MNT Module 12

newborn jaundice

a common condition that makes babies' skin and eyes look yellow due to high bilirubin levels in the blood.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)

a condition in which a child, at birth, goes through withdrawal as a consequence of maternal drug use

Bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus)

a rare neurological condition that occurs when an infant has severe jaundice, and is characterized by injury to the basal ganglia and brainstem.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)

acute inflammation of the bowel that leads to bowel necrosis

Signs of RDS

audible grunting, dyspnea, retractions, and a "ground glass appearance" of the lung scan.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)

chronic pulmonary disease that develops in premature infants who were treated with mechanical ventilation

Very low birth weight (VLBW)

Birth weight below 3 lb 5 oz (1,500 g).

Preterm

Born before the 37th week of gestation begins

apneic spells

Cessation of breathing for more than 20 seconds or accompanied by cyanosis or bradycardia.

periodic breathing

Cessation of breathing lasting 5 to 10 seconds followed by 10 to 15 seconds of rapid respirations without changes in color or heart rate.

Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)

Condition of rapid respiration caused by inadequate absorption of the fetal lung fluid

low birth weight (LBW)

a birth weight of less than 5 1/2 pounds (2500 grams)

BPD & ROP

2 complications of Oxygen therapy

Extremely low birth weight (ELBW)

A body weight at birth of less than 2 pounds, 3 ounces (1,000 grams).

Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)

A condition resulting from administration of an excessive concentration of oxygen at birth; causes scar tissue to form behind the lens of the eye.

Primary Apnea

Apnea caused by oxygen deprivation; usually corrected with stimulation, such as drying or slapping the newborn's feet. Primary apnea is typically preceded by an initial period of rapid breathing.

Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)

Vasoconstriction of the infant's pulmonary vessels after birth

Signs of Dehydration

decreased urine output; increased weight loss; increased urine specific gravity; dry skin or mucous membranes; sunken anterior fontanel; poor tissue turgor; increased blood sodium, protein, and hematocrit

asphyxia

deprivation of oxygen for tissue use

Late onset sepsis

develops after 1 week and is caused by exposure to organisms after birth. It usually involves the central nervous system, often with long-term effects.

Signs of Overhydration

increased urine output with below-normal specific gravity; edema; too-rapid of a weight gain; bulging fontanel; decreased blood sodium, protein, and hematocrit; moist breath sounds

Early onset sepsis

is related to the prolonged rupture of membranes, prolonged labor, or chorioamnionitis; it begins within 72 hours of birth and rapidly progresses. Mortality is high. It often involves the respiratory system or central nervous system

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)

reduced growth rate (symmetrical IUGR) or abnormal growth pattern (asymmetrical IUGR) of the fetus, resulting in a small for gestational age (SGA) infant

Secondary Apnea

the infant does not respond to stimulation and loses consciousness. Secondary apnea is more ominous because stimulation is not enough to reverse it, blood oxygen levels decrease further, and the infant loses consciousness.