MM Ch 14 Quiz

In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur?

January of year three

Which of the following is the best mode of controlling the spread of West Nile infections?

Limit exposure to mosquitoes to prevent the transmission of West Nile virus.

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of a Clostridium difficile infection?

Respiratory distress

Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?

Single-use

In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?

The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.

Cryptosporidiosis is caused by

The protozoan Cryptosporidium, spread via the fecal oral route

Which of the following inanimate objects could ordinarily be treated with a low-level disinfectant?

a hospital scale

Which of the following is a fungal zoonosis that can be transmitted by direct contact?

ringworm

The health of the patient

should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.

Expected prevalence of a disease is

the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations.

If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions

they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker

How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?

They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary

This activity presents experimental results obtained when a suspected pathogen was tested and asks you to identify appropriate conclusions based on each scenario. A rabbit was found to have floppy ear disease, which causes long-ear infections. Its etiology (cause) is unknown. Unknown Microorganism X from the infected rabbit's right ear is successfully isolated and cultured on laboratory growth media. The ear of a healthy laboratory mouse is then inoculated with isolated microorganism, and after a period of time, no disease is observed. Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) the conclusion(s) that can be drawn from this experiment? Select all that apply.

-A laboratory mouse might not be an appropriate, susceptible host; an experiment with a laboratory rabbit may be needed. -Microorganism X might not be linked to floppy ear disease, because the inoculated mouse remained healthy.

During his research on West Nile virus, Bill learned that this virus is placed within a functional grouping known as arboviruses. What is meant by the term arbovirus?

-An arbovirus is maintained in nature through biological transmission. -An arbovirus is an arthropod-borne virus.

This activity asks you to identify Koch's postulates for determining the etiology of infectious diseases. Which statements accurately describe Koch's postulates? Select all that apply.

-The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease. -The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture. -The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal. -The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

What features of West Nile virus make it an emerging disease of special concern? Select all that apply.

-West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus transmitted by mosquitoes. -West Nile virus has a high mortality rate in immunosuppressed humans and infects many species of birds in southern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, and North America. -West Nile virus is maintained in nature through biological transmission between susceptible hosts by blood-feeding arthropods

If your country reported 89 cases of cryptosporidiosis last year and there were 769,000 people living in your country, what was the annual incidence rate of cryptosporidiosis in your country?

11.6 -To calculate the incidence rate: Incidence= number of cases/Total population×100,000

Which of the following would be considered a vector?

A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Which of the following is an example of a healthcare-associated infection (HAI)?

A patient develops a Pseudomonas infection during treatment in a bum unit

Which of the following would be an example of disease transmission via indirect contact?

A student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold

Which of the following factors contributes to the frequency of health care associated infections (HAIs)?

All of the above Transmission from healthcare professionals to patients; The presence of patients with weakened immune systems; The presence of a wide range of pathogens in the healthcare environment

Which of the following examples would best fall under the science of epidemiology?

Determining what water source in the county is contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocytes

This activity asks you to view Foundation Figure 14.3 and determine the purpose of key components of this experiment. The key components include the diseased or dead animal, the healthy laboratory animal, the microscope, and the growth media. Robert Koch performed experiments to determine the specific microorganisms associated with specific diseases Based on the figure, match each component in the experiment with its purpose in this experiment

Diseased or dead animal- original source of the infectious microbial agent Healthy laboratory animal- organism injected with a potential infectious agent Microscope- tool used to view and identify individual microorganisms Growth media- nutrient-rich environment for isolating and culturing microorganisms

Which of the following is an example of the symbiotic relationship known as mutualism?

E. Coli within the large intestine

The brain tissue of the birds indicated the possibility of encephalitis. What is encephalitis, and why should this type of infection cause concern among health care professionals?

Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue. It is a concern to health care professionals because an infection in the brain means the virus has breached protective measures.

This activity asks you to match each key term related to etiology and infectious disease with its description. Based on the information contained in the introduction, match each of the following concepts with its best description.

Etiology- the study of the cause of a disease Infectious disease- disease directly caused by microorganisms and not by other means, for example, genetic or degenerative diseases Germ theory of disease- this theory states that microorganisms cause infected diseases Koch's postulates- experimental requirements for identifying the agent of an infectious disease

In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four?

Five

Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing?

Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.

Which of the following statements is true?

Hypochlorite-based disinfectants are effective against a wider range of pathogens than quats.

Which of the following statements concerning pathology, infection, and disease is true?

Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease

Koch's postulates established criteria for proving that a specific organism causes a specific disease. Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria given by Koch's postulates?

The pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animals and must be different from the original organism

Which of the following statements about the development of infectious diseases is correct?

The period of convalescence is the time during which the person regains health and fully recovers (back to the pre-disease state).

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

If mosquitoes are the mode of transmission for West Nile virus, why did the students in Bill's virology class focus on finding the virus in the dead birds rather than collecting mosquitoes to examine?

The students tried to isolate and identify West Nile virus from birds because they are an amplifying host for the virus, making it more likely that the virus can be isolated from these animals.

What is the role of epidemiology?

To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

Which mode of transmission best describes the spread of Cryptosporidium from the reservoir to host?

Vehicle transmission via water

Which of the following best describes why West Nile Virus is considered to be an emerging infectious disease?

West Nile virus outbreaks have increased in number and affected areas since 1937.

Which of the following would be considered a fomite?

an infected toy

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered

contact transmission

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?

contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

The following choices list several types of diseases, along with factors that may contribute to their emergence. Which disease and associated factor do NOT match?

emergence of avian influenza A (H5N1): use of antibiotics

If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be

endemic

As a health care worker, you are keenly aware of how important it is to avoid harming patients. You worry about inadvertently transmitting an infectious disease to an already compromised individual. According to the CDC, what is the most important thing you can do to avoid this?

wash my hands before interacting with any patient

Epidemiology is defined as the study of

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.

This activity asks you to sort statements that describe the benefits and limitations of using Koch's postulates to determine the etiology of infectious diseases. For each of the following statements, determine whether it describes a benefit or a limitation of Koch's postulates.

Benefit: -laboratory findings provide experimental evident that support the germ theory of disease -healthy, susceptible animals can be used as model organisms for testing many types of infections, thus avoiding the unethical inoculation of healthy human hosts -The steps are designed to systematically link a pathogen to specific infectious disease Limitation: -Different pathogens can produce the same signs and symptoms, making it difficult to determine which microorganism is causing a disease -Some pathogens cause several different diseases, which make it difficult to link on pathogen to one disease using Koch's postulates -Some infectious agents have specific growth requirements that prevent them from being artificially cultured in the laboratory

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) __________ disease in these regions.

endemic