MIS 373 Chapter 1: Network Models

Anatomy of TCP/IP packet

1. Destination IP address 2. Source IP address 3. Data

Anatomy of a frame (from left to right)

1. Recipient's MAC address 2. Sender's MAC address 3. Type 4. Data 5. FCS

The frames in most wired networks hold at most ________ bytes of data

1500

Example of an IP address

192.168.6.5

Frame

A container for a chunk of data moving across a network

The most famous network protocol

TCP/IP

The frame trailer

The FCS

Any company that makes NICs must contact whom?

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Who created the OSI seven-layer model?

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The one-to-one addressing scheme is called what?

Unicast addressing

Any frame addressed specifically to another device's MAC address is called a what?

Unicast frame

MAC address

Unique identifier assigned to network interfaces with a 48-bit value

Which cable contains four pairs of wires that can transmit and receive data?

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

Hex is represented in letter form for which values?

Values 10-15. (A,B,C,D,E,F)

The two other functions of the TCP/IP Transport Layer

Connection-oriented communication Connectionless communication

Frame data field

Contains what's encapsulated

Examples of items in the OSI Physical Layer

Copper cabling Fiber optics Radio waves Hubs

8-bit numbers range from _______

0-255

Example of MAC address

00-40-05-60-7D-49

Router

A device that connects each of the subnets and implements IP addresses to forward data

What is the central box?

A device that handles the flow of data from each computer to every other computer

Port

A number between 1 and 65,536 that is a logical value assigned to specific applications or services

IP address

A number that uniquely identifies each computer or device connected to the Internet.

Logical addressing method

A postal code/telephone numbering scheme that that ignores the hardware and enables you to break up the entire large network into smaller networks

Hub

A repeater that made an exact copy of a frame, sending a copy of the original frame to all of the connected ports except the port on which the message originated

Application Programming Interface (API)

A set of software routines that programmers can use to make their programs network aware

Subnets

A smaller network of a much larger component

Mnemonic for OSI seven layers

All People Seem To Need Data Processing

TCP/IP Application Layer combines features of which layers of the OSI model?

Application Presentation Session

Encapsulation components

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link

The four layers of the TCP/IP model

Application Transport Internet Link/Network Interface

What does the LLC do?

Aspect of the NIC that talks to the system's operating system. It also handles network protocols and provides flow control

Frame check sequence (FCS)

Bit of checking information

A NIC may send a ________ onto the network to ask for a MAC address

Broadcast

The TCP/IP Link Layer

Combination of the OSI model's Layer 1 and Layer 2. Parts of network that deal with complete frames

The TCP/IP Transport Layer

Combines features of the OSI Transport and Session Layers w/ some of the Application layer

What type of binary math does the FCS use that the receiving NIC uses to verify that the data arrived intact?

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC)

Switches operate at what layer of the OSI model?

Data Link (Layer 2)

The NIC is in which two layers of the OSI model?

Data Link (Layer 2) Physical (Layer 1)

Layer 1 of the OSI model defines the method of movign what?

Data between computers

Media Access Control (MAC)

Data link sublayer that adds the NIC's own MAC address and attaches MAC addresses to the frame. Error checking also occurs

The receiving computer reverses the process of encapsulation, called __________

De-encapsulation

The TCP/IP model is a _________ model, and the OSI seven-layer model is a _________ prescriptive model

Descriptive Prescriptive

UDP datagram anatomy

Destination port Source port Length Checksum Data

Anatomy of a TCP segment

Destination port Source port Sequence number Checksum Flags Acknowledgement Data

The last six digits of the MAC are called what?

Device ID

IP uses what kind of notation based on four 8-bit numbers?

Dotted decimal notation/dotted-octet numbering system

The frame payload

Encapsulated data

The first six digits of a MAC address are known as the ________.

Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)

The ISO sets standards that promote what among network designers and manufacturers?

Equality

Large networks cannot use what to transfer data?

Ethernet MAC addresses

Switches

Filter traffic by MAC address. Send frame only to the interface associated with the destination MAC address

The two distinct containers for a TCP/IP network to send data successfully

Frame Inside frame: IP-specific container and data

All networks transmit data by breaking whatever is moving across the Physical Layer into discrete chunks called what?

Frames

MAC addresses are always written in what notation?

Hexadecimal

Frame type field

In a data frame, the field that names the protocol being sent in the frame.

The Session (Layer 5) of the OSI model does what?

Initiates sessions Accepts incoming sessions Opens and closes existing sessions

To make the CRC, the NIC uses a divisor called a what?

Key

The MAC address of FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF is the what?

Layer 2 broadcast address

The OSI seven layers

Layer 7: Application Layer 6: Presentation Layer 5: Session Layer 4: Transport Layer 3: Network Layer 2: Data Link Layer 1: Physical

The two distinct jobs that define the processes a NIC performs to keep data moving

Logical Link Control (LLC) Media Access Control (MAC)

Large networks utilize what?

Logical addressing method

Using the TCP/IP model, OSI layers 5 through 7 are ____________ as the _____________ layer

Lumped together Application

What special firmware is inside every NIC, burned onto a ROM chip?

MAC address

The two unique identifiers of the TCP/IP network

MAC address (physical address) IP address (logical address)

The frame header

MAC addresses and Type

A main distinction between IP addresses and MAC addresses

MAC addresses are burned into the NICs IP addresses must be configured using software

The OSI seven-layer model encourages what kind of design in networking?

Modular

How do we simplify the overall processes of highly complex technologies?

Network model

Advancing past physical MAC addresses to logical addressing requires a special software called ________

Network protocol

Is the NIC classified in the OSI Layer 1 or Layer 2?

OSI Layer 2 (Data link)

What are the two methods used by professionals to conceptualize the many parts of a network?

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model

The term for the inner container in TCP/IP

Packet

At the network layer (Layer 3), containers called _______ get created and addressed so they can go from one network to another

Packets

The TCP/IP Internet Layer

Part of the TCP/IP model that involves any device or protocol dealing with IP packets

The cabling and central box are a part of what layer of the OSI model?

Physical Layer (Layer 1)

MAC addresses are also known as what?

Physical addresses

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) can be defined as a what?

Protocol suite

The receiving system does the _________ of packets

Reassembly

What is embedded into the data of each packet containing a segment?

Sequence number

Network Interface Card (NIC)

Serves as the interface between the PC and the network. Built into the motherboard

Segmentation

Serving computer chops up requested data into chunks that will fit into a packet, organize the packets for the receiving system, and hand them to NIC for sending

What are protocols?

Sets of clearly defined rules, regulations, standards, and procedures, that enable hardware and software developers to make devices and applications that function properly at a particular layer.

Session software

Software that handles the process of differentiating among various types of connections on a PC

The second port number of a TCP segment

Source port

The Data Link layer is the only layer in the OSI that has what?

Sublayers

Hubs were replaced with what?

Switches

Encapsulation

The entire process of preparing data to go onto a network. Each layer adds more info so that data gets to correct recipient and recipient understands what to do with the data

The last six digits of the MAC refer to what?

The manufacturer's unique serial number for that NIC

The first six digits of a MAC address represent what?

The number of the NIC manufacturer

A computer cannot process a frame when

The recipient frame address does not match the computer's address

MAC-48

The unique 48-bit address assigned to a network interface card. This is also known as the MAC address or the EUI-48.

Each layer on the OSI seven-layer model trusts that the other layers on the model do what?

Their jobs

By reading the sequencing numbers, the receiving system knows which two things?

Total number of segments How to put them back together

The connection-oriented protocol is __________ The connectionless protocol is __________

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

All NICs on the same network must use the same __________, or they will not be able to communicate with other NICs.

frame type

macOS command used to see the MAC address for your NIC

ifconfig

Linux command used to see the MAC address for your NIC

ip a

The Windows command used to see the MAC address for your NIC

ipconfig /all

Any device that deals with a MAC address is part of what?

the OSI Data Link Layer (Layer 2)