memory storage. C. the mother is present during the storage of the memory. D. food is used to reinforce learning.

B. memory retrieval occurs in the same context as memory storage.

75. Dr. Adams, who ascribes to the bioecological approach to human development, is studying the relationship between the quality of parent-child interactions in the home and the success of children in school. Dr. Adams is studying development at the _____ level of environmental influence. A. microsystem B. mesosystem C. exosystem D. macrosystem

B. mesosystem

21. Patrick and Lacey attend prepared childbirth classes where they are taught breathing and muscular responses designed to A. speed up the birth. B. minimize the fear and pain associated with labor. C. bring about a hypnotic state during delivery. D. slow down contractions during labor.

B. minimize the fear and pain associated with labor.

70. An example of a history-graded influence is the current increase in the age at which women become pregnant. This in turn increases the likelihood that these women will have A. inadequate prenatal care. B. miscarriages. C. low blood pressure during pregnancy. D. postmature infants.

B. miscarriages.

95. An illuminating study performed by Harry Harlow examined attachment behaviors in rhesus monkeys. Harlow raised some monkeys with cloth "mothers" and others with wire "mothers." He found that A. monkeys preferred wire mothers. B. monkeys preferred cloth mothers. C. monkeys received no comfort from touching the cloth. D. male monkeys preferred wire mothers, while female monkeys preferred cloth mothers.

B. monkeys preferred cloth mothers.

36. A neonatal toxicologist's primary research interest is the first _____ of life. A. week B. month C. 3 months D. 6 months

B. month

42. Permanent genetic alterations that may produce harmful characteristics are called A. transmissions. B. mutations. C. dominant-recessive alterations. D. selective alterations.

B. mutations.

122. Chomsky's proposal that humans possess a language-acquisition device is most consistent with a(n) _____ view of language acquisition. A. learning theory B. nativist C. empiricist D. prelinguistic

B. nativist

104. According to Erikson, shame and doubt: A. fills toddlers with inhibitions and undermines self-esteem. B. need to be balanced with autonomy. C. can interfere with the learning of self-regulation and self-restraint. D. should be replaced by unrestrained freedom.

B. need to be balanced with autonomy.

34. The first four weeks after a baby is born is known as the _____ period. A. prepartum B. neonatal C. prenatal D. neopartum

B. neonatal

67. The impact of technological developments such as video games, computers, and the Internet are considered ______ influences. A. nonnormative age-graded B. normative history-graded C. normative age-graded D. nonnormative history-graded

B. normative history-graded

47. The Ferkle family goes away each year to see such sights as the world's largest ball of string and the world's largest landfill. On each vacation, they make certain that both parents and children are included. Their vacations are shared by the _______ family. A. extended B. nuclear C. inclusive D. derivative

B. nuclear

45. A two-generational kinship unit that shares household and economic resources and consists of one or two parents and their biological, adopted, or stepchildren is called a(n) A. family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family.

B. nuclear family.

61. Penny loves to play peekaboo with her baby brother. The realization that an object or person continues to exist even when out of sight is known as A. deferred representation. B. object permanence. C. deferred symbolism. D. attachment.

B. object permanence.

44. Albert Bandura suggested that the most important element in how children acquire language, deal with aggression, develop a sense of morality, and learn gender-appropriate behavior is A. classical conditioning. B. observation and imitation. C. punishment of inappropriate behavior. D. shaping of appropriate behavior.

B. observation and imitation.

38. Ratings of infants' temperament are A. typically based on objective observations in laboratory settings. B. often based on parental ratings. C. unaffected by mothers' psychological characteristics. D. predictive of later behavior only when the initial ratings are positive.

B. often based on parental ratings.

29. Mr. Whitford's fifth-grade students sit quietly and continue doing their work when Mr. Whitford leaves the room because he rewards them with more recess time if they do so. Learning based on association of behavior with consequences is called A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. the pleasure principle. D. the reality principle.

B. operant conditioning.

30. Marissa really wants to be in the school play but does not enjoy having to memorize lines. Two weeks before the play is scheduled, her father implements a reward system. As soon as Marissa learns her lines, she does not have to help with the dishes until the play is over. Marissa increases her efforts in practice and learns the lines thoroughly in two days. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning.

B. operant conditioning.

14. According to Freud, children move through five stages of psychosexual development. The sequence of these stages is A. anal, phallic, oral, latency, and, genital. B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and, genital. C. anal, oral, genital, latency, and, phallic. D. oral, latency, genital, anal, and, phallic.

B. oral, anal, phallic, latency, and, genital.

72. Research on early visual preferences demonstrates that very young infants A. pay more attention to familiar patterns than to new ones. B. pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones. C. cannot discriminate between new patterns and familiar patterns. D. show no consistency in the attention they give to new and familiar patterns.

B. pay more attention to new patterns than to familiar ones.

104. The basic sounds of an infant's native language are called A. graphemes. B. phonemes. C. phonetics. D. morphemes.

B. phonemes.

75. Evidence for critical periods of physical development is undeniable. However, for other aspects of development, there seems to be greater A. rigidity. B. plasticity. C. acceptability. D. latency.

B. plasticity.

88. Dr. Slocum wants to conduct a study that investigates nicotine addiction in teenagers. Teenagers who are identified as addicted to cigarettes represent the ______; those teens who participate in the study represent the ______. A. sample; population B. population; sample C. control group; experimental group D. experimental group; control group

B. population; sample

94. Helen spends all day listening to her baby babbling and cooing. She believes that she and her baby are having "conversations." The baby is practicing A. "motherese." B. prelinguistic speech. C. linguistic speech. D. nonsymbolic speech.

B. prelinguistic speech.

72. Betty was born after a 30-week gestation period. She is called a _____ infant. A. postterm B. preterm C. high-risk D. small-for-date

B. preterm

99. Viran is almost 4 months of age. Like a typical infant of his age, he seems to enjoy A. "trying out" sounds from all human languages. B. producing sounds that match the ones he hears. C. babbling strings of consonants. D. deliberately imitating sounds with linguistic meaning.

B. producing sounds that match the ones he hears.

124. An advantage of the cross-sectional research method is that it A. provides information about how the same person changes with age. B. provides information about differences in behavior among people of different ages. C. eliminates the effect of "cohort differences." D. is more sensitive than the longitudinal method to individual behavioral change and stability.

B. provides information about differences in behavior among people of different ages.

5. Alfred has a mathematics background and believes strongly in quantitative measures of variables. Jeanne insists that many important developmental outcomes are more qualitative than numerical. It would appear that Alfred supports the _____ approach to studying cognitive development, whereas Jeanne endorses the _____ approach. A. Piagetian; psychometric B. psychometric; Piagetian C. behaviorist; psychometric D. Piagetian; behaviorist

B. psychometric; Piagetian

38. If Carol and Robert both pass on the gene for red hair, their child will have red hair. This is an example of _____ inheritance. A. dominant B. recessive C. sex-linked D. multiple-allele

B. recessive

39. If Darla has albinism but neither of her parents exhibit this inherited condition, the trait must be _____ and Darla's genotype for this trait is _____. A. dominant; homozygous B. recessive; homozygous C. dominant; heterozygous D. recessive; heterozygous

B. recessive; homozygous

25. Meiosis A. results in two cells, each with 46 chromosomes. B. reduces the number of chromosomes by half. C. refers to the addition of an extra 21st chromosome. D. is the process by which the egg and sperm combine.

B. reduces the number of chromosomes by half.

33. Larry wants his daughter to put her seat belt on when she gets in the car, so he smiles and gives her a hug each time she does so. A consequence of any behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated is called A. punishment. B. reinforcement. C. aversion. D. classical conditioning.

B. reinforcement.

37. Two-year-old Eric throws a tantrum whenever he is placed in his car seat. To calm him down, his mother has started giving him a lollipop. In effect, his mother is A. extinguishing tantrums. B. reinforcing tantrums. C. using classical conditioning. D. using negative reinforcement.

B. reinforcing tantrums.

24. For children between the ages of 1 month and 3 1/2 years, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development produces a(n) A. IQ score. B. report of mental, motor, and behavioral development. C. developmental assessment that correlates with adult abilities. D. measure of reflex development.

B. report of mental, motor, and behavioral development.

38. One-year-old Jonathan has cookies for snack every afternoon. During snack time, whenever his dog Abby approaches, Jonathan quickly puts his cookie into his mouth. We may conclude that Jonathan has developed an organized pattern of behavior that Piaget referred to as a(n) A. operation. B. scheme. C. gestalt. D. circular reaction.

B. scheme.

43. Infants who repeat actions to get results beyond their own bodies are engaging in A. primary circular reactions. B. secondary circular reactions. C. deferred imitation. D. sensorimotor conditioning.

B. secondary circular reactions.

44. Eight-month-old Gina finds that when she pulls on the cord at the side of her playpen, her jumping jack goes up and down. So she pulls it again. Gina is in the substage called A. primary circular reactions. B. secondary circular reactions. C. coordination of secondary schemes. D. tertiary circular reactions.

B. secondary circular reactions.

18. Infants' cognitive understanding that they are functioning beings, separate from the rest of their world, is referred to as A. self-recognition. B. self-awareness. C. self-conceptualization. D. self-evaluation.

B. self-awareness.

94. Our image of ourselves is called our A. self-efficacy. B. self-concept. C. id. D. ideal self.

B. self-concept.

74. When 1-year-old Tommy's grandmother comes to his house to take care of him while his parents go out, Tommy starts to fuss and cry as his mother gets ready to leave. Tommy is demonstrating A. imprinting. B. separation anxiety. C. stranger anxiety. D. anxious attachment.

B. separation anxiety.

76. Leah cries every time her mother leaves the house. Leah's distress when a familiar caregiver leaves is called A. attachment. B. separation anxiety. C. stranger anxiety. D. basic mistrust.

B. separation anxiety.

126. A therapist is studying the behavior of children whose parents divorced six months before the children started school and children whose parents divorced two years before the children started school. Both groups of children will be followed and measured over the course of five years. This is an example of a(n) ___________ design. A. cross-sectional B. sequential C. longitudinal D. experimental

B. sequential

61. Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome are caused by abnormalities of the A. autosomes. B. sex chromosomes. C. teratogens. D. phenotypes.

B. sex chromosomes.

125. The longest-lasting relationship a person will likely have is with his or her A. parents. B. siblings. C. children. D. spouse.

B. siblings.

55. Which birth defect afflicts African Americans more than it does other ethnic groups? A. Tay-Sachs disease B. sickle-cell anemia C. cystic fibrosis D. Cooley's anemia

B. sickle-cell anemia

65. Periodic variations in an infant's cycle of wakefulness, sleep, and activity are known as the various _____ of infancy. A. temperaments B. states of arousal C. periods D. moods

B. states of arousal

71. Around 8 or 9 months, babies often show discomfort and wariness around individuals they do not see on a regular basis. This behavior is called A. separation anxiety. B. stranger anxiety. C. disorganised attachment. D. imprinting.

B. stranger anxiety.

107. Wendy, who is 15-months-old, is asked by her father if she is tired. Wendy lies down and acts as if she is sleeping to communicate her desire to be put to bed. This type of nonverbal message is referred to as a _____ gesture. A. conventional social B. symbolic C. mediational D. presymbolic

B. symbolic

114. Two-year-old Mindy is beginning to speak sentences using articles and prepositions. She is developing A. holophrases. B. syntax. C. overextensive speech. D. telegraphic speech.

B. syntax.

112. Language that includes short sentences that omit many parts of speech, but still conveys meaning, is described as A. referential. B. telegraphic. C. expressive. D. overgeneralized.

B. telegraphic.

98. Cognitive neuroscientists focus on A. the effects of punishment. B. the brain. C. positive and negative reinforcement. D. unconscious conflicts.

B. the brain.

52. The development of basic sense of trust versus mistrust occurs through the infant's interactions with A. strangers encountered during infancy. B. the child's immediate social circle. C. the physical environment. D. other infants.

B. the child's immediate social circle.

10. The end of the second stage of childbirth is indicated by A. dilation of the cervix. B. the emergence of the baby from the mother's body. C. the expulsion of the placenta. D. contractions that occur every 8 to 10 minutes.

B. the emergence of the baby from the mother's body.

31. The sex of a child is determined by the sex chromosomes of A. the mother. B. the father. C. both the mother and the father. D. neither the mother nor the father.

B. the father.

131. In research ethics, beneficence refers to A. the inclusion of diverse groups in research studies. B. the obligation to maximize positive influences and minimize harm for subjects. C. a guarantee of privacy. D. all of the above.

B. the obligation to maximize positive influences and minimize harm for subjects.

127. Research on sibling relationships in infancy indicates that A. babies do not generally begin to interact with their older siblings until they are at least 1 year old. B. the quality of each child's attachment to the parents predicts the quality of the sibling relationship. C. babies become attached to their adult caregivers but not to their siblings. D. 1-year-olds spend more time with their older siblings than with their mothers.

B. the quality of each child's attachment to the parents predicts the quality of the sibling relationship.

8. Adolescence has been considered a separate stage of development since A. early in the fifteenth century. B. the twentieth century. C. Konrad Lorenz's research on imprinting. D. The Great Depression.

B. the twentieth century.

49. Jessica's parents work hard to make sure that she has everything that she needs to be healthy and happy. They consistently work to give her quality care and love. From Erikson's perspective, she will resolve her first crisis in favor of A. mistrust. B. trust. C. autonomy. D. industry.

B. trust.

124. The process by which children learn behaviors or roles that their culture considers appropriate for each sex is called gender A. naming. B. typing. C. identity. D. preferences.

B. typing.

8. Sigmund Freud believed that people are motivated primarily by A. extrinsic rewards. B. unconscious forces. C. anxiety. D. their environment.

B. unconscious forces.

47. Adam tries to get his bunny off the top of his toy box. After several failed attempts with his arm, he pushes it off with his foot. This example of a tertiary circular reaction involves A. doing three things at once. B. varying an action to see what will happen. C. repeating a behavior at least three times. D. manipulating symbols.

B. varying an action to see what will happen.

20. A major distinction between Freud's and Erikson's views of development is that Erikson A. emphasized female development, whereas Freud emphasized male development. B. viewed development as a lifelong process, whereas Freud emphasized early experiences. C. focused on unconscious processes, whereas Freud emphasized conscious processes. D. emphasized biological factors, whereas Freud emphasized cultural factors.

B. viewed development as a lifelong process, whereas Freud emphasized early experiences.

79. When a baby is first habituated to seeing an event as it would normally happen and then sees it in a way that conflicts with his/her beliefs, it is known as A. inhibitory control. B. violation of expectations. C. visual recognition. D. cross-modal transfer.

B. violation of expectations.

80. The research method that is based on an infant's tendency to look longer at surprising phenomena rather than at familiar phenomena is known as A. deferred imitation. B. violation of expectations. C. counterintuitive perception. D. conditioned head turning.

B. violation of expectations.

4. A fertilized ovum is also called a(n) A. embryo. B. zygote. C. fetus. D. morphogen.

B. zygote.

102. Babies become increasingly aware of the sounds of their language and its phonological rules at ____ of age. A. 3 to 4 months B. 6 to 8 months C. 1 year D. 2 years

C. 1 year

108. When does a child usually say his/her first word? A. 3 to 5 months B. 6 to 8 months C. 10 to 14 months D. 16 to 18 months

C. 10 to 14 months

66. Newborn babies sleep an average of _____ hours per day. A. 10 B. 15 C. 18 D. 20

C. 18

19. An 8-month-old fetus is _____ inches long and weighs approximately _____ pounds. A. 14-16; 2-4 B. 15-17; 3-6 C. 18-20; 5-7 D. 21-23; 8-9

C. 18-20; 5-7

22. The emergence of evaluative emotions takes place around the age of _____. A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

C. 3

1. The human gestational period is approximately _______ weeks in length. A. 33 B. 35 C. 38 D. 44

C. 38

131. By 9 months of age, about _____ percent of U.S. infants are in some form of nonparental child care arrangement. A. 20 B. 35 C. 55 D. 70

C. 55

22. In Erikson's theory of development, there are ___ stages of psychosocial development. A. 3 B. 5 C. 8 D. 12

C. 8

36. The fetal stage of development is reached _____ after conception. A. 1 week B. 2 weeks C. 8 weeks D. 6 months

C. 8 weeks

101. Charles is a typically developing child. When Charles was about _____ months old, he began to imitate sounds deliberately. A. 3 to 4 B. 6 to 8 C. 9 to 10 D. 12

C. 9 to 10

28. Linda is in labor. If she is having a typical birth, which of the following is she most likely to receive to lessen her pain? A. Over-the-counter pain killers B. Catecholamine C. A regional epidural D. A general anesthetic

C. A regional epidural

20. The doctor told Rosa at her last prenatal visit that her baby now weighs over 9 pounds. When will the fetus stop growing? A. About 1 month before birth B. About 2 weeks before birth C. About 1 week before birth D. None of these; the fetus keeps growing until birth.

C. About 1 week before birth

18. Which of the following is not a characteristic of physical development in early childhood? A. Handedness appears. B. Appetite diminishes. C. Abstract thinking emerges. D. Fine and gross motor skills improve.

C. Abstract thinking emerges.

68. Sandra is going through a list of descriptive statements such as "likes to be held" and "cries a lot." She classifies the statements from most to least descriptive of her child. Sandra is completing the A. Strange Situation. B. Temperament Sorter. C. Attachment Q-set. D. Bayley Scales.

C. Attachment Q-set.

32. _____ was the American psychologist who formulated the principles of operant conditioning while working with rats and pigeons. A. John B. Watson B. Sidney Pressey C. B. F. Skinner D. Ivan Pavlov

C. B. F. Skinner

40. Which of the following statements regarding the fetal stage of development is FALSE? A. Fetuses may kick and suck their thumbs. B. A fetus grows about 20 times larger during this period. C. Boys develop more rapidly than girls during this stage. D. Learning and remembering are possible during this stage.

C. Boys develop more rapidly than girls during this stage.

71. _____ developed the bioecological perspective of human development which includes five interlocking contextual systems. A. Vygotsky B. Pavlov C. Bronfenbrenner D. Piaget

C. Bronfenbrenner

58. Which of the following newborns would have the highest Apgar score? A. Ann, who is listless and blue, with limp muscle tone B. Billy, who is pink with blue extremities, a slow pulse, and slow breathing C. Carmela, who is coughing and crying, is pink, and has a rapid pulse D. David is blue, with a slow pulse, and irregular breathing

C. Carmela, who is coughing and crying, is pink, and has a rapid pulse

15. Kathleen is in labor and is told by her physician that the baby's feet, rather than his head, are moving down the birth canal first. What type of delivery is likely to be performed? A. Lamaze delivery B. Vaginal delivery C. Cesarean delivery D. Natural delivery

C. Cesarean delivery

78. Which of the following would be the best example of bidirectional influences on child development? A. High-income households support more favorable development than low-SES households. B. School-age children can focus on two or more pieces of information at the same time. C. Children influence their environments, and their environments influence them. D. No two children are influenced in exactly the same ways.

C. Children influence their environments, and their environments influence them.

95. Which of the following infants is at the greatest risk of SIDS? A. Alexander, who is 10 months old and has frequent colds and other respiratory ailments B. Barry, who is 2 weeks old and has irregular sleep patterns and an overweight mother C. Curt, who is 3 months old and has a teenage unmarried mother who smokes regularly D. Samantha, who is 6 months old and had a difficult birth

C. Curt, who is 3 months old and has a teenage unmarried mother who smokes regularly

51. Which of the following statements about prenatal nourishment is FALSE? A. Proper nutrition during pregnancy is the most effective way to ensure healthy prenatal development. B. Giving malnourished mothers dietary supplements during pregnancy can increase their babies' alertness. C. Damage due to maternal malnutrition during pregnancy is irreversible. D. The effects of maternal malnutrition may be aggravated by a deprived family environment.

C. Damage due to maternal malnutrition during pregnancy is irreversible.

62. A chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes is called A. cystic fibrosis. B. Tay-Sachs disease. C. Down syndrome. D. sickle-cell anemia.

C. Down syndrome.

32. _____ is a systematic process of providing therapeutic and educational services to families that need help in meeting young children's developmental needs. A. Cognitive advancement B. Infant support C. Early intervention D. Developmental priming

C. Early intervention

7. One-year-old Samantha and Edwin are fraternal twins. At a recent checkup, the doctor said that the twins were normal for their age in terms of height and weight. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true in this case? A. Samantha is taller than Edwin. B. Both Samantha and Edwin are below average in height and weight. C. Edwin is slightly larger than Samantha. D. Samantha weighs more than Edwin.

C. Edwin is slightly larger than Samantha.

80. Which of the following milestones of motor development, when achieved, has striking cognitive and psychosocial benefits? A. Ability to hold the head erect B. Sitting without support C. Emergence of self-locomotion D. Development of pincer grasp

C. Emergence of self-locomotion

7. The fertilized ovum divides and implants in the wall of the uterus during which stage of gestation? A. Fetal B. Embryonic C. Germinal D. Terminal

C. Germinal

71. Which of the following statements describes a fundamental point of childhood development? A. Social, cognitive, and physical domains are distinct and have little bearing on one another. B. Normal development is quite standard; children developing normally exhibit few differences. C. Historical events influence development. D. Development is a process that ceases at the end of childhood.

C. Historical events influence development.

52. Which of the following is NOT a general principle of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Children proceed through the same developmental stages in the same order. B. Individuals reach each stage according to their own timetable. C. If overgratification occurs at a particular stage, fixation may result. D. Each stage represents a qualitative change from one type of thinking to another.

C. If overgratification occurs at a particular stage, fixation may result.

95. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with observational studies? A. They cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships. B. The participants may alter their behavior when they know they are being observed. C. It is impossible to gain information regarding relationships between variables. D. Laboratory studies may not generalize to real life.

C. It is impossible to gain information regarding relationships between variables

129. A researcher is interested in the learning capabilities of children who are yelled at by an adult. She recruits a former drill sergeant to scream at a group of 7-year-olds while they learn a list of terms from a screen. What is the primary concern associated with this type of study? A. There is no control group. B. The dependent variable is not operationally defined. C. It is unethical. D. The study does not include children of different ages.

C. It is unethical.

60. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory of development? A. It pays little attention to emotional development. B. It pays little attention to the influence of education on intellectual development. C. It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children. D. It says little about individual differences in ability.

C. It overestimates the cognitive abilities of young children.

92. _____ is a communication system based on words and grammar and _____. A. Psycholinguistics; language B. Literacy; psycholinguistics C. Language; cognitive development D. Language; psycholinguistics

C. Language; cognitive development

61. Sociocultural theory, developed by __________, stresses a child's active involvement with his or her environment. A. Urie Bronfenbrenner B. Jean Piaget C. Lev Vygotsky D. Margaret Mead

C. Lev Vygotsky

26. Which is NOT a developmental area assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development? A. Language development B. Cognitive development C. Logic skills development D. Motor skills development

C. Logic skills development

33. Which of the following is NOT necessarily one of the benefits of having a doula present at childbirth? A. Shorter labor B. Less anesthesia C. Lower insurance premiums D. Less use of forceps

C. Lower insurance premiums

90. When Maggie wanted to find out how children were punished at home, she conducted separate interviews of individual children and their parents. An advantage of this research design is that A. Maggie needed to interview only a few people to get a valid research sample. B. Maggie needed to interview each set of parents and children only once. C. Maggie could assess whether parents and children gave conflicting reports. D. it revealed causal relationships.

C. Maggie could assess whether parents and children gave conflicting reports.

54. _____ devised the laboratory technique known as the "Strange Situation," which is commonly used to study attachment in children. A. John Bowlby B. Harry and Margaret Harlow C. Mary Ainsworth D. Stella Chess

C. Mary Ainsworth

93. Theo is a graduate student who is interested in gender differences in play. Theo and his research team observe preschoolers in their classrooms during free play, noting differences between boys and girls. Which research method is being used? A. Laboratory observation B. Case study C. Naturalistic observation D. Clinical study

C. Naturalistic observation

44. _____ bridge the gaps between synapses. A. Axons B. Dendrites C. Neurotransmitters D. Neurons

C. Neurotransmitters

17. Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is correct? A. Pediatric experts recommend only breast milk for babies until they are 10 months of age. B. The American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding recommends that babies be exclusively breast-fed for 4 months. C. Nutritionally speaking, breast-feeding is almost always best for infants, as well as mothers. D. Breast-feeding should begin during the third month after birth and should continue for at least 1 year.

C. Nutritionally speaking, breast-feeding is almost always best for infants, as well as mothers.

13. Amy knows that when she stands quietly by her grandfather's chair, he will reach over and tickle her under her chin. When a child learns to behave in a specific way to obtain a specific result, what is occurring? A. Habituation B. Classical conditioning C. Operant conditioning D. Social learning

C. Operant conditioning

116. Ginger, age 18 months, calls all four-legged animals "kitty." This is an example of which characteristic of children's early speech? A. Use of holophrases B. Simplification C. Overextending D. Overregularization

C. Overextending

56. Which of the following was NOT an observation made about the children discovered in Romanian orphanages? A. Many of the children were passive and emotionless. B. Most 2- and 3-year-olds did not talk or walk. C. PET scans showed regular brain activity in the temporal lobes. D. The older children played aimlessly.

C. PET scans showed regular brain activity in the temporal lobes.

51. Which of the following are the two key points of Piaget's cognitive perspective? A. People are controlled by their environment, and behavior develops in a specific order. B. People are active in their development, and behavior is random at any developmental stage. C. People are active in their development, and behavior develops in a specific order. D. People are controlled by their environment, and behavior is random at any developmental stage.

C. People are active in their development, and behavior develops in a specific order.

12. The Powers are new parents who want to do everything just right. In reading up on ways to limit the distress in their new baby's life, they are likely to encounter which of the following statements about infants' emotions? A. It is easy to tell when newborns are happy. B. Normal, healthy newborns use facial expressions rather than crying to communicate their needs. C. Researchers agree that a baby's facial expressions indicate the feelings that the baby experiences. D. The meaning of infants' emotional signals remains constant over the first two years of life.

C. Researchers agree that a baby's facial expressions indicate the feelings that the baby experiences.

128. Which of the following is NOT one of the ethical guidelines that a researcher must follow when conducting research with human subjects? A. Right to privacy and confidentiality B. Right to informed consent C. Right to financial compensation D. Right to self-esteem

C. Right to financial compensation

31. Which of the following statements about the temperament categories identified in the New York Longitudinal Study is correct? A. Approximately 90% of the children in the study sample fell into one of three categories. B. Nearly 40% of the children in the sample fell into the difficult category. C. Roughly 35% of the children in the sample did not fit neatly into any of the three categories. D. Situational variation in the nine components of temperament is unusual.

C. Roughly 35% of the children in the sample did not fit neatly into any of the three categories.

16. Which of the following psychosocial developments occur in adolescence? A. Gender identity develops. B. Self-awareness emerges. C. Search for identity becomes central. D. Self-esteem is global.

C. Search for identity

115. Which of the following is the foundation for socialization? A. Self-awareness B. Self-description C. Self-regulation D. Self-recognition

C. Self-regulation

125. Which of the following research methods was designed to address the disadvantages of both the longitudinal and the cross-sectional designs? A. Life-span B. Clinical C. Sequential study D. Behavior sampling

C. Sequential study

54. Baby Shanna has been diagnosed with Tay-Sachs disease. However, neither of her parents has shown symptoms of this disease. What can we conclude from this information? A. Shanna is heterozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. B. Shanna's parents are homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. C. Shanna is homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene. D. One of Shanna's parents is a carrier of Tay-Sachs, the other is not.

C. Shanna is homozygous for the Tay-Sachs gene.

17. Keesha is worried that her mother will find out that she accidentally broke her brother's truck. She is starting to develop a conscience. Which of the following psychosexual stages includes our conception of a "conscience?" A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Libido

C. Superego

4. Which of the following statements is true of babies' growth patterns during the first three years? A. Children grow faster, especially during the second year of life. B. On average, baby girls are slightly larger than baby boys. C. Teething in babies usually begins around 3 or 4 months after birth. D. The first tooth usually arrives at the end of the first year.

C. Teething in babies usually begins around 3 or 4 months after birth.

46. Baby Lydia likes to squeeze her rubber duck because it makes a noise when she does so. She enjoys the sound, but her hand often gets tired after a short time. She suddenly puts the rubber duck in her mouth and starts squeezing the toy between her teeth. It is much easier and the noise is even louder. This is an example of which of the following concepts? A. Primary circular reactions B. Secondary circular reactions C. Tertiary circular reactions D. Reflexive responses

C. Tertiary circular reactions

50. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of multifactorial transmission? A. One or two genes determine many obvious psychological characteristics, such as intelligence. B. Offspring with multiple recessive genes often do not survive to transmit those genes. C. The environment and many different genes interact to determine most psychological traits. D. The expression of dominant genes is solely influenced by hereditary factors, whereas the expression of recessive genes is strongly influenced by environmental factors.

C. The environment and many different genes interact to determine most psychological traits.

78. Which of the following is a preferred way to measure attachment between a mother and a baby? A. The strength of separation anxiety when the mother leaves B. The strength of stranger anxiety in the absence of the mother C. The reaction of the baby when the mother returns D. The strength of the baby's reaction when she is taken from the mother

C. The reaction of the baby when the mother returns

4. Which of the following statements is true of scientific theories? A. Theories are the possible explanations for phenomena. B. Theories can be proved, but never disproved. C. Theories change to incorporate new findings. D. Theories are based on assumptions that are true.

C. Theories change to incorporate new findings.

70. Which of the following best describes young infants' contribution to the mother-child attachment relationship? A. In the first few months, infants can influence attachment only in the breast-feeding situation. B. Infants' attachment behaviors in the first few months are limited to a few expressions of emotion, such as smiling and crying. C. Virtually any activity on the part of an infant that leads to a response from adults is an attachment behavior. D. Until they can communicate through a variety of sounds and gestures, infants are passive recipients of adults' initiatives and cannot directly influence attachment.

C. Virtually any activity on the part of an infant that leads to a response from adults is an attachment behavior.

70. Which of the following individuals are members of the same cohort? A. a woman who raised children in Chicago during World War II and a woman who raised children in Chicago during the 1990s B. an urban child in the Soviet Union and a rural child in the United States C. a high school student in Cleveland and a high school student in Cincinnati D. all of the above

C. a high school student in Cleveland and a high school student in

54. The most powerful factors in a neighborhood that affect the way children develop are income and A. attitudes toward higher education. B. the quality of schools. C. access to resources. D. the number of recreational facilities.

C. access to resources.

61. Daniel begins crying before his mother leaves during the "Strange Situation." When she returns, he leans toward her but kicks and squirms when she picks him up. Daniel appears to be A. securely attached. B. disorganized-disoriented. C. ambivalent. D. avoidant.

C. ambivalent.

92. More complex traits, such as intelligence, seem to be the result of A. heredity, or nature. B. the environment, or nurture. C. an interaction between nature and nurture. D. maturation.

C. an interaction between nature and nurture.

39. Tehra's obstetrician is using a medical procedure that employs high-frequency sound waves to detect the outline of the fetus and to observe its movements. This is called A. amniocentesis. B. chorionic villus sampling. C. an ultrasound. D. karyotyping.

C. an ultrasound.

17. In order to acquire a thorough understanding of the nature of human development over time, scientists have divided the life span into five periods. These divisions are A. based on clear-cut development criteria. B. based on cognitive differences. C. arbitrary and approximate. D. separated into 10-year periods.

C. arbitrary and approximate.

41. Circular reactions A. are primitive reflexes. B. consist of continuous cycles of waking and sleeping. C. are initially discovered by chance. D. are another form of habituation.

C. are initially discovered by chance.

15. Fred and Wilma have discovered that their infertility is due to Fred's extremely low sperm count. In an attempt to get pregnant, Wilma has a doctor inject a collection of her husband's sperm directly into her cervix. This procedure is called A. in vitro fertilization. B. sperm transfer. C. artificial insemination. D. ovum transfer.

C. artificial insemination.

53. Gretta and her mother have a reciprocal, enduring emotional tie. This emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is called A. bonding. B. trust. C. attachment. D. goodness of fit.

C. attachment.

106. Two-year-old Shoji insists on dressing herself even if her clothes do not match and are put on backwards. Shoji is in Erikson's stage of A. basic trust versus basic mistrust. B. identity versus role confusion. C. autonomy versus shame and doubt. D. initiative versus guilt.

C. autonomy versus shame and doubt.

29. A criticism of medicated births is that A. it reduces the pain that is essential to a normal delivery. B. women who choose medicated births experience a longer recovery period. C. babies' motor responsiveness and development may be slowed. D. it leads to a risk of infection in the mother.

C. babies' motor responsiveness and development may be slowed.

45. Erikson's first psycho-social challenge is A. autonomy versus shame and doubt. B. initiative versus guilt. C. basic trust versus basic mistrust. D. generativity versus stagnation.

C. basic trust versus basic mistrust.

41. When a school principal uses operant conditioning to eliminate students' undesirable behaviors, he is implementing A. classical conditioning. B. punishment. C. behavior modification. D. reinforcement.

C. behavior modification.

94. Sophia was adopted when she was 1. If she is given an intelligence test at age 16, her intelligence level is likely to be more similar to that of her A. adoptive mother. B. adoptive father. C. biological mother. D. maternal grandparents.

C. biological mother.

51. The establishment of basic sense of trust versus mistrust in a child's personality occurs between _____ of age. A. birth and 3 months B. 1 and 6 months C. birth and 18 months D. 1 and 2 years

C. birth and 18 months

11. A common female cause of infertility is A. underproduction of ova. B. abnormal ova. C. blockage of the fallopian tube. D. disease of the uterine lining, which prevents implantation of the fertilized ovum.

C. blockage of the fallopian tube.

19. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that infants be given A. cow's milk for the first 4 months after birth. B. skim milk rather than whole milk, to prevent obesity. C. breast milk exclusively for six months. D. baby food during the first 2 months to help them sleep through the night.

C. breast milk exclusively for six months.

17. A fetus whose feet are below his or her head in the uterus is in a __________ position. A. normal B. transverse C. breech D. cesarean

C. breech

59. Sex-linked traits A. are usually passed from father to son. B. are never manifested in females. C. can be carried by females who do not display them. D. are carried by dominant genes.

C. can be carried by females who do not display them.

115. Unlike correlational research, experimental studies A. do not require a control group. B. require fewer participants. C. can establish cause-and-effect relationships. D. are lifelike and intuitive.

C. can establish cause-and-effect relationships

13. Sensory and motor development of babies proceeds according to the _____ principle. A. proximodistal B. lateralization C. cephalocaudal D. maturational

C. cephalocaudal

16. Ms. Feldman is a midwife attending to Louise who is in labor. Ms. Feldman determines that Louise's baby is not in the proper position and that the labor is progressing very slowly. She decides to take Louise to the hospital so that doctors can deliver the baby through abdominal surgery. This birth is an example of a A. natural delivery. B. Lamaze birth. C. cesarean delivery. D. forceps delivery.

C. cesarean delivery.

14. A surgical incision was made in Lana's abdomen in order for her to deliver her baby. This procedure is called a A. forceps birth. B. natural birth. C. cesarean section. D. Lamaze birth.

C. cesarean section.

10. Two-year-old Monica was playing with a balloon when it popped in her face and frightened her. Now when she sees a balloon, she starts to cry. This type of learning is called A. habituation. B. operant conditioning. C. classical conditioning. D. latent learning.

C. classical conditioning.

22. Dr. Dunn studies the way that children of different ages organize information in memory. His research focuses primarily on __________ development. A. physical B. personality C. cognitive D. psychosocial

C. cognitive

29. HOME is an instrument for evaluating the effect of a child's home environment on A. physical development. B. emotional health. C. cognitive development. D. future career success.

C. cognitive development.

99. Dr. Naglieri conducts research on how children's brains process emotional information. For example, as participants are shown a variety of emotional stimuli, such as children laughing, crying, and frowning in anger, Dr. Naglieri observes brain regions that are activated with each stimulus. Dr. Naglieri is a(n) A. behaviorist. B. psychiatrist. C. cognitive neuroscientist. D. evolutionary psychologist.

C. cognitive neuroscientist.

100. Raphael, age 16, suffered an unexplained seizure and severe behavioral changes, as well as impairment of some of his motor abilities. To identify areas of the brain that were involved in this event, researchers had him undergo a series of brain-imaging studies. They also had Raphael complete several tests of memory, language, and attention. These researchers are known as A. behaviorists B. psychiatrists C. cognitive neuroscientists D. ethological researchers

C. cognitive neuroscientists

2. The doctor told Ellie and Tom to compute the gestational age of their fetus by determining the time of A. implantation. B. quickening. C. conception. D. gestation.

C. conception.

72. A __________ is a specific time during development when a given event, or lack of an event, has the greatest impact. A. cohort B. nonnormative event C. critical period D. developmental milestone

C. critical period

74. Morgan was born with a muscle problem that interfered with her ability to focus both of her eyes on the same object. However, the problem was not detected until third grade. Morgan's vision has greatly improved with physical therapy and glasses but it is likely that her depth perception has been adversely affected for life. This is an example of A. cohorts. B. developmental domains. C. critical periods of development. D. imprinting.

C. critical periods of development.

75. Derek is asked to reach into a box while blindfolded and hold a small rubber duck. Later, he is shown several pictures of different toys, including the duck, and is asked to choose the one that he handled earlier. If he chooses the duck picture, this action suggests that he is capable of A. polymodal attention. B. habituation. C. cross-modal transfer. D. novelty avoidance.

C. cross-modal transfer.

55. A society or group's total way of life, including customs, traditions, beliefs, values, and language is referred to as its A. subculture. B. ethnicity. C. culture. D. origin

C. culture.

57. Willie sees his mother put a DVD into the DVD player. When she leaves the room, Willie tries to reach up and put a DVD in the same place. The form of behavior that involves imitation of actions babies no longer see in front of them is called A. invisible imitation. B. visible imitation. C. deferred imitation. D. social learning.

C. deferred imitation.

113. In an experiment to assess the relationship between nutrition and intelligence, one group of children is given a power bar containing a special vitamin supplement on a daily basis. A second group of children is given an identical-looking power bar but without the supplement. Later, all children are given an intelligence test. In this experiment, the children's scores on the intelligence test are the ______ variable. A. independent B. cross-sequential C. dependent D. control

C. dependent

34. Baby Ellen is suspicious of strangers, has frequent tantrums, has an irregular pattern of waking and sleeping, and laughs and cries loudly. Ellen's temperament can be classified as A. easy. B. hyperactive. C. difficult. D. slow-to-warm-up.

C. difficult.

50. Kora did not learn sufficient trust during the first stage of development. In her adult years, one might expect her to display A. excessive anger. B. a lack of self-regulation. C. difficulty forming close relationships. D. a tendency toward negativism.

C. difficulty forming close relationships.

34. During __________, children begin to develop self-control and have more interest in others. A. infancy B. toddlerhood C. early childhood D. middle childhood

C. early childhood

27. According to the New York Longitudinal Study, 40% of children exhibit a temperamental pattern described as A. difficult. B. slow-to-warm-up. C. easy. D. mixed.

C. easy.

59. A researcher shows children little toys, and then he places the toys in a bus and "drives" the bus across the carpet. The researcher is trying to get the children to do the same. This is called A. object permanence. B. sensory imitation. C. elicited imitation. D. deferred imitation.

C. elicited imitation.

105. Two-year-old Cameron rejects his parents' offers of assistance and shows high levels of negativism. According to Erikson's theory, Cameron is A. a temperamentally difficult child. B. an anxiously attached child. C. expressing the need for autonomy. D. developing the capacity for symbolic representation.

C. expressing the need for autonomy.

48. Each summer, the Smith's host grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and distant relatives for a two-day reunion. The Smith family reunion involves the ______ family. A. nuclear B. general C. extended D. inclusive

C. extended

46. Shari belongs to a multigenerational kinship unit consisting of parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. This unit is referred to as a(n) A. family. B. nuclear family. C. extended family. D. blended family.

C. extended family.

40. Whenever Milo had a tantrum, his father would pick him up and comfort him. Now that he is in preschool, his teachers ignore his tantrums, and over time his tantrums have decreased in frequency. Based on our understanding of operant conditioning, we would say that Milo's tantrum behavior is being __________ in preschool. A. negatively reinforced B. punished C. extinguished D. aversively conditioned

C. extinguished

46. Freda loves listening to her neonate daughter's _____ heartbeat as she nurses her in the quiet of the night. A. slow and steady B. slow and irregular C. fast and irregular D. fast and steady

C. fast and irregular

11. Infants generally begin to laugh out loud at about the _____ month of life. A. first B. second C. fourth D. sixth

C. fourth

14. A pregnant woman feels the movement known as quickening at about the _____ month. A. first B. second C. fourth D. ninth

C. fourth

30. Lewis has wanted a son for as long as he can remember. He has put a great deal of pressure on his pregnant wife. She constantly reminds him that that the sex of the child was determined at conception by the A. genotype of the autosomes of the ovum. B. genotype of the sex chromosomes of the ovum. C. genotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum. D. phenotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum.

C. genotype of the sperm that fertilized the ovum.

45. Petra would like to replicate herself. However, she needs to realize that, although cloning can produce identical _____, it cannot produce identical _____. A. phenotypes; genotypes B. heredity; environments C. genotypes; phenotypes D. genotypes; alleles

C. genotypes; phenotypes

109. To minimize conflict and increase a 2-year-old's sense of competence, parents should A. avoid removing a child or themselves from a problematic situation until the conflict has been resolved. B. make a point of interrupting the child's activities from time to time to help the child develop patience. C. give the child choices. D. try to minimize conflict by teasing the child.

C. give the child choices.

37. Christie's baby is in the third and final stage of gestation. The major characteristic of this fetal stage of development is the: A. formation of the systems of the body. B. implantation of the organism in the uterine wall. C. growth and refinement of the organism's structures. D. differentiation of the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

C. growth and refinement of the organism's structures.

28. The brain's growth occurs in fits and starts called brain _____. A. cognitive bursts B. developmental drifts C. growth spurts D. neurological regressions

C. growth spurts

90. Amos is trying to teach his son Tim to tie his shoes. He demonstrates the procedure and then talks his son through the steps until Tim can perform the task on his own. Vygotsky referred to these activities that help bridge the gap between the child's understanding and the adult's understanding as A. interference. B. unresponsiveness. C. guided participation. D. reciprocal interaction.

C. guided participation.

68. Baby Stephanie stops sucking her thumb to listen to a tone. She resumes sucking and stops again when the tone sounds again. Later, after the tone has been repeated a number of times, she ignores it. This is an example of A. operant conditioning. B. classical conditioning. C. habituation. D. boredom.

C. habituation.

87. Research on memory suggests that 10-month-old Isabelle A. is probably still utilizing a primitive form of memory known as pre-explicit memory. B. has not yet developed the capacity for implicit memory. C. has begun to develop the capacity for working memory. D. can only remember information for a few seconds.

C. has begun to develop the capacity for working memory.

28. Harry's wife is pregnant with a child whose sex chromosome is XY. Harry and his wife are A. heterozygous. B. having a girl. C. having a boy. D. homozygous.

C. having a boy.

76. Scientists generally accept that A. human development is determined almost entirely by heredity. B. human development is determined almost entirely by environment. C. heredity and environment constantly interact to shape human development. D. hereditary and environmental influences on human development are impossible to identify.

C. heredity and environment constantly interact to shape human development.

81. Traits that exhibit a _____ degree of canalization will have a _____ reaction range. A. low; narrow B. high; wide C. high; narrow D. low; nonexistent

C. high; narrow

77. The major cause of high infant mortality rates among African Americans is A. older maternal age. B. chronic maternal illness. C. higher rates of low-birth-weight babies. D. all of the above.

C. higher rates of low-birth-weight babies.

2. The statement, "If children learn aggression from models, then children who watch violent television shows should be more aggressive than children who watch nonviolent shows," is an example of a A. theory. B. finding. C. hypothesis. D. conclusion.

C. hypothesis.

4. Two-week-old Jamie is lying quietly in her bassinet. Suddenly, she utters a loud, piercing cry and holds her breath. She is probably A. hungry. B. angry. C. in pain. D. frustrated.

C. in pain.

111. Children were asked to drink an extra glass of milk each day to see if their memories improved over time. In this experiment, milk is the ______ variable. A. action B. control C. independent D. dependent

C. independent

83. A securely attached child generally grows up to be A. dependent on parents. B. dependent on a mate. C. independent. D. controlling.

C. independent.

107. In an experimental study, researchers manipulate a(n) _____ variable to observe its effects on a(n) _____ variable. A. control; independent B. dependent; independent C. independent; dependent D. dependent; control

C. independent; dependent

28. Carrie (age 22) and Chelsea (age 17) are sisters. Carrie is a focused student who thrives in academic settings. She is working on a graduate degree at a very selective university. Chelsea is much less concerned about school and more interested in socializing. She is considering bypassing college because she wants to go to work as soon as she graduates from high school. Their parents cannot figure out what they did to make their daughters turn out so differently. Which of the following concepts would you emphasize when trying to explain the sisters' differences to their parents? A. social construction B. quantitative change C. individual differences D. physical development

C. individual differences

63. Research on object permanence suggests that A. a baby's failure to search for hidden objects is a result of his/her inability to perform the sequence of actions necessary for solving a problem. B. the violation-of-expectations technique cannot be used with babies younger than 8 months. C. infants as young as 4 months typically remember an object that they can no longer see. D. babies gaze longer at "possible" events than at "impossible" events.

C. infants as young as 4 months typically remember an object that they can no longer see.

54. Researchers Meltzoff and Moore reported that babies as young as 6 weeks of age are capable of deferred imitation. This is consistent with other research that claims that A. Piaget's developmental timetable sequence is accurate. B. infants may develop later than Piaget stated. C. infants may develop earlier than Piaget proposed. D. early learning is the result of conditioning.

C. infants may develop earlier than Piaget proposed.

28. Social workers are sometimes trained to administer the HOME, which assesses the effect of a child's home environment on A. physical development. B. emotional health. C. intellectual development. D. future career success.

C. intellectual development.

111. Socialization depends on the _____ of societal standards of conduct. A. rejection B. reciprocation C. internalization D. replication

C. internalization

44. Studies of behavioral inhibition suggest that this aspect of temperament A. is largely the result of a child's prenatal experience. B. cannot be evaluated until around 6 months of age. C. is associated with certain biological characteristics. D. emerges toward the end of the third year.

C. is associated with certain biological characteristics.

12. The study of human development A. primarily emphasizes infancy through adolescence. B. emphasizes nature over nurture. C. is interdisciplinary. D. focuses more on adult than child development.

C. is interdisciplinary.

18. Mrs. Dobber, a teacher, believes that fourth graders are at a stage of psychosexual development characterized by relative calm. Mrs. Dobber's students are in the _________ stage, which occurs during middle childhood. A. phallic B. superego C. latency D. generative

C. latency

34. The tendency for the brain's hemispheres to have specialized functions is termed _____. A. compartmentalization B. specialization C. lateralization D. departmentalization

C. lateralization

24. A long-lasting change in behavior as a result of experience or adaptation to the environment is called A. modification. B. cognition. C. learning. D. behaviorism.

C. learning.

29. According to the New York Longitudinal Study, all the following are components of temperament EXCEPT A. adaptability. B. attention span. C. level of aggression. D. distractibility.

C. level of aggression.

38. In the first few days of life, newborns typically A. have small heads in proportion to their bodies. B. acquire lanugo. C. lose weight. D. appear very dark.

C. lose weight.

77. Due to his parents' chronic unemployment and inability to make ends meet, Oliver frequently moves around, never living in one location for more than a few months. Dr. Zsilak recruited Oliver and his family for a study looking at how this type of instability contributes to children's emotional development. According to the bioecological approach, Dr. Zsilak is investigating influences within the A. exosystem. B. chronosystem. C. macrosystem. D. microsystem.

C. macrosystem.

43. Although there are developmental differences in timing, most children learn to walk and talk at a similar age. This is an example of A. heredity. B. environmental influences. C. maturation. D. a critical period.

C. maturation.

44. The unfolding of a natural, genetically influenced sequence of physical and psychological patterns is the result of A. heredity. B. environment. C. maturation. D. personality.

C. maturation.

65. Research shows that the use of marijuana during pregnancy A. produces no detectable birth defects. B. is more harmful to a fetus than alcohol. C. may produce neurological disturbances. D. causes severe withdrawal in newborns

C. may produce neurological disturbances.

27. A criticism of the use of anesthesia during childbirth is that it A. does not relieve the mother's discomfort. B. is too expensive and therefore only available to affluent women. C. may slow infants' motor and physiological development. D. contributes to the high rate of maternal death during childbirth.

C. may slow infants' motor and physiological development.

99. Several members of the Theroz family suffer from schizophrenia. Concordance rates for schizophrenia are highest between: A. mothers and biological sons or daughters. B. grandparents and grandchildren. C. members of monozygotic twin pairs. D. members of dizygotic twin pairs.

C. members of monozygotic twin pairs.

80. Securely attached infants, when studied between ages 3 and 5, tend to be _____ than insecurely attached infants. A. more dependent B. less cooperative C. more curious D. less persistent

C. more curious

118. A researcher who studies identical twins separated at birth and reared in different environments is using a ________ experiment. A. laboratory B. field C. natural D. correlational

C. natural

35. June's mother explains that she needs help taking care of their new puppy. June's current task, which she really dislikes, is taking the garbage out. Her mother says that if June will help take care of the puppy, she will assign another sibling to take out the garbage. June agrees immediately, because she will do anything to get out of emptying the garbage. From a behavioral viewpoint, June's decision is based on A. classical conditioning. B. positive reinforcement. C. negative reinforcement. D. vicarious reinforcement.

C. negative reinforcement.

52. A few days after birth, a baby develops a yellowish tinge to the skin and the eyeballs. These symptoms indicate _____, which is due to immaturity of the _____. A. anoxia; liver B. anoxia; kidneys C. neonatal jaundice; liver D. neonatal jaundice; kidneys

C. neonatal jaundice; liver

39. The brain is composed of A. white and gray cells. B. neurons and protoneurons. C. neurons and glia. D. positive and negative cells.

C. neurons and glia.

88. Although brothers Jono and Roman bear a striking physical resemblance to each other, they differ greatly in intelligence and personality. One reason for this difference may be A. normative events. B. age-graded normative events. C. nonshared environmental effects. D. shared environmental effects.

C. nonshared environmental effects

2. The science that specializes in the birth of babies is called A. pediatrics. B. gynecology. C. obstetrics. D. birthing.

C. obstetrics.

54. Anthony was born with neonatal jaundice, which A. must be treated quickly with antibiotics. B. is most common in postmature babies. C. occurs in about 50% of neonates. D. usually occurs about 10 to 14 days after birth.

C. occurs in about 50% of neonates.

15. Linda has learned that if she sits on the floor and cries, her father will give her a piece of candy. This is an example of A. habituation. B. classical conditioning. C. operant conditioning. D. social learning.

C. operant conditioning.

54. According to Piaget, a child builds internal representations of the world called schemes, and develops these into an integrated network of cognitive structures through the process of A. assimilation. B. accommodation. C. organization. D. equilibration.

C. organization.

119. Fran says, "Yesterday, I sitted on the floor." This is an example of _____ grammatical rules. A. underextending B. hyperextending C. overregularizing D. paraphrasing

C. overregularizing

4. The series of uterine and cervical changes that occur two weeks before delivery are called A. contractions. B. labor. C. parturition. D. quickening.

C. parturition.

15. According to Freud's theory, a 4-year-old child who has become attached to the parent of the other sex and regards the same-sex parent as a rival is considered to be in the __________ stage of psychosexual development. A. oral B. anal C. phallic D. latency

C. phallic

46. Louise's blue eyes and petite frame are observable characteristics and are part of her A. alleles. B. genetic imprint. C. phenotype. D. genotype.

C. phenotype.

48. When the police ask you to give a description of an assailant and you say that she is tall with black, curly hair, you are describing the assailant's A. incomplete dominance. B. genetic pattern. C. phenotype. D. genotype.

C. phenotype.

65. A karyotype is a(n) A. abnormal genotype. B. abnormal phenotype. C. photographic chart of chromosomal abnormalities. D. test of developing fetal cells.

C. photographic chart of chromosomal abnormalities.

27. Kari is very tall for her age. She has fewer friends than her average-sized classmates. This is an example of the interaction between which two types of development? A. physical and cognitive B. cognitive and psychosocial C. physical and psychosocial D. personality and psychosocial

C. physical and psychosocial

19. Dr. Ortiz, a pediatrician, charts his patients' brain and body growth, overall health, and motor skills. Dr. Ortiz is documenting A. hereditary factors. B. neurological development. C. physical development. D. developmental domains.

C. physical development.

93. The communicative use of sounds by infants is called A. holophrase speech. B. representational speech. C. prelinguistic speech. D. "motherese."

C. prelinguistic speech.

5. The most developmentally sound approach to comforting a distressed baby is to A. ignore the baby if possible. B. let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding. C. prevent distress, so there will be less need for soothing. D. respond immediately each time the infant cries.

C. prevent distress, so there will be less need for soothing.

14. Baby Miley first learned to wave her arms, then to move her hands toward objects, and finally to use her fingers. This sequence exemplifies which of the following principles of development? A. maturational B. cephalocaudal C. proximodistal D. environmental science

C. proximodistal

13. Developmental scientists are interested in ________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. physical, cognitive, and psychosocial

C. psychosocial

24. Donald is referred to as the "Mayor of the First Grade," a title given to him because he gets along with everyone and seems to know everything that is going on. These skills demonstrate Donald's level of __________ development. A. physical B. cognitive C. psychosocial D. psychosexual

C. psychosocial

26. Separation anxiety in infancy is an example of the effect of _____ development on _____ development. A. psychosocial; physical B. cognitive; psychosocial C. psychosocial; cognitive D. physical; psychosocial

C. psychosocial; cognitive

38. Every time Billy tries to open the kitchen cupboard, he gets his fingers pinched in the door. Eventually, Billy no longer tries to open the cupboard door. This is an example of A. negative reinforcement. B. intermittent reinforcement. C. punishment. D. positive reinforcement.

C. punishment.

89. One of the most reliable sampling methods is the use of A. assigned groups. B. matched groups. C. random selection. D. focus groups.

C. random selection.

70. Baby Joey is in the state of active sleep. This state of arousal corresponds most closely to _____ in adults. A. quiet sleep B. drowsiness C. rapid eye movement sleep D. interactive sleep

C. rapid eye movement sleep

131. "Parentese" includes all the following characteristics EXCEPT: A. the use of short words and simple sentences. B. high-pitched speech. C. rapid speech. D. repetition.

C. rapid speech.

59. The fact that 11-year-old Kim is interested in attracting boys' attention while her classmates are still focused on their same-sex friendships is an example of the phenomenon that A. developmental periods occur in different sequences for different people. B. deviations from "average" development are a cause for concern. C. rates of development may vary from the average or typical. D. the sequence of development is primarily altered by experience.

C. rates of development may vary from the average or typical.

78. Depending on environmental conditions, the potential variability in the expression of a hereditary trait is called A. canalization. B. genetics. C. reaction range. D. environmental interaction.

C. reaction range.

67. Just moments ago, Anna was lying quietly with her eyes closed and she was breathing regularly. Now her breathing has become more irregular, and some slight muscle twitches are occurring. Anna has passed from a state of _____ to a state of _____. A. drowsiness; alert inactivity B. regular sleep; apnea C. regular sleep; irregular sleep D. irregular sleep; drowsiness

C. regular sleep; irregular sleep

50. The acquisition of _____ is present in stage six of Piaget's sensorimotor stage. A. reflexes B. causality C. representational ability D. schemes

C. representational ability

6. The best way to respond to an infant who is crying is to A. ignore the cries to avoid spoiling the baby. B. let the baby cry for a considerable time before responding. C. respond regularly with tender, soothing care. D. respond immediately each time the infant cries.

C. respond regularly with tender, soothing care.

61. Often, a neonate is assessed using the the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment A. the oxygen content of the blood. B. color, pulse, and breathing. C. responses to the environment, such as alertness, reflexes, and control. D. neurological maturity.

C. responses to the environment, such as alertness, reflexes, and control.

63. PKU—phenylketonuria—is A. a form of neonatal jaundice. B. rare and untreatable. C. routinely screened for in all states. D. found in about 1 in 100 newborns.

C. routinely screened for in all states.

64. Paul's mother has been teaching him to bake bread. She tells him, "I will help you follow the recipe a few more times, but soon you will have to try it on your own." According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Paul's mother is engaging in A. intermittent reinforcement. B. imprinting. C. scaffolding. D. equilibration.

C. scaffolding.

97. A psychological disorder that is marked by a loss of contact with reality, includes such symptoms as hallucinations and delusions, and seems to have a strong genetic component is A. neuroticism. B. depression. C. schizophrenia. D. mental retardation.

C. schizophrenia.

45. Sandra has learned to squeeze her stuffed bear to make it squeak. When her father gives her a new stuffed giraffe, she squeezes it in just the same way as she did the bear. Sandra's behavior is an example of A. primary reflexes. B. primary circular reactions. C. secondary circular reactions. D. coordination of secondary schemes.

C. secondary circular reactions.

58. Gerald suffers from hemophilia, a blood-clotting disorder. He understands that the gene responsible for this disorder is carried by females but usually affects only males. This is an example of _______ inheritance. A. heterozygous B. dominant C. sex-linked D. recessive

C. sex-linked

43. The best synonym for Kagan's "inhibition to the unfamiliar" is A. fear. B. resentment. C. shyness. D. laziness.

C. shyness.

25. Marcus started crying because his friend Timothy was crying. This is a sign that he is developing empathy. Empathy depends on A. self-consciousness. B. self-awareness. C. social cognition. D. self-evaluation.

C. social cognition.

129. In terms of language development, the game of "Peekaboo" helps stimulate an infant's sensitivity to A. loud noises. B. sibling's feelings. C. social exchange. D. memory repression.

C. social exchange.

46. Roberto's favorite type of music is American Jazz. After observing a classmate being teased for mentioning that she loved to listen to classical music, Roberto decided that he would keep quiet about his musical preferences. Roberto's decision is a result of A. classical conditioning. B. operant conditioning. C. social learning. D. psychodynamic learning.

C. social learning.

90. James is playing with his toys when a stranger comes into the house. He feels uneasy about this stranger until he notices that his mother is smiling and talking to her. James then offers the stranger one of his toys. James is engaging in A. socializing. B. social learning. C. social referencing. D. imprinting.

C. social referencing.

48. Insufficient intake of folic acid during pregnancy increases the risk of having a baby with A. autism. B. leukemia. C. spina bifida. D. sudden infant death syndrome

C. spina bifida.

4. Five-year-old Tara does not make friends easily. She is shy and anxious in new situations. Because Tara's behavior has persisted over time, it is an example of developmental A. instability. B. resilience. C. stability. D. awkwardness.

C. stability.

72. The Parkers have an 8-month-old infant, Tara, who cries when she first meets her mother's cousin. Tara is exhibiting A. anxious attachment. B. mistrust. C. stranger anxiety. D. separation anxiety.

C. stranger anxiety.

16. Joseph hits his brother with a toy while playing and feels guilty about it afterwards. According to Freud, these feelings reflect the operation of the A. id. B. ego. C. superego. D. defense mechanism.

C. superego.

62. Newborns have an innate preference for _____ tastes. A. bitter B. sour C. sweet D. salty

C. sweet

68. The Denver Developmental Screening Test assesses all of the following EXCEPT A. gross motor development. B. social skills. C. temperament. D. language skills.

C. temperament.

44. Environmental factors that may produce birth defects are called A. blastocysts. B. allergens. C. teratogens. D. toxinogens.

C. teratogens.

8. Sperm are produced in the _____ at a rate of several hundred million a day and are ejaculated in the semen during sexual climax. A. ovary B. cervix C. testes D. uterus

C. testes

64. An 8- to 12-month-old infant searches for a hidden object in a place where she previously found it rather than in the place where she most recently saw someone hide it. This is an example of what Piaget referred to as A. sensorimotor thought. B. the development of object permanence. C. the A-not-B, error. D. none of these.

C. the A-not-B, error.

101. Toddlers who favorably resolve Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt develop A. control over the superego. B. the characteristic of hope. C. the characteristic of will. D. an easy temperament.

C. the characteristic of will.

40. The totality of experiential influences on development is generally referred to as A. a natural sequence. B. maturation. C. the environment. D. heredity.

C. the environment.

20. A medicated delivery is one in which A. the baby receives injections of two stress hormones—adrenaline and noradrenaline. B. the mother is given adrenaline and noradrenaline to help the baby withstand the stress of childbirth. C. the mother receives anesthesia. D. mother and baby are both given antibiotics to prevent infection.

C. the mother receives anesthesia.

92. A study of 1-year-olds who were presented with new, strange objects (like jiggling toys, for example) revealed that A. babies almost always reached for the new objects. B. babies almost never reached for the new objects. C. the mothers' facial expressions influenced whether or not the babies touched the objects. D. unless they were accompanied by spoken encouragement or warnings, mothers' facial expressions had no influence on the babies' behavior.

C. the mothers' facial expressions influenced whether or not the babies touched the objects.

11. The placenta is expelled from the mother's body during the _____ stage of childbirth. A. first B. second C. third D. fourth

C. third

42. Fontanels are present in the neonate's skull A. to allow for rapid postnatal brain expansion. B. to prevent calcium deposits from damaging cartilage. C. to ease the passage of the skull through the birth canal. D. until 6 months of age.

C. to ease the passage of the skull through the birth canal.

59. The most mature sensory system for the first few months of life is the sense of _____. A. taste B. smell C. touch D. sight

C. touch

5. Eric is celebrating his first birthday. Since birth, Eric's weight has likely A. increased by 25 percent. B. doubled. C. tripled. D. quadrupled.

C. tripled.

80. Because of the rapid weight gain experienced by Marilyn early in her pregnancy, the doctor ordered a(n) _____ to see if she was having twins. A. chorionic villus sampling B. maternal blood test C. ultrasound D. amniocentesis

C. ultrasound

45. The oily covering on the skin of a newborn is called the A. witch's milk. B. lanugo. C. vernix caseosa. D. fontanels.

C. vernix caseosa.

73. The length of time spent looking at a new stimulus compared with the length of time looking at familiar stimuli is called A. habituation. B. visual-recognition. C. visual preference. D. attention recovery.

C. visual preference.

36. The occipital lobe is primarily concerned with A. making mental associations. B. abstract thought processes. C. visual processing. D. planning and problem solving.

C. visual processing.

102. At age 2, a healthy, normal child is likely to be A. docile. B. dependent. C. willful. D. passive.

C. willful.

31. A doula is a A. physician in South America who specializes in delivering babies. B. nurse certified to assist at births. C. woman who gives emotional support during childbirth. D. home-like birth center.

C. woman who gives emotional support during childbirth.

96. Temperament seems largely determined by A. the age of your parents when you were conceived. B. the number of siblings you have. C. your genotype. D. your karyotype.

C. your genotype.

18. Breast milk is almost always the best food for newborns and is recommended for at least the first _____ months. A. 3 B. 6 C. 14 D. 12

D. 12

10. Infertility is the inability to conceive after _____ months of trying to have a baby. A. 3 to 6 B. 6 to 9 C. 9 to 12 D. 12 or more

D. 12 or more

20. Self-awareness usually emerges by about ___ months. A. 6 B. 9 C. 12 D. 18

D. 18

97. If Claire is like most babies, she will develop physical self-recognition and self-awareness by the age of _____ months. A. 6 B. 9 C. 12 D. 18

D. 18

26. Each ovum possesses _____ chromosomes, and each sperm possesses _____ chromosomes. A. 23 ; 46 B. 46 ; 23 C. 23 pairs of ; 26 pairs of D. 23 ; 23

D. 23 ; 23

110. Most children speak in two-word sentences by the age of ____ months. A. 8 B. 10 C. 14 D. 24

D. 24

71. By _____ of age, more than half the baby's sleep takes place at night. A. 1 week B. 1 month C. 3 months D. 6 months

D. 6 months

51. Alex watches his mother play tennis in the morning. Later, when he is alone, Alex picks up a stick and swings it like a tennis racquet, copying his mother's actions from earlier in the day. According to Piaget, Alex is in the _____ substage of sensorimotor development. A. 3rd B. 4th C. 5th D. 6th

D. 6th

73. Prenatal exposure to radiation is most dangerous during A. fertilization. B. the germinal stage. C. 3 to 6 weeks of gestation. D. 8 to 15 weeks of gestation.

D. 8 to 15 weeks of gestation.

31. Of the following, which is LEAST likely to be a cause of spontaneous abortion? A. Defective ovum or sperm B. Implantation of ovum in an unfavorable location C. Abnormal development of the umbilical cord D. A frightening event experienced by the mother

D. A frightening event experienced by the mother

1. Jason remarks to Darleen, who is 6 months pregnant, that it would be nice if they could go back to a time when it was easier to bring a child into the world. Darleen has read the literature about how childbirth procedures have changed over the years and is a little less enthused. Which of the following statements about childbirth in the past is FALSE? A. The prospective father assisted the midwife in the delivery. B. Women sat up in bed or perhaps in a stable. C. Cracks in walls were plugged to keep out evil spirits. D. A local doctor was always present.

D. A local doctor was always present.

96. Which of the following is the best operational definition of a difficult test? A. A test that is constructed by a mean professor B. A test with challenging questions C. A test that covers materials that are in the text, but not covered in class D. A test with a class average of 70 or below

D. A test with a class average of 70 or below

86. In college, Cathy tried a number of different majors until she found one that was right for her. She was originally interested in a career in research and was very successful academically. She later decided that she missed social interaction, so she decided to try teaching high school biology. The first time that she stood in front of the classroom, she knew that this was where she belonged. Which of the following terms best explains Cathy's development? A. Passive genotype-environment correlation B. Accommodating genotype-environment correlation C. Evocative genotype-environment correlation D. Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

D. Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation

74. Which of the following statements about the father's role in transmitting birth defects is correct? A. So far, little research has been conducted on the father's contribution. B. According to research, the father's role is virtually nonexistent; birth defects are almost always transmitted by the mother. C. Young age of the father is associated with certain rare conditions such as dwarfism and Marfan's syndrome, and it may be a factor in Down syndrome. D. Advanced age of the father at conception may be associated with fetal defects.

D. Advanced age of the father at conception may be associated with fetal defects.

64. Which of the following is NOT the responsibility of a genetic counselor? A. Taking a family history of prospective parents B. Making clients aware of the statistical probabilities of certain genetic conditions C. Presenting options of alternative courses of action D. Advising clients on which course of action to take

D. Advising clients on which course of action to take

43. ________ developed the principles of social-learning theory. A. B. F. Skinner B. Carl Rogers C. John B. Watson. D. Albert Bandura

D. Albert Bandura

56. Suppose you are a health care worker who is examining a child with the following symptoms: facial and bodily malformations, short attention span, hyperactivity, and motor impairments. Which drug would you suspect that the child's mother used during pregnancy? A. Cocaine B. Marijuana C. Heroin D. Alcohol

D. Alcohol

24. To which of the following women is breast-feeding inadvisable? A. Carol, who is overweight B. Ellen, who drinks 3 cups of coffee per day C. Cindy, who has only a three-week maternity leave D. Alison, who has AIDS

D. Alison, who has AIDS

2. Which of the following factors can have vast consequences on a child's development? A. Whether the birth comes about through normal or extraordinary means B. Whether the birth is welcome or unwanted C. How old the parents are when the child is conceived or adopted D. All of the above

D. All of the above

85. The scientific method, as applied in any field of study, is based on which of the following elements? A. Observation and recording of data B. Testing of alternative hypotheses C. Widespread public dissemination of results D. All of the above

D. All of the above

91. According to the Kauai longitudinal study, which of the following factors seems to protect some individuals from the harmful effects of birth complications? A. A sense of personal control over one's life B. Close ties to a family member C. A high inborn level of sociability D. All of the above

D. All of the above

120. Which of the following gender differences is supported by research? A. Boys are taller and heavier than girls. B. Boys are physically more vulnerable than girls. C. Boy's brains are larger than girls at birth. D. All of the above are true.

D. All of the above are true.

77. Which is true of the visual expectation paradigm? A. Visual reaction time is measured. B. Visual anticipation is measured. C. Attentiveness and processing speed are measured. D. All of the above are true.

D. All of the above are true.

27. Developmental quotients are most useful when used to describe which of the following? A. Neurological deficits B. Learning problems C. Emotional disturbances D. All of these

D. All of these

31. HOME examiners rate parents on which of the following? A. Expressions of affection B. Number of books in the home C. Parents' involvement in children's play D. All of these

D. All of these

61. Doctors warn that smoking during pregnancy contributes to which of the following? A. Miscarriage B. Sudden infant death syndrome C. Low birth weight D. All of these are possible outcomes.

D. All of these are possible outcomes.

126. Nativists would cite which of the following to support their view of language development? A. The human brain contains a language structure that is larger on one left side than on the right side. B. Children learn their own language without formal teaching. C. Deaf children make up their own sign language without models. D. All of these are true.

D. All of these are true.

21. Which is generally accepted to be true of intelligence testing today? A. The test consists of questions or tasks designed to show how much of the measured ability a person has. B. The test is normative in its approach. C. The precise nature of intelligence has been debated for many years. D. All of these are true.

D. All of these are true.

33. The most effective early education interventions include those that A. start and continue throughout preschool. B. take a comprehensive approach. C. are tailored to individual differences and needs. D. All of these are true.

D. All of these are true.

65. In studies in the United States and Africa's Ivory Coast, DeLoache and colleagues observed infants using their hands to explore pictures. What is true about their observations? A. Children explored the pictures as though they were objects. B. Children patted, rubbed and grasped the pictures in an attempt to lift the depicted object off the page. C. Manual exploration of the pictures diminished by 15 months of age, hinting at the symbolic understanding of pictures. D. All of these are true.

D. All of these are true.

82. Corella is 37-years-old and pregnant. She has a brother who was born with Down syndrome. Which of the following tests will most likely be recommended during Corella's pregnancy? A. Ultrasound B. Embryoscope C. Umbilical cord sampling D. Amniocentesis

D. Amniocentesis

59. Which of the following statements regarding fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is FALSE? A. About 1 infant in 100 suffers from FAS or other alcohol-related conditions. B. Hyperactivity is a common symptom in FAS children. C. Facial malformations often occur with FAS. D. An enriched environment can dramatically improve cognitive function in FAS children.

D. An enriched environment can dramatically improve cognitive function in FAS children.

55. When Ms. Drew teaches a new concept to her students, she always tries to make a connection to something that they already understand. According to Piaget, which technique is Ms. Drew using? A. Information processing B. Accommodation C. Equilibration D. Assimilation

D. Assimilation

100. According to Erikson, which conflict occurs during toddlerhood? A. Basic trust versus basic mistrust B. Initiative versus guilt C. Identity versus role confusion D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

D. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

3. Which of the following statements regarding infant emotions is FALSE? A. When babies want or need something, they cry. B. When babies feel sociable, they smile. C. At first, crying signifies physical discomfort; later, it signals psychological distress. D. Babies display their first social smile within minutes of birth.

D. Babies display their first social smile within minutes of birth.

60. Research on Piaget's cognitive concepts supports which of the following statements? A. Some abilities are present at an earlier age than Piaget noted. B. Infants may know an object exists even if they do not search for it. C. Children do not understand the concept of numbers before the age of 2. D. Both A and B are correct.

D. Both A and B are correct.

76. Who is most likely to have a low-birth-weight baby? A. Adele, who is 25, in good health, and has had one normal delivery B. Bianca, who is 40, in generally good health but has high blood pressure, and has had no previous pregnancies C. Carol, who is 17, pregnant for the first time, and in good health D. Dana, who is 37, underweight, smokes, and has had five previous pregnancies

D. Dana, who is 37, underweight, smokes, and has had five previous pregnancies

10. Margo and her husband Frank love watching little Tina smile when they come into the room. Which of the following statements about infants' smiles is correct? A. Smiles appear soon after birth, generally when the infant is wide awake. B. The "social smile" is seen by 1 week of age. C. Smiles become social at around 8 months of age. D. During the second month of life, infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize.

D. During the second month of life, infants begin to smile selectively at people they recognize.

51. Which of the following is NOT true about epigenetics? A. It is a mechanism that turns genes on or off. B. It refers to chemical molecules attached to a gene that "reads" the gene's DNA. C. Its name is derived from the prefix meaning "on or above" the genome. D. Epigenetic changes are hereditary not environmental.

D. Epigenetic changes are hereditary not environmental.

79. Which of the following perspectives emphasizes the idea that species-specific behaviors enhance the survival of that species? A. Behaviorist B. Social-cognitive C. Contextual D. Ethological

D. Ethological

53. Which of the following statements regarding physical activity during pregnancy is FALSE? A. Moderate exercise may make delivery easier. B. Moderate exercise may prevent constipation. C. Long working hours and excessive fatigue increase the risk of premature birth. D. Exercising to the point of exhaustion may produce permanent heart damage in the fetus.

D. Exercising to the point of exhaustion may produce permanent heart damage in the fetus.

93. Which of the following statements about the father's presence during childbirth is correct? A. Most fathers are reluctant to be present in the delivery room. B. Most mothers prefer that the father remains outside of the delivery room until after the baby is born. C. Fathers who are present at birth engage in warmer child rearing than fathers who are not present for the event. D. Fathers who are present at the birth of a child often see the event as a "peak emotional experience."

D. Fathers who are present at the birth of a child often see the event as a "peak emotional experience."

1. Which of the following is NOT one of the foundations of psychosocial development? A. Early human interactions B. Temperament C. Thought D. Fine motor skills

D. Fine motor skills

21. Which of the following are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)? A. Gametes B. Gymnosperm C. Androsperm D. Genes

D. Genes

69. Dan and Diane are exhausted because 4-week-old Jake wakes three to four times each night. What is the most probable explanation for Jake's behavior? A. He is not eating enough and wakes when he is hungry. B. He is not getting enough attention from his parents when he is awake. C. He lacks a sense of security. D. His sleep pattern is typical of newborn babies.

D. His sleep pattern is typical of newborn babies.

24. Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between brain development and emotional development is FALSE? A. In the first three months, the cerebral cortex becomes functional, and cognitive perceptions come into play. B. Around 9 or 10 months, the connections between the frontal cortex and the limbic system may facilitate the relationship between cognition and emotion. C. In the second year, infants develop self-awareness and self-conscious emotions and a greater capacity for self-regulation. D. In the third year, maturation of the sympathetic system provides the mechanisms to control the parasympathetic system, which prepares the body for action.

D. In the third year, maturation of the sympathetic system provides the mechanisms to control the parasympathetic system, which prepares the body for action.

62. __________ developed the concept known as the "zone of proximal development" to explain the gap between what a child is already able to do and what he or she is not quite ready to do alone. A. Sigmund Freud B. Neal Miller C. Konrad Lorenz D. Lev Vygotsky

D. Lev Vygotsky

21. Fifteen-month-old Lorraine and 5-year-old Joaquin are siblings. Which of the following statements about their physical growth is true? A. Both Lorraine and Joaquin are undergoing steady physical growth. B. Joaquin's physical growth is rapid, while Lorraine's growth is steady. C. Both Lorraine and Joaquin are undergoing rapid physical growth. D. Lorraine's physical growth is rapid, while Joaquin's growth is steady.

D. Lorraine's physical growth is rapid, while Joaquin's growth is steady.

127. The concept of a language acquisition device in the human brain is part of which theory of language development? A. Behaviorist theory B. Social-learning theory C. Piagetian theory D. Nativism

D. Nativism

58. How much alcohol can a pregnant woman safely consume? A. 1 drink a day B. 2 drinks a day C. 1 or 2 glasses of wine a day, but no "hard liquor" D. None of these; there is no known "safe" level of drinking during pregnancy.

D. None of these; there is no known "safe" level of drinking during pregnancy.

97. Dolores works in a pediatrics ward and has decided to investigate whether or not the level of nurse friendliness influences children's perceptions of their hospital experiences. For her research, which of the following would be the best operational definition of nurse friendliness? A. Professional interactions with patients B. Pleasant appearance C. Concern for patients D. Number of times that the nurse smiles per time spent with the patient

D. Number of times that the nurse smiles per time spent with the patient

91. Which of the following is NOT an example of a self-report technique? A. Questionnaire B. Diary or log C. Interview D. Observation

D. Observation (you are just observing, not reporting anything)

30. Based on research using the HOME measure, which of the following has the greatest influence on children's cognitive development? A. Socioeconomic status B. Ethnic group C. Developmental problems in infancy D. Parental responsiveness

D. Parental responsiveness

53. _____ is a term that explains how humans who grow up in a high-quality environment generally thrive better than those who grow up in deprived environments. A. Flexibility B. Malleability C. Neurological sensitivity D. Plasticity

D. Plasticity

52. Carl and Eleanor have been going for a morning run for the past three years. They are concerned about whether or not they can continue now that Eleanor is pregnant. Which of the following statements best describes the appropriate level of exercise for pregnant women? A. Pregnant women should exercise strenuously to promote circulation. B. Pregnant women need not take any precautions in exercising. C. Pregnant women should reduce their exercise during the second trimester. D. Pregnant women should exercise moderately throughout their pregnancy.

D. Pregnant women should exercise moderately throughout their pregnancy.

76. Which of the following disorders may be linked to advanced paternal age? A. Asthma B. Hemophilia C. Obsessive compulsive disorder D. Schizophrenia

D. Schizophrenia

58. Roberto and his mother are at the house of a cousin whom they rarely visit. Roberto stays with his mother when they first arrive but then begins to explore his new surroundings and discovers a playroom. Even though he appears to be comfortable, he still checks back with his mother periodically and then returns to his play. What type of attachment is Roberto demonstrating? A. Ambivalant B. Avoidant C. Disorganized-disoriented D. Secure

D. Secure

88. Which of the following is the chief cause of neonatal death worldwide, accounting for 86 percent of all neonatal deaths? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Unintentional injuries C. Breathing difficulty D. Severe infections

D. Severe infections

82. Which of the following statements about the prognosis for low-birth-weight babies is correct? A. Those weighing less than 2 pounds have almost no chance of survival past two years. B. Most survivors are left with disabling conditions. C. Their social development tends to be poor. D. Some low-birth-weight babies are at a risk for learning disabilities.

D. Some low-birth-weight babies are at a risk for learning disabilities.

13. Which of the following is NOT true about infertile couples? A. A common cause in females is blockage of the fallopian tubes. B. Drug therapy can sometimes correct the problem. C. Hormone treatment may raise a man's sperm count. D. Surgical treatments are ineffective.

D. Surgical treatments are ineffective.

24. Which of the following statements regarding the early development of the human embryo is FALSE? A. Four to five days after fertilization, an inner cell mass begins to form. B. After six to seven days, the blastocyst begins to attach to the uterine wall. C. After eleven to twelve days, the blastocyst is joined to the uterine wall. D. The embryonic stage begins at six to seven days after fertilization.

D. The embryonic stage begins at six to seven days after fertilization.

18. Developmental scientists have proposed several explanations for why most people cannot remember anything that happened to them before about 2 years of age. Which of the following has NOT been offered as an explanation for this phenomenon? A. Early events are not retained because the brain is not developed enough to store those memories. B. Early memories are stored but then repressed because they are emotionally troubling. C. Children cannot store memories until they have words to talk about them. D. The introduction of television too early prevents retention of memories until after two years old.

D. The introduction of television too early prevents retention of memories until after two years old.

37. Which of the following statements about the cerebral hemisphere is true? A. The cerebral cortex is the inner layer of the cerebrum. B. The temporal lobes are involved with a variety of higher-order processes. C. The occipital lobe is the largest of the four lobes. D. The parietal lobe is involved with integrating sensory information from the body.

D. The parietal lobe is involved with integrating sensory information from the body.

120. Which of the following is a shortcoming of laboratory experiments? A. It is often difficult to randomly assign subjects to different treatment conditions. B. Experiments rarely inform us about cause-and-effect relationships. C. They tell us little about how children think and behave. D. The results may not be applicable outside the experimental situation.

D. The results may not be applicable outside the experimental situation.

93. Josephina is 18 months old. Which of the following would NOT be an aspect of her personality that is emerging at this time? A. Sense of self B. Gains in autonomy C. Internalization of behavioral standards D. Understanding of reciprocal friendship

D. Understanding of reciprocal friendship

98. Which of the following factors is the fifth leading cause of infant death in the United States? A. Sudden infant death syndrome B. Fetal alcohol syndrome C. High birth weight D. Unintentional injuries

D. Unintentional injuries

5. Which of the following is NOT one of the basic issues that theorists address when explaining child development? A. Assessing whether development is more influenced by heredity or by environment B. Determining whether children are active or passive in their own development C. Observing whether development is continuous or occurs in stages D. Viewing all development as culturally determined

D. Viewing all development as culturally determined

116. Chinmay starts to get into his father's toolbox, even though his father has told him not to do so. As he reaches for the toolbox, Chinmay begins to feel guilty and decides to leave the tools alone. Chinmay has developed A. situational compliance. B. negativism. C. social referencing. D. a conscience.

D. a conscience.

73. Rubella has a disastrous impact if it is contracted during the first trimester of a pregnancy, yet has hardly any impact if contracted later in a pregnancy. This is an example of A. heredity. B. normative age-graded events. C. maturational timing. D. a critical period.

D. a critical period.

53. Anabelle knows that after she is fed her bottle, she is patted on the back and put down to sleep. This organized pattern of behavior is called A. equilibration. B. accommodation. C. assimilation. D. a scheme.

D. a scheme.

31. In many pre industrial societies, the concept of __________ does not exist. A. prenatal development B. infancy and toddlerhood C. early childhood D. adolescence

D. adolescence

2. Which of the following events paved the way for the scientific study of child development? A. the discovery of vaccines B. the enactment of child labor laws C. scientific discoveries about the nature of conception D. all of the above

D. all of the above

3. Which of the following helped to pioneer the study of child development as a true science? A. G. Stanley Hall's book Adolescence B. the establishment of research institutes at Berkeley and Yale C. Arnold Gesell's studies on motor development D. all of the above

D. all of the above

51. Which of the following is/are determined by socioeconomic status? A. the neighborhood in which a family lives B. the school the children attend C. the quality of medical care available to a family D. all of the above

D. all of the above

52. Charles is a child growing up in a low-SES (socioeconomic status) family. Which of the following will likely have an effect on his development? A. nutritional deficiencies B. frequent illness C. poor housing/living conditions D. all of the above

D. all of the above

56. The well-being of children from affluent families may be at risk due to A. pressure to achieve. B. the amount of time they are left alone by working parents. C. high rates of substance abuse, depression, and anxiety. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

58. Teachers in the classroom need to be aware that ethnic and cultural patterns may influence A. the way the children act toward each other. B. the games children play. C. the way children learn. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

77. Which aspects of development show plasticity? A. physical development B. cognitive development C. psychosocial development D. all of the above

D. all of the above

100. A cause of schizophrenia may be A. advanced paternal age. B. the mother's loss of a close relative in the first trimester of pregnancy. C. maternal rubella infection during pregnancy. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

16. Medical technology is now able to offer couples several methods of bypassing the normal process of conception. These methods include A. ovum transfer. B. artificial insemination. C. in vitro fertilization. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

3. Women who have given birth during the past 50 years have benefited from a dramatic reduction in risks surrounding pregnancy and childbirth. This is due to A. use of antibiotics. B. use of anesthesia. C. implementation of prenatal care. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

54. Drugs known to be potentially harmful when taken during pregnancy include A. synthetic estrogen. B. ibuprofen. C. Accutane, an acne medicine. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

60. Most immigrant children in the United States A. live with two parents. B. are twice as likely as other children to live with an extended family. C. live with parents who have high academic aspirations for them. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

62. Children born to women who smoke during pregnancy tend to show A. retardation of growth. B. social maladjustment. C. learning problems in school. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

64. Research has linked the use of marijuana during pregnancy with A. premature births. B. neurological disturbances in the infant. C. leukemia. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

68. Toxoplasmosis is A. a parasite harbored in livestock. B. a cause of fetal brain damage. C. a cause of death in babies. D. all of the above.

D. all of the above.

57. Mothers who drink alcohol should be made aware that fetal alcohol syndrome A. affects about 5 infants in 1,000 born in the United States. B. is a leading cause of mental retardation and birth defects. C. can cause cognitive disorders that subsequent environmental enrichment does not seem to improve. D. all of these.

D. all of these.

8. Learning is a result of A. experience. B. ability. C. maturation. D. all of these.

D. all of these.

84. A procedure that tests for birth defects during the first trimester of pregnancy is called A. amniocentesis. B. chorionic villus sampling. C. maternal blood test. D. all of these.

D. all of these.

83. Wynn's study using Mickey Mouse dolls indicated that 5-month-olds A. looked longer at surprising solutions than at expected results. B. have reached Piaget's sixth sensorimotor stage. C. are unable to subtract small numbers of objects. D. are able to add small numbers of objects.

D. are able to add small numbers of objects.

19. Emotions such as empathy and envy A. are often present at birth. B. are not present until age 3. C. develop soon after the primary emotions. D. are related to the development of self-awareness.

D. are related to the development of self-awareness.

20. The psychometric study of intelligence involves all the following EXCEPT A. identifying the different abilities that make up intelligence. B. measuring the relative amounts of different intellectual abilities that individuals possess. C. predicting the future academic performance of individuals. D. assessing qualitative differences in intellectual functioning over the life span.

D. assessing qualitative differences in intellectual functioning over the life span.

57. Four-year-old Adam sees cows in a field. His mother points to them and says, "Cows." Later, Adam sees goats for the first time and calls them cows. Adam is demonstrating Piaget's concept of A. equilibration. B. accommodation. C. adaptation. D. assimilation.

D. assimilation.

29. The chromosomes that do NOT determine sex are called A. zygotes. B. genes. C. gametes. D. autosomes.

D. autosomes.

60. During the "Strange Situation," Tony rarely cries when his mother leaves and is not eager to greet her when she returns. He appears to be A. securely attached. B. disorganized-disoriented. C. ambivalent. D. avoidant.

D. avoidant.

69. The quantitative study of relative hereditary and environmental influences on behavior is called A. genetic testing. B. qualitative genetic research. C. cognitive genetics. D. behavioral genetics.

D. behavioral genetics.

42. Jenny is a very talented soccer player. Her mother was a star player in both college and in the women's professional leagues. They spent a great deal of time together while Jenny was growing up. Jenny has her mother's speed and height to go along with a superior understanding of the game. Jessica's abilities would seem to demonstrate the influence of A. heredity. B. environment. C. individual differences. D. both heredity and environment.

D. both heredity and environment.

49. If breathing has not begun within 5 minutes after birth, the baby is at risk of developing A. phenylketonuria. B. neonatal jaundice. C. sickle-cell anemia. D. brain damage.

D. brain damage.

42. Research on fetal hearing indicates that fetuses A. cannot feel vibrations. B. can feel vibrations but cannot hear. C. can hear but cannot distinguish between different tones. D. can differentiate between different tones.

D. can differentiate between different tones.

80. Despite many variations in environmental conditions and rearing practices, most children learn to walk at about the same time and in the same sequence. We would say that walking is a ______ trait. A. recessive B. dominant C. monozygotic D. canalized.

D. canalized.

34. An example of negative reinforcement is A. shouting, "No!" as a consequence of bad behavior. B. spanking as a consequence of bad behavior. C. increasing a child's allowance as a consequence of good behavior. D. canceling a disliked household chore as a consequence of good behavior.

D. canceling a disliked household chore as a consequence of good behavior.

26. The brain and the spinal cord together form the _____ nervous system. A. autonomic B. peripheral C. parasympathetic D. central

D. central

11. Baby Arnold first learned to hold up his head, then to raise his shoulders, and then to push with his feet. Which of the following principles of development does this sequence demonstrate? A. proximodistal B. lateralization C. maturational D. cephalocaudal

D. cephalocaudal

7. Fertilization usually takes place in the _____ as the ovum make the trip from the ovary to the uterus. A. womb B. fallopian tube C. ovaries D. cervix

D. cervix

30. Miscarriages are most commonly caused by A. sudden movements or jolts. B. fear. C. stress. D. chromosomal abnormalities.

D. chromosomal abnormalities.

133. Babies learn speech best from A. television. B. recordings. C. practice in overextension. D. communication with someone.

D. communication with someone.

10. Marsha is taking a class in human development. This class addresses the study of humans from A. conception to adolescence. B. infancy to adolescence. C. adolescence to death. D. conception to death.

D. conception to death.

31. B. F. Skinner and other behaviorists maintain that human behavior is determined by A. defense mechanisms. B. self-actualization. C. unconscious conflicts. D. conditioning.

D. conditioning.

62. Katherine grew up attending private Catholic schools. Each year at Christmas, she and her classmates decorated a tree in school and did the same at home. For Katherine's classmates and family, the tree decorating was a _________ event. A. nonnormative B. normative C. cohort D. cultural

D. cultural

59. The condition of a baby whose Apgar score is 3 is A. very healthy. B. within normal range. C. slightly below normal. D. dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation.

D. dangerous; the baby needs immediate resuscitation.

19. The chemical that carries inherited instructions for the development of all cellular forms of life is called A. a teratogenic substance. B. adenosine monophosphate. C. arachidonic acid. D. deoxyribonucleic acid.

D. deoxyribonucleic acid.

71. Doris noticed that her infant son Alex had become bored with the mobile hanging above his crib. When Doris hung new pictures on the mobile, Alex's responsiveness increased. Alex's behavior is an example of A. a circular reaction. B. violation of expectations. C. habituation. D. dishabituation.

D. dishabituation.

26. If a woman decides to have her baby at home, the birth is usually attended by a A. physician's assistant. B. nursing assistant. C. physician. D. doula.

D. doula.

119. Natural experiments compare people who have been divided into separate groups A. through random sampling. B. through matching. C. by the researcher. D. due to accidental life circumstances.

D. due to accidental life circumstances.

66. Vision becomes more acute during the first year, reaching the 20/20 level by about the _____ month. A. second B. fourth C. sixth D. eighth

D. eighth

61. An overgeneralization that obscures cultural differences within an ethnic group is referred to as A. acculturation. B. ancestry impairment. C. cultural confusion. D. ethnic gloss.

D. ethnic gloss.

94. According to the most recent research cited in the text, a strong mother-infant bond can develop A. only during the first few hours after birth. B. through a process that appears similar to imprinting. C. most effectively when a midwife and doula are present at birth. D. even if the newborn and mother do not have contact during the first few hours after birth.

D. even if the newborn and mother do not have contact during the first few hours after birth.

75. Studies suggest that the likelihood of genetic defects caused by abnormal sperm increases when the father is _____ before conception. A. malnourished B. under great stress C. overweight D. exposed to environmental hazards

D. exposed to environmental hazards

108. Negativism is typically a(n) A. early sign of self-doubt. B. sign of childhood depression. C. sign of self-regulation. D. expression of the need for autonomy.

D. expression of the need for autonomy.

74. Research with babies less than 2 days old suggests that they seem to prefer all of the following EXCEPT A. curved lines. B. complex patterns. C. three-dimensional objects. D. familiar sights.

D. familiar sights.

85. According to the concept of mutual regulation, infants whose mothers are depressed are likely to A. find another caregiver with whom to establish a secure attachment. B. react positively in an attempt to cheer her up. C. have inherited a difficult temperament. D. feel powerless to elicit a positive response.

D. feel powerless to elicit a positive response.

4. The union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote is known as A. the two-seed theory. B. ovulation. C. attachment. D. fertilization.

D. fertilization.

12. An electronic fetal monitor is used A. to track the fetus's heartbeat. B. to detect any serious problems. C. to gather information in high-risk deliveries. D. for all of the above.

D. for all of the above.

75. A baby's reaction to a stranger is LEAST likely to be influenced by the baby's A. memory for faces. B. recollection of previous situations in which he has been left with strangers. C. temperament. D. gender.

D. gender.

66. The misconception that individuals with a specific gene are destined to inherit that disease is called A. gene mapping. B. human genome. C. genetic engineering. D. genetic determinism.

D. genetic determinism.

5. The correct order for the three prenatal stages is A. fetal, embryonic, and germinal. B. embryonic, fetal, and germinal. C. germinal, fetal, and embryonic. D. germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

D. germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

27. Child A's sex chromosomes are XX, and Child B's sex chromosomes are XY. Child A is a(n) ______ and Child B is a(n) _______. A. identical twin; fraternal twin B. fraternal twin; identical twin C. boy; girl D. girl; boy

D. girl; boy

40. "Goodness of fit" implies that parents should deal with children's behavior problems by A. trying to change their child's temperament to match their own. B. letting their child's temperament create the family atmosphere and patterns. C. helping a difficult child fit into the environment. D. helping their child make some adaptions but essentially accepting their child's temperament.

D. helping their child make some adaptions but essentially accepting their child's temperament.

34. According to Mendel's findings, A. genes occur singly, never in pairs. B. genes do not have fixed positions on chromosomes. C. individual traits blend into one another. D. hereditary traits are transmitted separately.

D. hereditary traits are transmitted separately.

71. In attempting to study the degree to which genetics influences activity levels in newborns, a researcher compares monozygotic and dizygotic twins for their level of similarity on that trait. This research is attempting to determine the _____ of the trait activity levels. A. phenotype B. genotype C. karyotype D. heritability

D. heritability

41. Suzanne has brown eyes but also carries a gene for blue eyes. Suzanne is _____ for the trait of eye color. A. homozygous B. unizygous C. monozygous D. heterozygous

D. heterozygous

86. Dr. Gygorgy from Hungary has decided to study the effects of travel on the lives of Hungarian circus performers. The two key issues that he must first address are A. the importance of the study and where he will publish his findings. B. his knowledge of circus performers and his knowledge of the effects of travel. C. public opinion of this topic and his own bias. D. how the participants will be chosen and how the data will be collected.

D. how the participants will be chosen and how the data will be collected.

112. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates the _____ variable and then looks for an effect of that manipulation by measuring the _____ variable. A. dependent; independent B. control; experimental C. experimental; control D. independent; dependent

D. independent; dependent

83. A baby is defined as postmature if it A. has had a gestation of less than 30 weeks. B. weighs over 8 1/2 pounds at birth. C. is born after 40 weeks of gestation and weighs at least 9 1/2 pounds. D. is still in the womb 2 weeks past the due date.

D. is still in the womb 2 weeks past the due date.

78. Researchers study infants' information processing by considering all of the following EXCEPT A. visual references. B. habituation time. C. cross-modal transference. D. language development.

D. language development.

43. When Henna and Thomas first see their new granddaughter, they are surprised to find her body covered with dark hair. This fuzzy prenatal hair is called the A. vermis. B. follicle caseosa. C. meconium. D. lanugo.

D. lanugo.

120. According to _____ theory, language is acquired by imitation and reinforcement of specific sounds. A. Piagetian B. psychometric C. nativism D. learning

D. learning

76. The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in the 1990s significantly altered most government institutions there. According to the bioecological approach, this situation reflects a change in people's A. microsystem. B. mesosystem. C. endosystem. D. macrosystem.

D. macrosystem.

23. All of the following illnesses are prevented or minimized by breast-feeding EXCEPT A. diarrhea. B. diabetes. C. asthma. D. measles.

D. measles.

64. If an infant inherits the gene for PKU, and it is left untreated, the result will be A. neonatal jaundice. B. a hormonal imbalance. C. neurological damage. D. mental retardation.

D. mental retardation.

35. Children become proficient in regulating their own behavior and are very interested in their peer group during A. infancy. B. toddlerhood. C. early childhood. D. middle childhood.

D. middle childhood.

13. When Dr. Keane checks prenatal development with a sonogram at the end of the second month of gestation, the embryo is less than one inch long and has the shape of a A. disk. B. cylinder. C. slightly irregular ball. D. miniature baby.

D. miniature baby.

24. The process of cell division that produces copies of cells with 46 chromosomes is called A. diffusion. B. meiosis. C. translocation. D. mitosis.

D. mitosis.

79. The more secure a child's attachment to a nurturing adult, the A. more dependent the child will be. B. more anxious the child will be. C. less interest the child will have in exploring his surroundings. D. more engaged she is when exploring her surroundings.

D. more engaged she is when exploring her surroundings.

46. Women who gain less than 15 pounds during pregnancy are A. more likely to have healthy babies. B. less likely to have late miscarriages. C. less likely to have complications. D. more likely to have low-birth-weight babies.

D. more likely to have low-birth-weight babies.

3. The molecules that are "switched on" after fertilization and begin sculpting arms, fingers, vertabrae, ribs, a brain, and other body parts are called A. teratogens. B. hydrogens. C. cephalocods. D. morphogens.

D. morphogens.

38. The process of coating neurons with a fatty substance to enable faster communication between cells is called A. integration. B. differentiation. C. neuron lubrication. D. myelination.

D. myelination.

49. Doctors have found that increasing a woman's folic acid consumption by just 5 milligrams each day reduces the incidence of __________ by 85 percent. A. cleft palate B. cerebral palsy C. Down syndrome D. neural tube defects

D. neural tube defects

62. Leo cries loudly every time his mother leaves the room. He seems to believe that she is never coming back. Leo has not yet developed A. anticipatory insight. B. emotional attachment. C. representational ability. D. object permanence.

D. object permanence.

26. Temperament is A. an innate, nonlinguistic form of communication. B. another term for self-awareness. C. the learning of behaviors deemed appropriate by one's culture. D. one's style of approaching people and situations.

D. one's style of approaching people and situations.

16. Whenever 1-year-old Greg says "Da-Da," his father comes over and picks him up. Soon, Greg is saying "Da-Da" constantly. This example illustrates _____, and Greg being picked up serves as the _____. A. classical conditioning; conditioned stimulus B. habituation; reinforcer C. classical conditioning; unconditioned response D. operant conditioning; desired effect

D. operant conditioning; desired effect

5. A set of uterine, cervical, and other changes that is the act, or process, of giving birth is called A. organosis. B. effacement. C. milla. D. parturition.

D. parturition.

44. An individual's _____ consists of that individual's observable traits; an individual's _____ is his/her underlying genetic pattern. A. dominant inheritance; heterozygosis B. dominant inheritance; homozygosis C. genotype; phenotype D. phenotype; genotype

D. phenotype; genotype

95. Seven-month-old Benjamin babbles and coos but has not produced a word. The sounds he makes constitute _____ speech. A. presyntactic B. holophrase C. circular D. prelinguistic

D. prelinguistic

85. Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, ultrasound, and umbilical cord assessment A. are risk-free. B. should be used routinely in every pregnancy. C. reduce the likelihood of cesarean delivery. D. provide valuable information in high-risk pregnancies.

D. provide valuable information in high-risk pregnancies.

9. The _____ principle states that development proceeds from the central part of the body to the outer parts. A. centrifugal B. cephalocaudal C. neurological D. proximodistal

D. proximodistal

9. Armond argues that unconscious forces motivate people to behave the way they do. Armond's position is similar to the __________ perspective of development. A. information-processing B. cognitive C. ethological D. psychoanalytic

D. psychoanalytic

13. Freud maintained that children develop in an unvarying sequence of five maturation-based stages of _____ development. A. psychosocial B. psychoanalytic C. unconscious D. psychosexual

D. psychosexual

76. Research suggests a critical period and a sensitive period for language development. The sensitive period ends around the time of A. toddlerhood. B. early childhood. C. middle childhood. D. puberty.

D. puberty.

6. At age 1, Suzi had a vocabulary of 10 words. Now, at 2 years of age, she has a vocabulary of over 100 words. This reflects a(n) _____ developmental change. A. autonomous B. bidirectional C. qualitative D. quantitative

D. quantitative

84. Research that deals with "how much" or "how many" is referred to as A. qualitative. B. cross cultural. C. quasi-experimental. D. quantitative.

D. quantitative.

66. A major distinction between Piaget's theory and the information-processing approach is that Piaget A. viewed development as continuous, whereas the information-processing approach regards development as occurring in distinct stages. B. viewed development as an active process, whereas the information-processing approach regards the organism as passive. C. focused on perception, whereas the information-processing approach focuses on thinking and memory. D. regarded development as occurring in stages, whereas the information-processing approach views development as continuous.

D. regarded development as occurring in stages, whereas the information-processing approach views development as continuous.

121. Learning, or behavioral, theorists maintain that language is learned through A. classical conditioning. B. habituation. C. nativism. D. reinforcement.

D. reinforcement.

36. The parents of 15-month-old Helen want to discourage her thumb sucking. When Helen takes her thumb out of her mouth, they give her a small cup of raisins, which she loves. The raisins represent A. a negative stimulus. B. an unconditioned stimulus. C. a neutral stimulus. D. reinforcement.

D. reinforcement.

69. Researchers study habituation in infants by A. pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response. B. reinforcing infants' responses to stimuli so that the infants will continue to produce these responses. C. testing infants for development of object permanence. D. repeatedly presenting the same stimulus to see if an infant loses interest in it.

D. repeatedly presenting the same stimulus to see if an infant loses interest in it.

78. Dr. Smith informs a mother that her newborn suffers from hyaline membrane disease. The baby is having problems with A. the membranes that cover the fontanels. B. the control of eye muscles. C. urination. D. respiration.

D. respiration.

53. Conditions that increase the likelihood of a negative outcome or result are called __________ factors. A. diversity B. developmental C. adaptive D. risk

D. risk

65. Tom volunteers to teach children how to play basketball. He finds that when he first tries to teach a skill, such as shooting the ball, he sometimes has to physically guide the children's feet in the correct position. Generally, the more he works with the children and the more knowledge they acquire, the less support he has to provide. This is an example of A. classical conditioning. B. information processing. C. equilibration. D. scaffolding.

D. scaffolding.

95. A child's sense of being a physical whole within boundaries is called A. self-efficacy. B. self-esteem. C. self-confidence. D. self-coherence.

D. self-coherence.

21. When they develop _____, children can evaluate their own thoughts, plans, and desires according to what is considered socially appropriate. A. self-recognition B. self-awareness C. self-conceptualization D. self-evaluation

D. self-evaluation

32. Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the major divisions of the life span? A. prenatal period B. infancy and toddlerhood C. late adulthood D. senescence

D. senescence

57. A pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring is called ______ inheritance. A. recessive B. dominant C. multifactorial D. sex-linked

D. sex-linked

73. Jaedyn was born five days before her due date. She weighed 5 pounds at birth. Jaedyn would be classified as a _____ infant. A. normal full-term B. premature C. preterm D. small-for-date

D. small-for-date

74. Troy was born 38 weeks after conception and weighs 4 1/2 pounds. Troy is A. premature. B. preterm. C. postterm. D. small-for-date.

D. small-for-date.

23. Compared to Freud's theory, Erikson placed greater emphasis on A. physical development. B. intellectual development. C. early experiences. D. social and cultural influences.

D. social and cultural influences.

30. Adolescence is an example of a A. domain of development. B. developmental trajectory. C. psychosocial milestone. D. social construction.

D. social construction.

45. Children have a tendency to imitate the adults they admire even if some of the observed behavior is not appropriate. This process is known as A. behavior modification. B. assimilation. C. adaptation. D. social learning.

D. social learning.

89. When a baby "reads" the expression of a caregiver for a clue as to how to act in an ambiguous situation, it is referred to as A. social facilitation. B. separation anxiety. C. situational compliance. D. social referencing.

D. social referencing.

91. When an unfamiliar child takes away 1-year-old Marla's toy, she looks questionably at her mother. This is an example of A. stranger anxiety. B. attachment. C. mutual regulation. D. social referencing.

D. social referencing.

7. The _____ approach to cognitive development examines the impact of the environment on learning processes. A. information-processing B. psychometric C. psychodynamic D. social-contextual

D. social-contextual

47. A woman who becomes obese during pregnancy runs the risk of all the following pregnancy complications EXCEPT A. miscarriage. B. stillbirth. C. neonatal death. D. spina bifida.

D. spina bifida.

2. Emotions are _____ reactions to experiences that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes. A. operantly conditioned B. genetically dictated C. set D. subjective

D. subjective

130. When children grow up in a bilingual home, they develop the ability to switch from one language to another, which is called code A. differentiation. B. interchange. C. mixing. D. switching.

D. switching.

113. "Mommy go now" is an example of ______ speech. A. syntactic B. overextended C. underextended D. telegraphic

D. telegraphic

48. The substage of sensorimotor development in which the child uses trial and error to find which one of his or her physical skills works best for a particular task is called A. primary circular reactions. B. secondary circular reactions. C. coordination of secondary schemes. D. tertiary circular reactions.

D. tertiary circular reactions.

25. Jim and Heather are delivering their first child. Jim is coaching Heather in her breathing and encouraging her to practise her relaxation techniques. This is an example of A. a cesarean delivery. B. doula-assisted childbirth. C. stillbirth. D. the Lamaze method.

D. the Lamaze method.

66. Normative history-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. worldwide economic depression. B. introduction of the contraceptive pill. C. the AIDS epidemic. D. the death of a spouse.

D. the death of a spouse.

18. Stacy wants to learn more about the sequence of base parts within DNA that determine inherited characteristics. Stacy is interested in A. autosomes. B. multifactorial transmission. C. genome imprinting. D. the genetic code.

D. the genetic code.

107. Leroy has settled into the habit of saying "no" even when he may mean "yes." His parents explain that he has hit the "terrible twos," a normal manifestation of A. self-regulation. B. basic mistrust. C. shame and doubt. D. the need for autonomy.

D. the need for autonomy.

104. In a correlational study, A. cause-and-effect relationships can be determined. B. researchers ask people to state their opinions. C. researchers observe people in their natural environment. D. the relationship between two variables is measured.

D. the relationship between two variables is measured.

112. Development of self-regulation is fundamentally based on children's ability to A. quiet themselves. B. obey the caregiver. C. form their own rules. D. think and remember.

D. think and remember.

115. Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT A. simplification. B. overextension. C. understanding grammar without being able to express it. D. use of "parentese."

D. use of "parentese."

81. According to Piaget, reaching depends on the use of the eyes to guide the movement of the hands, which is referred to as _____. A. binocular coordination B. haptic perception C. depth perception D. visual guidance

D. visual guidance

64. Normative age-graded influences include all of the following EXCEPT A. puberty and menopause. B. starting school. C. retirement. D. war and famine

D. war and famine.

86. The short-term storage of information that the brain actively processes is referred to as _____ memory. A. episodic B. semantic C. implicit D. working

D. working

100. The first stage of prenatal development is the embryonic stage.

FALSE

101. If a characteristic has a strong genetic influence, it is largely due to nurture.

FALSE

101. The rapid division and duplication of cells after fertilization is called mitosis.

FALSE

103. Developmental timing is the same for all humans.

FALSE

104. Most researchers believe that violent passions, such as grief or anger, as well as violent movements, such as horseback riding, can bring on miscarriages.

FALSE

104. Your grandmother is part of your nuclear family.

FALSE

106. Prenatal development occurs in the following order: zygotic, embryonic, and fetal.

FALSE

109. A teratogen exclusively refers to drugs, alcohol, and radiation.

FALSE

109. Braxton-Hicks contractions indicate that a woman is going into labor.

FALSE

109. Developmental scientists argue that development is largely unidirectional.

FALSE

111. The cutting between the vagina and anus to enlarge the vaginal opening and aide delivery is called an epidural.

FALSE

112. Cesarean delivery is on the rise in the United States.

FALSE

112. Moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy is considered safe.

FALSE

113. If a mother has HIV, she is guaranteed to transmit it to her baby.

FALSE

114. An amniocentesis samples the placenta to determine chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders.

FALSE

114. In a natural or prepared childbirth, use of drugs to reduce pain is the norm.

FALSE

114. The most common cause of infertility is a woman's failure to produce ova.

FALSE

115. A baby is a neonate for the first 2 months of life.

FALSE

118. In a newborn, over one-third of the infants body length is comprised of the infant's head.

FALSE

119. Mai has brown eyes and her partner Jonas has blue eyes. Their offspring will be homozygotic for the trait eye color.

FALSE

119. Whereas in the prenatal environment the newborns temperature is relatively constant, after birth is fluctuates with mother's mood.

FALSE

120. The Apgar scale measures the neonate's response to the environment.

FALSE

121. Neonates sleep an average of 20 hours a day.

FALSE

122. Low birth weight is a concern as it often leads to long, thin babies and don't receive enough blood supply towards the end of gestation.

FALSE

123. Ethnicity is unrelated to birth weight.

FALSE

124. Luz has brown hair, brown eyes, and is generally considered smart and funny by others. This is an example of her genotype.

FALSE

125. The bidirectional interplay of all activity of genetic and environmental levels is considered to be your genotype.

FALSE

126. The differential expression of certain genetic traits based on if the trait came from the mother or the father is called epigenesis.

FALSE

128. Sex-linked characteristics generally come from the father.

FALSE

129. Down syndrome occurs on the thirteenth chromosome.

FALSE

130. If a trait like intelligence has a heritability estimate of 0.86 it would indicate that there is a weak genetic influence on intelligence and that environment is far more important.

FALSE

141. Hypotheses are developed before theories.

FALSE

142. Babies begin to communicate emotions more clearly and show moods and ambivalence around 6 months of age.

FALSE

143. The first sign of emotions is smiling.

FALSE

144. Because Piaget believed that development is active and occurs in stages, he would be considered a mechanistic.

FALSE

144. Picking up crying infants spoils babies.

FALSE

146. Researcher Bibb believes that development is continuous, thus he believes that development is like climbing a flight of stairs.

FALSE

147. Sakura focuses her study of development on perception, memory and language. She is most likely taking a behavioral approach.

FALSE

147. Sergio believes that development occurs through an interaction between a developing person and his or her surrounding environment. Sergio is most likely a cognitive neuroscientist.

FALSE

148. Studies of functional MRI's indicate that mother's brains are activated when they see their baby smile or cry. They also show that the brain reacts the same way regardless of if it is their baby or someone else's.

FALSE

149. In classical conditioning, an individual associates a behavior with a consequence or outcome.

FALSE

150. Delaney and her mother are participating in the Strange Situation, When her mother leaves the room, Delaney fusses and when her mother returns, she remains upset for some time and even backs away from comfort. Ainsworth would classify her as avoidantly attached.

FALSE

150. Sakura believes that experience and social interaction are a catalyst for human development. Her thinking is most in line with Skinner.

FALSE

152. There are no tests that will reveal an infant's intelligence.

FALSE

153. The Bailey Scales of Infant and Toddler Development Scale is used to determine an individual's IQ.

FALSE

154. Baby Tempest is on a new playground with her mother when she approaches a seesaw; based on her mother's facial cues, she avoids the apparatus. This is an example of mutual regulation.

FALSE

154. One of the advantages of naturalistic observation is that you can gather a large amount of data quickly and it is an objective approach to understanding behavior.

FALSE

154. The first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is the preoperational stage.

FALSE

156. Magdalene conducts a study examining the number of books in the family home and children's verbal skills in third grade. She finds a positive correlation; she can thus conclude that books in the house cause children to be smarter.

FALSE

158. Baby Willa watches while her mother hides a ball under a blanket. Baby Willa acts as though the ball no longer exists. This demonstrates that she has gained object permanence.

FALSE

158. Luc is performing an experiment to determine if cocaine use causes learning difficulty in rats. Some rats are given no cocaine and some are given a fixed amount of cocaine. After 1 week of this treatment, the rats are taught to run a maze over 15 trials. In this example, running the maze is the independent variable.

FALSE

158. Your gender is what you are biologically, male or female.

FALSE

159. If I study the same group of individuals over a period of time, I am conducting a cross-sectional study.

FALSE

160. Deception is never used in psychological research.

FALSE

160. I jingle my car keys in front of baby Sam. After a while, he looks away and is no longer interested. This is an example of dishabituation.

FALSE

160. Most siblings are competitive and do not get along well.

FALSE

163. Your ability to recall the capitols of the 50 states is an ability tied to implicit memory.

FALSE

165. Chomsky argued that the reason young children find learning language so easy is because they are born with a language acquisition device. Based on this, we would classify him as being a proponent of learning theory.

FALSE

90. Developmental scientists are primarily interested in infant and child development.

FALSE

91. The three domains of development are emotional, physical, and cognitive.

FALSE

93. Cognitive advances are rarely related to physical, emotional, or social factors.

FALSE

95. Attachment is a critical component of psychosocial development during middle childhood.

FALSE

98. Individual differences have minimal effects on development.

FALSE

98. The reason babies have short stubby arms and legs but by middle childhood have developed long limbs is due to the cephalocaudal principal.

FALSE

111. A one-celled organism that results from fertility is called a blastocyst.

FALSE (blastocyst is not one-celled)

118. Kelly, age 2 years, says "Brrr

My feets are cold!" This is an example of A. simplification. B. overextension. C. underextension. D. overregularization.!D. overregularization.

100. If adopted children are like their non-biological adoptive parents on a trait like intelligence, it would suggest that intelligence is strongly influenced by nurture.

TRUE

102. Baby Jenise learns to crawl before she walks. This is an example of maturation.

TRUE

102. The second stage of prenatal development is the embryonic stage.

TRUE

103. Organogenesis is the process during which the organs and major body parts develop rapidly.

TRUE

105. From a developmental perspective, male fetuses are considered more fragile than female fetuses.

TRUE

105. Your aunt is part of your extended family.

TRUE

106. By the 1920s, over 65% of deliveries in the United States took place in hospitals.

TRUE

106. The type of food that one eats is a reflection of ethnic and cultural patterns.

TRUE

107. Children of immigrants are twice as likely as other children to live in extended-family households.

TRUE

107. Male fetuses are more active then female fetuses.

TRUE

107. The act or process of giving birth is called parturition.

TRUE

108. Babies whose mothers drink large amounts of carrot juice in the last trimester are more likely to like carrots.

TRUE

108. One in 4 children in immigrant families has one parent born in the United States.

TRUE

108. The protein corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) promotes maturation of the fetal lungs to ready them for life outside the womb.

TRUE

110. Recent research by the CDC has found that women who were overweight or obese prior to pregnancy are more likely to have babies with certain types of heart defects.

TRUE

110. Research suggests there is a critical period for language acquisition.

TRUE

110. The stages of childbirth in order are: dilatation of the cervix, emergence of the baby, and delivery of the placenta.

TRUE

111. Fetuses that are undernourished are more likely to develop schizophrenia.

TRUE

112. Sex cells are also called gametes.

TRUE

113. At birth, girls are born with all of the ova she will ever produce.

TRUE

113. Research suggests that oxytocin can help people low in social competence accurately read the emotions of others.

TRUE

115. Dizygotic twins are the result of two ova and two sperm.

TRUE

115. Rates of low birth weight and premature birth continue to rise despite policies in prenatal care in the United States.

TRUE

116. A typically developing person has 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46.

TRUE

116. In the Himalayas, sometimes a piece of the umbilical cord is saved and placed in a metal bead that the child then wears.

TRUE

116. Risk screening, vaccinations, and counseling are all recommended before women think about getting pregnant as part of preconception care.

TRUE

117. Colostrum is a special high-protein type of milk that aids in the immune system of the infant.

TRUE

117. The Y in an XY pattern comes from the father.

TRUE

118. Gregor Mendel is credited with laying the foundation for our understanding of genetic inheritance.

TRUE

120. Waylon is tall and his partner Tara is short. Their child will be heterozygotic for the trait height.

TRUE

121. Most traits, like intelligence, are polygenic.

TRUE

122. Research suggests that being light skinned is the result of a minute genetic mutation that occurred tens of thousands of years ago.

TRUE

123. All of your genetic material is your genotype, whereas your observed characteristics are your phenotype.

TRUE

124. Research suggests that resilience can overcome difficult starts to life if the environment is supportive.

TRUE

127. Babies that are born with only Y chromosomes and no X chromosomes are not viable. But babies with at least one X are.

TRUE

131. The home you grow up in, your parents' SES level, and the friends your parents choose for you to play with are all examples of a passive-genotype effect.

TRUE

142. The mechanistic model argues that human development is a series of predictable responses to stimuli.

TRUE

143. The organismic model views human development as internally initiated by an active organism, and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.

TRUE

145. A researcher interested in qualitative research focuses on fundamental changes in development with age.

TRUE

145. Baby Ibrahim often shares trains with other toddlers when playing at the train table in the bookstore. This indicates that he has developed a sense of empathy.

TRUE

146. Baby Marshall is a happy baby that sleeps and eats regularly but is not overly thrilled with new situations and people. According to Thomas and Chess's classification system, he would be described as slow-to-warm-up.

TRUE

147. Baby Aubrey is presented with a new toy and she pumps her arms and legs and arches her back. According to Kagan, she is high in behavioral inhibition.

TRUE

148. A developmentalist who focuses on how behavior changes in response to experience is most likely taking a behavioral approach.

TRUE

148. Takara notices that birds with red feathers are more likely to survive than birds with blue feathers; she predicts that there will be more red feathered birds in the next generation. Takara believes in an evolutionary approach to development.

TRUE

149. A baby's attachment style is best characterized by how a mother soothes an upset baby rather than how that child acts when she is not around.

TRUE

149. Martine believes that unconscious forces drive her behavior. Her thinking is most in line with Freud.

TRUE

150. If one associates a needle with pain, it is most likely due to classical conditioning.

TRUE

151. If a baby learns to associate that when it cries mom and dad come running, it is most likely due to operant conditioning.

TRUE

151. Jonas believes that the brain is like a computer and uses this analogy to discuss development. His thinking is consistent with the information-processing approach.

TRUE

151. The style of attachment most commonly found in abused or neglected children is disorganized/disoriented.

TRUE

152. Ethologists study such topics as how spiders spin webs and the differences between various species.

TRUE

152. Mothers who respond sensitively to their infants end up with babies that fall asleep faster, sleep longer, and wake less often.

TRUE

153. Some researchers argue that limitations on young children have adaptive value. That by children having unrealistic expectations of their abilities it may allow them to try new things and also reduce fear.

TRUE

153. When babies are down on the ground, they respond more negatively to tall strangers than short strangers.

TRUE

155. In an ethnographic study, you perform an in depth investigation of a culture or subculture.

TRUE

155. Piaget focuses heavily on the importance of reflexes and the development from involuntary to voluntary use of these mechanisms.

TRUE

155. Self-awareness and an understanding that others think things that you know are not true is related to lying in children.

TRUE

156. For Piaget, several things mark the end of the sensorimotor stage of development, chiefly is representational ability.

TRUE

156. The first stage of Erikson's psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust.

TRUE

157. Payton finds a correlation between global warming and number of pirates; as the number of pirates has decreased, global warming has increased. This is an example of a negative correlation.

TRUE

157. Piaget argues that deferred imitation is important because it requires a mental representation of the behavior or skill.

TRUE

157. Some researchers argue that young children are increasingly experiencing hurt feelings as a result of competition with computers and smartphones.

TRUE

159. One-year-old Raja observes her brother hiding a ball behind a pillow, and then retrieves the ball. After several times of playing this game, her brother hides the ball behind a potted plant. However, baby Raja continues to look for the ball behind the pillow. Raja is demonstrating the A not B error.

TRUE

159. Six-month-olds respond differently to male and female voices.

TRUE

161. Speed of habituation is related to intelligence.

TRUE

162. Babies prefer to look at faces compared to other visual stimuli.

TRUE

164. Tobias sits with his mother and watches her bake bread. She shows him what she is doing and he works in parallel to her watching and modeling. In this way, he learns how to bake bread. Vygotsky and Rogoff called this guided participation.

TRUE

92. Learning falls under the cognitive domain of development.

TRUE

94. The periods of development are arbitrary.

TRUE

96. As an adolescent, Julio's relationship with his parents is generally good.

TRUE

97. Intuit parents do not believe that young children are capable of reason and thus are lenient with they become angry or fuss. This is an example of a social construction.

TRUE

97. Only 10-20 percent of fertilized ova become implanted in the uterine wall and continue to develop.

TRUE

99. Fine motor skills come after gross motor skills because of the proximodistal principle.

TRUE

99. If Bob and his parents are all farsighted, it is likely that vision problems in this family are due to heredity.

TRUE