Mitosis and Meiosis

haploid cell

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

Chromosomes

A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins

Gametes

A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.

Binary Fission

A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.

binary fission

A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." In prokaryotes, binary fission does not involve mitosis, but in single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process.

Mitosis

A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei.

Centrosome

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.

sexual reproduction

A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.

mitotic spindle

An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.

Cell Cycle

An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell

Somatic Cells

Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors.

What are the 7 Phases of the Cell Cycle?

Interphase -S- Phase -G2 Phase Mitotic Phase -Mitosis -Cytokinesis G1

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.

Telophase

The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.

G1 Phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

Cleavage Furrow

The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.

Prophase

The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact.

Anaphase

The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.

Genome

The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequence

interphase

The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.

chromosomes throughout mitosis

_Prophase is the first phase of mitosis. During this phase, the chromosomes inside the cell's nucleus condense and form tight structures. -_Metaphase the microtubules arrange the chromosomes in a line along the equator of the cell, known as the metaphase plate. _Anaphase pulls the sister chromatids apart and toward opposite poles of the cell (Figure 3c). At this point, each chromatid is considered a separate chromosome. _Telophase the newly separated chromosomes reach the mitotic spindle and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes,

The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of replicated DNA together is called _____. (eText Concept 12.1)

a centromere

sex chromosomes

humans theres XX and XY determines gender

The centromere is a region in which _____. (eText Concept 12.1)

sister chromatids are attached to one another in prophase

How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?

2

What happens during metaphase?

1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed 2. The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles.

What happens during prophase?

1. The nucleoli disappear 2. Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes. 3. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. 4. Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.

What happens during anaphase?

1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. Once separate, each sister chromatid is considered a full-fledged daughter chromosome. 3. Motor proteins of the kinetochores "walk" the daughter chromosomes along the spindle microtubules toward opposite poles 4. Microtubules shorten. 5. At the same time, the spindle microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen, pushing the two poles farther apart and elongating the cell.

What happens during Telophase?

1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell. 2. The chromosomes uncoil 3. Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei. 4. Meanwhile, cytokinesis begins, splitting the cytoplasm and separating the two daughter cells.

What is Mitosis?

Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells

What happens in the S Phase?

DNA synthesis (or replication) occurs during this phase. At the beginning of the phase, each chromosome is single. At the end, after DNA replication, each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids.

What happens in Interphase?

During the interphase prior to meiosis, chromosomes replicate.

What are the three roles of Mitosis?

Growth Asexual Reproduction Replacement

Centromere

In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; this close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome. (An uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single centromere, identified by its DNA sequence.)

How is Cytokinesis different in Animal Cells?

In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with the formation of a cleavage furrow. At the site of the furrow, a ring of microfilaments contracts, much like the pulling of drawstrings. The cell is pinched in two, creating two identical daughter cells.

What happens in Meiosis I?

In meiosis I homologous chromosomes pair up, and each pair separates, producing two haploid cells with their sister chromatids still joined.

How is cytokinesis different in plant cells?

In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when vesicles containing cell-wall material collect in the middle of the cell. The vesicles fuse, forming a large sac called the cell plate. The cell plate grows outward until its membrane fuses with the plasma membrane, separating the two daughter cells. The cell plate's contents join the parental cell wall. The result is two daughter cells, each bounded by its own continuous plasma membrane and cell wall.

What happens in Meiosis II?

Meiosis II is like mitosis; sister chromatids separate and four haploid cells are formed. Note that each has half the chromosomes of the parent cell. These cells differ genetically from each other and from the cells of the parents.

Meiosis

Meiosis is essential to sex, because it enables each parent to contribute one set of chromosomes-- half the total-- to each diploid offspring.

Of what two processes does cell division consist of?

Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes— is divided into five phases: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, when the cytoplasm splits to form two separate daughter cells.

What are the five stages of mitosis?

PMAT Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Chromatin

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope

G2 Phase

The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

Metaphase

The second stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.

S Phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

What happens during G1?

This is the portion of the cell cycle just after division, but before DNA synthesis. During this time the cell grows by producing proteins and organelles.

What happens during cytokinesis?

This is the step in the cell cycle when the cytoplasm divides in two.

What happens during mitosis?

This is when division of the nucleus occurs. The chromosomes that have been replicated are distributed to two daughter nuclei.

What happens during G2?

This third subphase of interphase is a period of metabolic activity and growth. During this phase the cell makes final preparations for division.

Sister Chromatids

Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II

What happens during Interphase?

Typically, this phase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. It is a time of high metabolic activity. The cell grows by producing proteins and organelles, and chromosomes are replicated.