MNGT 330 Final

Discrimination against customers

- has negative effects on organizations' ability to market to diverse customer groups.

The Black population is about

13.5%

In a study on employment and earnings of native and immigrant Blacks and Whites,

African-born Blacks had higher educational levels than native-born Blacks.

Research on American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) women shows that

American Indian women managers navigate between two distinctive but interconnected worlds.

According to the "one-drop rule"

Anyone with one known Black ancestor was deemed Black, regardless of the number or proportion of non-Black ancestors.

Which of the following is true of Asian women at work in the U.S.?

Asian immigrant women are likely to work in family-owned businesses, computer manufacturing, or the garment industry.

In terms of workforce participation and education, which of the following is not true?

Asian women are more likely to be participating in the workforce than White women.

Which is true of the relationship between Asians and diversity concerns?

Asians experience employment discrimination along with other minority groups.

Which of the following statements about the education, employment, and/or earnings of Blacks/African Americans is true?

Black unemployment is higher than the unemployment of every other racial/ethnic group at the same educational level.

Regarding employment of Black women,

Black women who work for unionized firms earn more than Black women who work for non-unionized firms

Which of the following is true of multiracial people?

Care should be taken to avoid grouping multiracials with one group and ignoring the other(s) aspects of their identity.

Which of the following is true of the American Indian/Alaska Native population?

Changes in self-identification have contributed to increases in the population.

In research on the effects of having an Asian (Chinese or Indian) or White name in selection decisions

Chinese applicants received the lowest suitability ratings.

In terms of race and ethnicity

Confounding of race and ethnicity among Hispanics can create a double jeopardy, in which they experience discrimination based on skin color as well as ethnicity.

Which of the following statements about the education and earnings of Blacks/African Americans is true?

Different educational levels between Blacks and Whites do not completely explain the Black/White earnings gap.

Regarding involuntary servitude in the United States:

During the same time that Africans were first sold in the U.S., Whites were also held as indentured servants.

Which of the following statements is not true about sexual harassment of Black women?

Early on Black women were likely to be overrepresented in cases of sexual harassment brought against organizations, but are not currently overrepresented.

White privilege refers to all of the following except:

Earned advantages based on race.

"Positive" stereotypes of Asian Americans may contribute to their overrepresentation in higher-level organizational positions.

False

About 35% of the Hispanic individuals living in the U.S. were born in the U.S.

False

Access discrimination occurs when people are employed, but treated differently after employment.

False

Although White men comprise less than 40% of the U.S. population, about 80% of the highest level corporate executives are White men.

False

American Indians and Alaska Natives are less likely than all racial and ethnic groups to have a college degree.

False

American Indians who have lived primarily on reservation or trust lands will have similar experiences than those who have lived elsewhere.

False

As a model minority, Asians do experience access discrimination, but not treatment discrimination.

False

Asian Americans actually have the lowest educational level of racial/ethnic group with only a very few who have completed a college degree.

False

Asian Americans are unlikely to experience the glass ceiling.

False

Asian Americans have long been and continue to be far more negatively viewed than any other ethnic/minority group. That view has been made even stronger as a result of numerous U.S. military involvements in Asia.

False

Asians are over-represented in management in technical fields.

False

Aversive racism continues to affect Black applicants and employees but not customers.

False

Because Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, those born there can apply for and receive expedited U.S. citizenship

False

Discerning whether a person has a disability is fairly easy upon meeting him or her.

False

Employers who express preferences for Hispanic immigrant workers, tend to pay more than those employers who do not express such preferences.

False

Evidence suggests that employers need to attend more to access discrimination because there is little treatment discrimination in organizations.

False

For recruitment purposes, tribal colleges are not generally a good source of American Indian applicants because such colleges tend not to be accredited.

False

For those with a high school diploma, the mean earnings of Hispanic men are lower than those of other men with the exception of Black men.

False

Hispanics now comprise about 25% of the U.S. population.

False

If they prefer to do so, it is generally legal for employers to require employees to speak English at all times while at work.

False

In one study discussed in the text, researchers found that Blacks with average grades were more likely to be hired into law firms than Whites with average grades, due to affirmative action programs in the firms.

False

In the 2005 Gallup Poll study Asian Americans reported experiencing less discrimination than Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites.

False

Inter-ethnic employment discrimination is defined as discrimination between Whites and non-White racial and ethnic groups.

False

Non-Hispanic White men with bachelor's degrees earn about $20,000 more than Asian men with bachelor's degrees.

False

Of those participating in the workforce (working or looking for work), unemployment rates for people with disabilities are three times greater than the unemployment rates of people without disabilities.

False

People with disabilities are more likely to be unemployed but less likely to be underemployed than people without disabilities.

False

People with disabilities, unlike women, do not seem to experience the glass ceiling and job segregation.

False

People with work disabilities who have a college degree earn about 50% less than people without work disabilities who have a college degree.

False

Researchers estimate that about 35% of business establishments have no minority workers.

False

Since the Year 2000, the law no longer permits people to indicate multiple racial identities to the U.S. Census but must select just one.

False

The 1990 census was the first time that one could self-identify with more than one race.

False

The American Indian population increased 40% from 2000 to 2010 as a result of immigration.

False

The Americans with Disabilities Amendments Act of 2008 emphasizes that the definition of disabilities should be more narrowly defined than the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

False

The Hispanic market has become of less interest to firms due its decline. It has gone from 1.3 trillion dollars in the year 2000 to 504 billion in 2014.

False

The majority of American Indians live on reservations.

False

The population of Whites in the U.S. is slowly increasing after a period of stagnation.

False

To the extent that one segment of the population is disadvantages, by comparison another segment or segments tend to be advantaged.

False

Underemployment refers to when very few minorities are able to find a job.

False

Walmart Corporation has consistently been a leader in employment and treatment of people with disabilities.

False

When Black parents engage in racial socialization, they usually decrease the ability of their Black children to handle discrimination in an effective manner.

False

When access discrimination occurs, its targets are likely to be aware that it has occurred.

False

Which of the following is true of White and Chinese railroad workers in the 1800s?

Federal legislation purposefully restricted entry of Chinese laborers into the U.S.

In the Central Station Casino case about English-only rules

Hispanic employees were harassed for speaking Spanish.

Which of the following statements is true about Hispanic women at work?

Hispanic women tend to work in female-dominated positions with other women of color.

In terms of marketing to Latinos, in the Hispanic Opinion Tracker study,

Hispanics were more likely to report stronger enthusiasm about shopping than other survey participants.

Glass walls are

Horizontal barriers that confine minorities and women to certain positions within organizations.

In terms of the educational attainment of Latinos,

More Cuban Americans have at least a college degree than Mexican Americans.

Which of the following is true of employment of people with and without disabilities?

People with disabilities are less likely to be employed than people without disabilities.

Glass ceilings and glass walls are likely to be strengthened by all of the practices below except:

Providing mentoring opportunities for women and minorities to take on positions involved with finance.

In terms of access and treatment discrimination, which of the following is true of Hispanics?

Research has shown clear patterns of access and treatment discrimination against Hispanics.

Which of the following is true of American Indians as sports symbols?

Some Indian tribes supported universities' use of the sports symbols.

Which of the following is accurate of Whites/European Americans in the U.S.?

Some White ethnic groups faced considerable overt discrimination in the U.S.

Which of the following is true of Asians?

Some discrimination against Asians occurs because of perceptions they have been too successful.

Which of the following is true of disabilities and the selection process?

Tests should be related to successful job performance.

"New racism"

The belief that Blacks have attained excessive, unfair gains through programs such as affirmative action.

Which of the following is true of Latinos in the U.S.?

The majority of Hispanics in the U.S. are of Mexican origin.

Which of the following is true of employment of people with disabilities?

The majority of claims filed under the ADA are deemed to have no reasonable cause.

Which of the following is not true of bilingualism?

Training managers to speak Spanish is expensive and counter-productive for employers.

A 1922 court ruled that Asian Indians were Caucasian but were not White.

True

A higher proportion of White men were managers in the private sector in 2000 than in 1966.

True

About 8% of the foreign-born population in the U.S. is Black and these immigrants Blacks are often perceived to be native born.

True

Absenteeism of people with disabilities is sometimes lower than those of people without disabilities.

True

Along with other groups, Whites should view diversity as a potential source of competitive advantage.

True

Although the term "Native American" is often construed as more appropriate, American Indian is more commonly used by members of the group themselves and is considered broadly acceptable.

True

American Indians and Alaska Natives have the worst employment rates in the U.S.

True

Approval of interracial marriage increases with education levels.

True

As Whites are more likely to be managers than Blacks, the similarity effect tends to advantage White employees.

True

As a minority group in the United Kingdom, Asians experience marginalization and unemployment.

True

As the U.S. population ages, the proportion of people with a disability in the population is likely to grow.

True

Asian Americans are one of the fastest growing racial/ethnic groups in America.

True

Asian Americans have a bimodal distribution of educational attainment.

True

Asians with college degrees earn about 13% less per year than Whites with college degrees.

True

At higher levels of education (associate's, bachelor's and higher), Whites are less likely to be unemployed than every racial and ethnic group.

True

At times, "separate but equal" schools were required for Mexican children in the U.S

True

Because Whites are the dominant group in the U.S., they are less likely to be viewed as homogenous when compared with other groups.

True

Black women are as much or more likely to be participating in the workforce than White women are.

True

Blacks who are high school graduates are about twice as likely to be unemployed as White high school graduates.

True

Combating multi-racial discrimination requires individual and organizational commitment and not simply dependance on laws.

True

Compared to many other nations, the monolingualism of the majority of the U.S. population is uncommon.

True

Federal tax incentives are often available to employers to fund accommodations.

True

Filipinos were the first people of Asian descent to arrive in the U.S.

True

For some employers, the fear of incurring future costs by hiring a disabled person results in the employers taking illegal actions.

True

Gaming wealth associated with casinos on or near reservations is significant for a very small portion of the American Indian population.

True

Having a disability is a strong predictor of unemployment.

True

Hispanic education levels differ by country of origin.

True

Hispanic men participate in the workforce at higher rates than non-Hispanic White men.

True

Hispanics are diverse in education, language fluency, background, and experiences.

True

Hispanics are underrepresented in managerial and professional occupations relative to their representation in the U.S. population.

True

Hispanics can be White, Black, Asian, or other races.

True

If someone is perceived as having a disability, regardless of whether this perception is accurate, that person is covered under the ADA.

True

In 1922 an Asian with white skin was not categorized as White for immigration purposes.

True

Lack of job autonomy and advancement at work have been associated with stress and high blood pressure for Blacks.

True

Legally sanctioned (or mandated) discrimination and segregation persisted for decades after the end of slavery.

True

Many disabilities have no effect on job performance.

True

Most workers with disabilities require no accommodations.

True

Multiple audit studies conducted in major U.S. cities confirm the greater likelihood of Whites to be preferred in the workplace over similarly qualified Blacks and Latinos.

True

Multiracial people have lower average ages than single race people.

True

Multiracial people may experience negative organizational outcomes because one of their racial backgrounds is invisible.

True

Native Americans are often overlooked in studies of diversity in organizations.

True

Nearly 7 million people in the U.S. report belonging to two or more races.

True

On some military bases in the South, Black soldiers had to drink from separate water fountains for "colored" people while White soldiers and German prisoners of war drank from the fountains for Whites.

True

One reason why employers might assist Hispanics in learning English is that they often have dangerous jobs.

True

Prior to the 1850 census, categories included "free Whites."

True

Proof of police misconduct (that included framing defendants) resulted in freedom for 100 defendants.

True

Racial classifications in the U.S. census of people of Asian descent have changed multiple times.

True

Racial profiling by police occurs against Latinos, Blacks, Asians, and others of color in the U.S.

True

Recently, along with Latino immigrant workers, White immigrants have also experienced exploitation and abuse.

True

Removing name and sex-identifying information from resumes may be helpful in reducing discrimination.

True

The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first federal legislation to bar immigrants based on national origin.

True

The Mâori are indigenous people to New Zealand.

True

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was a precursor to the ADA.

True

The U.S. Census did not include American Indians until 1860, and then only if they were not living on reservations.

True

The U.S. government helped Cubans who came to the U.S. through assistance with retraining, scholarships, and business loans.

True

The earliest known ancestors of Mexican Americans arrived in what is now the U.S. long before European Americans.

True

The first U.S. Federal law regarding the citizenship of immigrants allowed only White men to become citizens.

True

The frequent use of the term "quotas" by the media and politicians contributes to misperceptions that quotas are legal and commonly used.

True

The majority of Japanese who were interned during World War II were U.S. citizens.

True

The population growth rate for non-Hispanic Whites is lower than that of Asians.

True

The proportion of Hispanics in the U.S. has grown rapidly as the result of higher Hispanic immigration and birth rates when compared with other groups.

True

There is a very wide range of estimates of the population of American Indians in the U.S. at first European contact.

True

Through affirmative action, employers use flexible goals and timetables to reduce imbalances in representation of underrepresented groups.

True

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination against Whites, including White males.

True

Underemployment can affect the quality of a person's future employment.

True

Until 1924, American Indians born in the U.S. were not U.S. citizens.

True

When bilingual employees are called upon to assist monolingual employees with their work tasks, this may reduce bilingual employees' work effectiveness.

True

White women have lower workforce participation rates than Black women.

True

Which of the following is true of the Black population?

Underutilization of Blacks' skills at work contributes to their illness and early death.

Which of the following is true of disabilities and the performance evaluation process?

Vague performance standards may disadvantage people with disabilities.

As Blacks migrated from the South to the North seeking better jobs and greater opportunities,

White ethnic groups became "insiders," while Blacks became the "other".

In Goldberg's research on the effects of similarity in race and sex on interview assessments and offers,

White recruiters preferred White applicants but Black recruiters did not favor Black applicants.

Research on layoffs in a financial firm found that

Whites were less likely to be laid off than non-Whites.

Which of the following is true of White women and diversity concerns?

a. White women are in a unique situation of dominance and disadvantage.

The proportion of people in the U.S. with a disability is:

about 20%

Regarding low status and low skilled workers,

air treatment may translate into recruiting, retention, and productivity gains.

During World War 2

along with people of Japanese descent, those of Italian and German descent were arrested and held in relocation centers.

Hispanic women

are more likely to experience employment hardship than non-Hispanic White women.

Hispanic immigrants

are sometimes exploited by employers due to their immigrant status.

Asian Americans' employment experiences

are sometimes shaped by stereotypes and media representations.

Jews in the U.S.

at one time were excluded from many jobs and denied service in some organizations in the U.S.

A culture of nondiscrimination

can help avoid inadvertent discrimination.

Differences in deferred adjudication rates discussed in the Florida State study

can negatively affect the ability of Latinos and Blacks to obtain employment when compared with Whites.

Having and using a valid job description,

can reduce biases that might occur during the selection process.

Differences in Black/White accumulation of wealth are not influenced by

compulsory mortgage loan approvals credit-worthy Blacks.

Michael had a severe hearing impairment and worked as the supervisor of a fast food restaurant. Michael's manager and the human resources manager repeatedly mocked him in front of other employees and said things like "read my lips," "have you got your ears on?" even when he seemed to have no trouble hearing. Michael finally resigned as a result of the mocking and harassment. This is a situation of

constructive discharge.

Providing language assistance to employees

contributes to employee safety

For people with work disabilities,

education levels are lower than the education levels of the general population without a work disability.

In terms of discrimination and meritocracy

excluding entire categories of people from equal access to opportunity through discrimination contributes to the "myth of meritocracy."

Asians who come to the U.S. are less likely to become naturalized citizens than immigrants from any other country.

false

Statistics about disabilities indicate that

for those participating in workforce, the unemployment rate for disabled people is 14.5% compared to 9% for those without a disability.

Research assessing trends in managerial representation found

gains for White women from 1966 to 2000 have been the highest of all groups (White men, White women, Black men, Black women).

Frank McCloskey, Vice President of Georgia Power from 2000 to 2010,

has been recognized for his diversity efforts.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act

has been used in English only cases on behalf of American Indians.

Symbolic ethnicity

has little impact on one's daily life and is invoked at will.

In empirical research on access to employment, researchers found that

having higher quality resumes did not increase the number of callbacks for Black applicants.

According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, a person is qualified if

he or she can perform the essential functions of the job with or without a reasonable accommodation.

The portrayal of Asians as the "model minority"

ignores differences among Asians and barriers they face.

Immigration laws that affected Asians

included a restriction that allowed 105 Chinese to enter the U.S. per year.

The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s

included lunch counter sit-ins that college students organized

The White population in the U.S.

is the largest proportion for all racial/ethnic groups.

Barack Obama

is widely considered to be Black, but is actually biracial.

In investigating Hispanic representation in managerial and professional occupations, researchers found

language proficiency is one of the strongest predictors of working in a managerial or professional job for Hispanics and Whites.

Regarding Asians' earnings

large numbers of Asians reside in cities having high costs of living and this reflects Asians earnings relative to other racial groups that are more geographically dispersed.

When employees acquire a disability, employers need to

make reasonable accommodations if needed.

In terms of marketing efforts for customers with disabilities

making stores more accessible could benefit customers with or without disabilities.

When people with disabilities require accommodations,

most of those accommodations cost $500 or less

Racial profiling and customer abuse and mistreatment

partly result from poor management practices and lack of supervision.

Regarding the internments of people believed to be a threat to national security during World War II,

people who had at least 1/8th Japanese ancestry were included.

In the DuPont study of performance ratings of people with disabilities,

people with disabilities had average or above average ratings of performance, attendance, and safety.

Under the ADA,

people with mental retardation are protected.

Albert Einstein

perceived the treatment of Blacks in the U.S. as mocking the principle that "all men are created equal."

In a study of car pricing, researchers found

race and sex were related to initial offer prices and to the final prices offered testers.

Undue hardship

refers to significant difficulty or expense relative to the attributes of the employer.

Harry Holzer's research investigating the relationships between firm size and employment hiring practices indicates that

small companies hire much smaller percentages of Black employees than larger companies do.

Research on White identity development indicates that

symbolic White identity development is associated with negative outcomes.

Marginal functions are those

that are secondary to the function of the job.

In the Walmart case involving immigrant labor,

the U.S. government alleged that Walmart knowingly hired illegal immigrants from Mexico, Eastern Europe, and other countries.

In research involving matched pairs of Black and White applicant testers to investigate the effects of having a criminal record on job search outcomes,

the negative effect of having a criminal record on employment opportunities was 40% larger for Blacks than for Whites.

Regarding Asian Americans and education,

there are higher percentages of Asians with college degrees and higher percentages of Asians without high school degrees than Whites in both categories.

Reasonable accommodations

vary by employer.

The Southern Poverty Law Center

was co-founded by Morris Dees.

Interracial marriage

was illegal until a 1967 Supreme Court decision.

Repatriation of people of Mexican descent between 1929 and 1939

was part of an effort to free up jobs during the Depression era.

Wilma Mankiller

was the first woman in modern history to serve as chief of an American Indian tribe.

Employers may require English-only rules

when necessary for communications with customers who only speak English.

White men

worked and sometimes died along with people of color pursuing equality.