MOB CH 6,7,8,9,10 Quizzes

_____ people prioritize communion striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality.

Agreeable

_____ reflects performance in brief, special circumstances that demand a person's best effort.

Maximum performance An employee's ability is a key driver of maximum performance

Which of the following describes a process of cognitive distortion?

The restoration of balance mentally without altering behavior as a consequence of equity distress

Esteem

a commonly studied need in OB that is described as a need to hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others

_____ abilities are most important in jobs in which effectiveness depends on understanding and communicating ideas and information to others.

Verbal The effectiveness of business executives depends on their ability to consider information from reports and other executives and staff, as well as their ability to articulate a vision and strategy that promotes employee understanding.

In new relationships, trust depends solely upon

the trustor's propensity to trust. In new relationships, trust depends solely on our own trust propensity. In most relationships, that propensity eventually gets supplemented by knowledge about ability, benevolence, or integrity, at which point cognition-based trust develops.

According to expectancy theory, motivational force equals zero if expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero.

true

Disposition-based trust depends on the trustor's propensity to trust.

true

Employees who feel a sense of equity on the job are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviors.

true

Which of the following describes egoism that is used in the principled stage of moral development?

An act is morally right if the decision maker freely decides to pursue either short-term or long-term interests.

Informational justice is fostered when authorities, truthfully and candidly, explain decision-making procedures and outcomes in a comprehensive and reasonable manner.

true

The second spatial ability called _____ is the ability to imagine how separate things will look if they were put together in a particular way.

visualization

Which of the following is a step in the bounded rationality decision-making process?

Boil the problem down to something that is easily understood. In the bounded rationality decision-making process, people have to filter and simplify information to make sense of their complex environment and the myriad of potential choices they face. This simplification leads them to miss information when perceiving problems, generating and evaluating alternatives, or judging the results.

Which of the Big Five personality traits has the greatest effect on typical performance?

Conscientiousness

Which of the following questions is used to evaluate informational justice?

Do authorities explain procedures thoroughly?

Which of the following is a "veiled purpose" test item in an integrity test?

Do you agree with the statement, "I don't feel I've had control over my life"?

According to research, which of the following aspects of motivation most likely has the highest impact on organizational commitment?

Equity Research on equity and organizational commitment offers the clearest insights into the motivation-commitment relationship. Specifically, employees who feel a sense of equity are more emotionally attached to their firms and feel a stronger sense of obligation to remain

_____ is described as a need to hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others.

Esteem

Which of the following personality types is easiest to judge in a zero acquaintance situation? (situations in which two people have only just met.)

Extraversion

Agreeable people prioritize status striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality.

False

Disciplinary actions, demotions, and terminations are typical examples of "positively valenced" outcomes.

False

Meaningfulness is a concept in psychological empowerment that reflects a sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks.

False

Moral judgment occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstance.

False Moral judgment reflects the process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical

Smarter employees are more likely to want to remain members of the organization.

False Research has not supported a significant linkage between cognitive ability and organizational commitment. Knowing how smart an employee is tells us very little about the likelihood that he or she will remain a member of the organization.

Which of the following is true of explicit knowledge?

It is a large part of what companies teach in training sessions.

Which of the following is true of motivation?

It is a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee.

Which of the following is characteristic of disposition-based trust?

It is based on the general propensity of the trustor to trust others.

Which of the following is true about "agreeableness"?

It reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality.

Which of the following explains why the moderate correlation between learning and job performance may be underestimated?

It's difficult to measure tacit knowledge, which is relevant to task performance, because of its unspoken nature. The moderate correlation between learning and job performance may be underestimated because most of the research linking learning to task performance focuses on explicit knowledge, which is more practical to measure.

Which of the following is characteristic of the conventional stage of moral development?

Laws, rules, and orders that govern society are emphasized over time.

Which of the following describes the correlation between cognitive abilities and organizational commitment?

Not significant Research has not supported a significant linkage between cognitive ability and organizational commitment.

Enjoyment

Outcomes such as enjoyment, interestingness, and personal expression, are self-generated, originating in the mere act of performing the task. These outcomes foster intrinsic motivation—motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward

preconventional stage

Over time, in the preconventional stage the desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain expands to the formation of "you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours" sort of exchanges. Such relationships remain self-interested, however, with little concern for loyalty, gratitude, or fairness.

_____ is a strategy for fostering goal commitment that involves the collaboration of employees and leaders collaborate on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a goal so that the employee feels a sense of ownership over the goal.

Participation

_____ is being able to examine and compare numbers, letters, and objects quickly. and is a facet of perceptual ability

Perceptual speed

Which two forms of reinforcement deliver intended results without creating feelings of animosity and conflict?

Positive reinforcement and extinction In general, positive reinforcement and extinction should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees. Both of these contingencies deliver their intended results, but perhaps more importantly, they do so without creating feelings of animosity and conflict

_____ is a facet of social pressure that determines the moral intensity of an issue.

Proximity to those affected

Agreeable people

Put differently, agreeable people focus on "getting along," not necessarily "getting ahead."

_____ ability refers to mathematical capabilities including the capability to do simple math operations.

Quantitative The first is number facility, which is the capability to do simple math operations

Which of the following is accurate with regard to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator method of personality measurement?

Research on this model suggests that managers are more likely to be "thinking-judging" personality types than the general population.

Which motivating force has the strongest effect on performance?

Self-efficacy or competence because people who feel a sense of internal self-confidence tend to outperform those who doubt their capabilities.

According to the RIASEC model, which of the following personality types enjoys working with ideas and people?

Social

Which of the following represents the correlation between cognitive ability and job performance?

Strong, positive General cognitive ability has a strong positive effect on task performance. Across all jobs, smarter employees fulfill the requirements of their job descriptions more effectively than do less smart employees.

Psychomotor abilities

There are several different examples of psychomotor abilities, which generally refer to the capacity to manipulate and control objects. Fine manipulative abilities refer to the ability to keep the arms and hands steady while using the hands to do precise work, generally on small or delicate objects such as arteries, nerves, gems, and watches.

Which of the following is characteristic of economic exchange relationships?

They are based on exchanges resembling contractual agreements.

Employees with higher levels of expertise may become more highly valued commodities on the job market, thereby reducing their levels of continuance commitment.

True

Dishonest people fake a little more than other people in an integrity test.

True In a research study it was found that applicants who scored below average on the test faked a bit more than applicants who scored above average on the test.

Extraversion is the easiest personality trait to judge in situations in which two people have only just met.

True Of the Big Five, extraversion is the easiest to judge in zero acquaintance situations—situations in which two people have only just met. Consider times when you've been around a stranger in a doctor's office, in line at a grocery store, or in an airport terminal.

Conscientious employees prioritize accomplishment striving, which reflects a strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality.

True People who are "accomplishment strivers" have a built-in desire to finish work tasks, channel a high proportion of their efforts toward those tasks, and work harder and longer on task assignments.

RIASEC Model

arranges the personality types in a hexagonal fashion, with types adjacent to one another being more similar than types that are more distant.

Extinction occurs when a(n):

consequence following an unwanted behavior is removed The use of extinction to reinforce behavior can be purposeful or accidental.

Motivation is a set of distinctive, external forces.

false

Motivation

defined as a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee; initiates work-related effort; and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.

Veiled purpose tests

do not reference dishonesty explicitly but instead assess more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts.

According to the RIASEC model, people with an investigative personality type:

enjoy abstract, analytical, theory-oriented tasks and tends to be analytical, intellectual, reserved, and scholarly.

Which of the following is a performance outcome fostering intrinsic motivation?

enjoyment

According to equity theory, which of the following negative emotions is likely to be seen when tension is caused from equity distress when an employee whose ratio of outcomes to inputs is more than those of their comparison other?

guilt or anxiety

Disposition-based trust

has less to do with a particular authority and more to do with the trustor. Some trustors are high in trust propensity—a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon

Phrases such as "moving forward," "being on track," and "getting there" convey a sense of _____.

impact

A Stereotype

occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group. Although not all stereotypes are bad per se, our decision-making process becomes faulty when we make inaccurate generalizations.

Fine manipulative abilities and control movement abilities are facets of which type of physical ability?

psychomotor

Procedural justice

reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes. Procedural justice is fostered when authorities adhere to rules of fair process.

Impact

reflects the sense that a person's actions "make a difference"—that progress is being made toward fulfilling some important purpose. Phrases such as "moving forward," "being on track," and "getting there" convey a sense of impact

Fixed ratio

schedules reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited. Some manufacturing plants have created piece-rate pay systems in which workers are paid according to the number of items they produce.

Cognitive Distortion

An alternative (and less labor-intensive) means of increasing inputs is to simply rethink them—to reexamine one's mental ledger to see if one may have "undersold" one's true contributions. This cognitive distortion allows the restoration of balance mentally, without altering behavior in any way

Goal setting theory argues that assigning employees _____ goals will result in higher levels of performance.

Difficult. Assigning specific and difficult goals gives people a number to shoot for—a "measuring stick" that can be used to tell them how hard they need to work and for how long.

Which of the following questions is used to evaluate procedural justice?

Do authorities adhere to rules of fair process?

Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes.

False Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes

Emotional intelligence refers to our ability to understand others, but not ourselves.

False Emotional intelligence includes both self- and other awareness.

_____ ability is a facet of cognitive ability one element of which involves the ability to sense that there's a problem right now or that there is likely to be one in the near future.

Reasoning

Which of the following is characteristic of the preconventional stage of moral development?

Relationships are based on self-interest, with little concern for loyalty, gratitude, or fairness.

The performance-avoid orientation is associated with high levels of anxiety and lower levels of learning.

True Those with a performance-avoid orientation focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them. Employees who enter learning situations with a fear of looking bad in front of others tend to learn less and have substantially higher levels of anxiety.

Which of the following explains the existence of a positive correlation between trust and organizational commitment?

Trusting an authority increases the likelihood of the development of an emotional bond. One reason trust affects organizational commitment is that trusting an authority increases the likelihood that an emotional bond will develop

Proximity

a facet of social pressure that describes how near (in a psychological or physical sense) the authority is to those who will be affected

Valences

can be positive, negative, or zero. Salary increases, bonuses, and more informal rewards are typical examples of "positively valenced" outcomes, whereas disciplinary actions, demotions, and terminations are typical examples of "negatively valenced" outcomes.

Meaningfulness

captures the value of a work goal or purpose, relative to a person's own ideals and passions.

Motivational force equals zero

if expectancy, instrumentality, or valence is zero. In other words, it doesn't matter how confident you are if performance doesn't result in any outcomes. Similarly, it doesn't matter how well performance is evaluated and rewarded if you don't believe you can perform well.

Economic exchanges

impersonal and resemble contractual agreements, such that employees agree to fulfill the duties in their job description in exchange for financial compensation.

Perceptual ability

is a facet of cognitive ability which involves comparing information or objects with remembered information or objects.

Negative reinforcement occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior.

False Extinction occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior. The use of extinction to reinforce behavior can be purposeful or accidental.

Of the knowledge contained in organizations, 90 percent is explicit knowledge.

False It's been argued that up to 90 percent of the knowledge contained in organizations occurs in tacit form.

Justice reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.

False Justice reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making.

The ability to choose the right action quickly in response to several different signals is called control time.

False The ability to choose the right action quickly in response to several different signals is called *response orientation*.

The principle of situational strength suggests that some situations provide cues that trigger the expression of a given trait.

False The principle of situational strength suggests that "strong situations" have clear behavioral expectations, incentives, or instructions that make differences between individuals less important, whereas "weak situations" lack those cues.

The positive correlation between cognitive ability and performance is stronger in jobs that are simple or situations that demand repetition.

False There is a positive correlation between cognitive ability and performance, which is stronger in jobs that are complex or situations that demand adaptability.

Reasoning abilities are most important in jobs in which effectiveness depends on understanding and communicating ideas and information to others, such as business executives.

False Verbal abilities are most important in jobs in which effectiveness depends on understanding and communicating ideas and information to others.

Learning refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.

False reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience.

Which of the following is true with regard to emotional intelligence?

In many circumstances, high emotional intelligence can compensate somewhat for low cognitive intelligence.

Motivation

Motivation is not one thing but rather a set of distinct forces. Some of those forces are internal to the employee, such as a sense of purpose or confidence, whereas others are external to the employee

With which personality dimension are traits such as being nervous, insecure, jealous, emotional and moody associated?

Neuroticism Most jobs benefit from employees who are calm, steady, and secure.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

categorizes people into one of 16 different types on the basis of their preferences. Research on the MBTI suggests that managers are more likely to be "TJs" than the general population.

Conscientiousness

is a key driver of what's referred to as typical performance, which reflects performance in the routine conditions that surround daily job tasks.

Emotional intelligence

is a more important determinant of job performance for people with lower levels of cognitive intelligence.

Reasoning ability

is actually a diverse set of abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules, and logic. The first reasoning ability, problem sensitivity, is the ability to sense that there's a problem right now or likely to be one in the near future.

Informational justice

is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules. The justification rule mandates that authorities explain decision-making procedures and outcomes in a comprehensive and reasonable manner, and the truthfulness rule requires that those communications be honest and candid

Explicit information

is relatively easily communicated and makes up a large part of what companies teach during training sessions.

Selective perception

is the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations.

Differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of

learning Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of learning as opposed to the more popular view that intelligence or other innate differences make the difference

One model of attribution processes suggests that when people have a level of familiarity with the person being judged, they'll use a more detailed decision framework. According to this model, a person's behavior will be attributed to internal factors if there is:

low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency. An internal attribution, such as laziness or low motivation, will occur if there is low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency.

Cognitive ability

refers to capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving.