Modalities Final Ch 1-18
At a depth of 5 cm, what rate will tissue temperature increase when 1 MHz ultrasound is used at 2 W/cm squared? 0.04 degrees C/minute 0.3 degrees C/minute 0.5 degrees C/minute 0.2 degrees C/minute 0.4 degrees C/minute
0.4 degrees C/minute
Which output frequency will penetrate deeper into the tissue? 1, 2, and 3 all penetrate the same depth 2 MHz 3 MHz 1 MHz 4 MHz
1 MHz
When applying underwater ultrasound, about how fast should the ultrasound head be from the body? 1 in 2 in 2 cm 1 cm 3 cm
1 in
When utilizing the direct coupling method, which of the following represents an appropriate amount of pressure to hold the transducer to the skin? 2.5 lb 0.2 lbs 1 lb 1.5 lb 2 lb
1 lb
When using biofeedback to facilitate an isometric contraction, how many contraction should the treatment be limited to if the muscle group atrophied? 5 to 10 contractions 5 contractions More than 20 contractions 10 to 15 contractions 20 contractions
10 to 15 contractions
At what temperature should reusable cold packs be stored when not in use? 32 F 25 F 1 F 5 F 12 F
12 F
Every 1.8 degrees F changes in tissue temperature in a ___ percent change in the tissues' metabolic rate. 13 20 10 5 7
13
Due to summation, at what pulse frequency do individual muscle contractions become less distinguishable? Less than 15 pps 15 to 25 pps 30 to 40 pps 40 to 50 pps 50 to 60 pps
15 to 25 pps
In order to kill bacteria, what is an appropriate temperature for the water-filled heating unit of moist heat packs? 145 F 135 F 155 F 165 F 175 F
165 F
In order to kill bacteria, what is an appropriate temperature for the water-filled heating unit of moist heat packs? 155 F 175 F 165 F 145 F 135 F
165 F
What type of afferent peripheral nerve is a muscle spindle? Ia II Ib IV III
1a
According to the practical evidence, knee flexion and knee extension motion is increased only _____ when continuous passive motion is used following knee arthroplasty? 8 to 9 degrees 6 to 7 degrees 5 to 6 degrees 2 to 3 degrees 4 to 5 degrees
2 to 3 degrees
When using ultrasound, what depth of tissue will a 3 MHz output frequency effectively treat? 5-6 cm 1 cm 2-3 cm 4-5 cm 3-4 cm
2-3 cm
What temperature increase is required to decrease muscle spasm and pain? 5 degrees C 3-4 degrees C 2-3 degrees C 0-1 degrees C 1 degrees C
2-3 degrees C
What is the common treatment duration when using lumbar or cervical traction to treat muscle spasm? 10 min 20 min 15 min 25 min 8 min
20 min
In general, what percentage of the body weight will cause separation of the cervical spine when the patient is in a reclined position? 5 percent 20 percent 10 percent 30 percent 40 percent
20 percent
In healthy vertebrae, approximately what percentage of the spine's weight-bearing load is transmitted through the facet joint? 5 percent 40 percent 30 percent 20 percent 10 percent
20 percent
When preparing the patient for a pain-control technique with electrical stimulation, one should ask about caffeine intake. The effectiveness of electrical stimulation on pain control is diminished after how many milligrams of caffeine have been ingested? B. 150 D. 50 No answer text provided. A. 200 No answer text provided. C. 100
200
In order to open the intervertebral space, approximately what degree of flexion should the cervical spine be placed in? 45 to 50 degrees 5 to 10 degrees 25 to 30 degrees 35 to 40 degrees 15 to 20 degrees
25 to 30 degrees
What ultrasound setups are considered nonthermal? Select all that apply. 25% duty cycle what an output intensity of 0.5 W/cm squared 50% duty cycle with an output intensity of 1.5 W/cm squared 100% duty cycle with an output intensity of 1 W/cm squared 100% duty cycle what an output intensity of 0.3 W/cm squared 25% duty cycle with an output intensity of 1 W/cm squared
25% duty cycle what an output intensity of 0.5 W/cm squared 100% duty cycle what an output intensity of 0.3 W/cm squared
When using 3 MHz, what treatment duration should be used is vigorous heating is desired? 4-6 minutes 7-8 minutes 12-15 minutes 3-4 minutes 10-12 minutes
3-4 minutes
As a general rule; treatment tabels should be _____ high and _____ apart. 2 feet; 4 feet 30 inches; 30 inches 2 feet; 30 inches 30 inches; 2 feet 30 inches; 4 feet
30 inches; 30 inches
When using electrical stimulation to address strength, which functional loads placed on the muscle have the potential to increase strength? Select all that apply. 5 percent of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction 10 percent of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction 20 percent of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction 30 percent of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction 40 percent of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction
30 percent of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction 40 percent of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction
What is the normal pressure range when using intermittent compression to treat the upper extremity? 10 to 30 mm Hg 30 to 60 mm Hg 100 to 120 mm Hg 60 to 100 mm Hg 40 to 50 mm Hg
30 to 60 mm Hg
When using external compression to treat lower leg edema, pressures of _____ have been shown to increase venous flow by 175%. 90 to 100 mm Hg 65 to 95 mm Hg 70 to 80 mm Hg 35 to 55 mm Hg 10 to 30 mm Hg
35 to 55 mm Hg
In order to decrease the potential growth of fungi, bacteria, and viruses, what should the humidity of the hydrotherapy area be? 30 to 40 percent 50 to 60 percent 40 to 50 percent 70 to 80 percent 60 to 70 percent
40 to 50 percent
The half layer value represents the depth where what percentage of ultrasonic energy has been absorbed? 35 percent 25 percent 75 percent 50 percent 100 percent
50 percent
The half layer value represents the depth where what percentage of ultrasonic energy has been absorbed? 75 percent 35 percent 50 percent 25 percent 100 percent
50 percent
Maximum analgesia occurs when the skin temperature drops approximately ___ degrees F, which occurs after around 20 minutes after ice pack application. 28 58 45 62 32
58
At what skin temperature is maximum analgesia reached when applying a cold pack? 45 F 58 F 25 F 32 F 65 F
58 F
How many layers of terry-cloth towel should be placed between the skin and moist heat packs? 6 3 9 12 1
6
After surgery, continuous passive motion is typically used for _____ hours a day. 8 to 10 10 to 12 4 to 6 6 to 8 2 to 4
6 to 8
Cryotherapy modalities have a temperature range between 32 degrees F and ___ degrees F. 65 75 55 45 35
65
When using ultrasound, how much does the target tissue's temperature need to be increased in order to promote tissue elongation? 5.2 degrees F 10 degrees F 1.2 degrees F 7.2 degrees F 3.2 degrees F
7.2 degrees F
A beam nonuniformity ratio is greater than ____ is considered unacceptable and potentially harmful. 2:1 8:1 11:1 5:1 6:1
8:1
In order to maximize the effect of gravity on the venous return system, a limb should be placed at a __________________ to the heart. 0 degree or horizontal angle 15 degree angle above horizontal 30 degree angle above horizontal 60 degree angle above horizontal 90 degree angle above horizontal
90 degree angle above horizontal
Pain threshold is often based on the recruitment of _______________ fibers. A-delta A-beta C COX-2 COX-1
A-delta
What iontophoresis medication can be used on a heterotopic ossification? C. Lidocaine and epinephrine D. Dexamethasone B. Dexamethasone and lidocaine A. Acetic acid
A. Acetic acid
What type of electrical interference occurs when two electrical currents are in perfect phase, meaning the wavelengths are equal and the phases cross the baseline at the same point? D. Contiguous interference C. Continuous interference A. Constructive interference B. Destructive interference
A. Constructive interference
"Russian" stimulation is an excellent method for what purpose? B. Modulating pain C. Reducing edema A. Decreasing muscular atrophy D. Helping superficial wound healing
A. Decreasing muscular atrophy
Why is neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) able to provide stronger neuromuscular stimulation? Select all that apply. D. Lower intensities C. Short phase duration E. Faster ramping A. Large amplitude, B. Long phase duration
A. Large amplitude, B. Long phase duration
What feature distinguishes microcurrent from other electrical modalities? A. Microcurrent does not attempt to excite peripheral nerves. C. Microcurrent only attempts to excite motor nerves. B. Microcurrent only attempts to excite sensory nerves. D. Microcurrent only attempts to excite nociceptive nerves.
A. Microcurrent does not attempt to excite peripheral nerves.
What is a proper indication for use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation? A. Prevention of joint contractures B. Acute pain D. Arthritis C. Superficial wound healing
A. Prevention of joint contractures
Robert Salter originally proposed the use of continuous passive motion and hypothesized that its application would be beneficial in which ways? Select all that apply. Stimulating an increase in muscular strength and metabolic activity Accelerating the healing of articular cartilage, tendons, and ligaments Accelerating the healing of muscle tissue Stimulating tissue remodeling and regrowth of articular cartilage Enhancing the nutrition and metabolic activity of articular cartilage
Accelerating the healing of articular cartilage, tendons, and ligaments Stimulating tissue remodeling and regrowth of articular cartilage Enhancing the nutrition and metabolic activity of articular cartilage
What best define negligent behavior when a person acts on a situation but does so at a level different than a reasonable and prudent person would? Act of commision Tort Act of omission Fraud Liability
Act of commission
During the healing process, when do you see the formation of granulation tissue and the migration of phagocytes and fibroblasts to the injured area? Chronic inflammatory response Proliferation phase Acute inflammatory response No answer text provided. Maturation phase
Acute Inflammatory Response
What biofeedback parameter identifies a target range for electromyographic activity? Alarm Statisitics Output Sensitivity Tuner
Alarm
According to the general adaptation syndrome, what is the correct order of the three stages of stress response? resistance, alarm, excitement fatigue, exhaustion, supercompensation resistance, fatigue, supercompensation alarm, resistance, exhaustion exhaustion, excitement, alarm
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
What type of current do interferential stimulators use? Pulse charge Polyphasic current Alternating current Pulsed current Direct current
Alternating Current
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes were established by what organization? National Center for Health Statistics World Health Organization (WHO) America Medical Association (AMA) Health Care Finance Administration (HCFA) American Hospital Association (AHA)
American Medical Association (AMA)
What factors should be considered when determining the duration of cold pack treatment application? Select all that apply. Amount of overlying adipose tissue Depth of tissue targeted Nerves that innervate the target tissue Type of tissue targeted Amount of hair on the skin overlying the target tissue
Amount of overlying adipose tissue Depth of tissue targeted Type of tissue targeted
In a parallel circuit, the _____ is varied, but the _____ remains constant? wattage; amperage amperage; voltage wattage; voltage voltage; wattage voltage; amperage
Amperage; Voltage
What property of electrical current identifies the maximum distance that the pulse rises above or below the isoelectric point? Phase duration Amplitude Frequency Pulse width Pulse charge
Amplitude
What continuous passive motion design is most suitable for use with the knee? Free linkage design Locked linkage design unlocked linkage design Anatomic design Nonanatomic design
Anatomic Design
Which sensation of cold results from decreased nerve conduction velocity and in increase in the threshold required to fir nerves? This sensation is seldom achieved with cold application. Burning Analgesia Anesthesia No sensation Aching
Anesthesia
When determining the best method for heat application, which surface would best be served with a whirlpool over a moist heat pack? Ankle Back Thigh Upper arm Lower leg
Ankle
Excess fluids that build up within a joint can lead to what inhibitory reflex? Automatic muscle inhibition Arthrometric muscle inhibition Altered muscle inhibition Arthrogenic muscle inhibition Accessory muscle inhibition
Arthrogenic muscle inhibition
When applying iontophoresis with lidocaine, in concentrations up to 50 percent, what is the minimum time of application to anesthetize the skin? C. 20 min A. 5 min D. 30 min B. 10 min
B. 10 min
When applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), which protocol provides relief for hours and uses two to four pulses per second? C. Brief-intense TENS D. Long-intense TENS B. Low TENS A. High TENS
B. Low TENS
What are indications for the use of microcurrent electrical stimulation? Select all that apply. B. Neuropathies E. Myofascial pain syndrome C. Superficial wound healing A. Sprain D. Hyperhidrosis
B. Neuropathies C. Superficial wound healing A. Sprain
Which coupling methods are best suited to treat an irregular area such as the talocrural joint? Direct coupling and bladder technique Immersion technique and direct coupling Direct coupling and pad technique Bladder technique and immersion technique Immersion technique and pad technique
Bladder technique and immersion technique
What two properties are collectively known as impedance? Select all that apply. Capacitance Ohm's law Resistance Inductance Wattage
Capacitance Inductance
What type of resistance does the skin present to electrical current flow? Capacitive and parallel Capacitive Parallel Neither capacitive or parallel No answer text provided.
Capacitive and parallel
When applying intermittent compression for long periods of time, which of the following should be checked regularly? Limb volume and limb girth Capillary refill and limb girth Limb girth and pitting edema Capillary refill and unexpected pitting edema Pitting edema and limb volume
Capillary refill and unexpected pitting edema
What type of electrode is able to deliver the most current at the lowest skin impedance? Carbon-rubber electrodes Silver electrodes Self-adhesive electrodes Metal electrodes Plastic electrodes
Carbon-rubber electrodes
In order to develop a logical treatment sequence in the problem-solving approach, problems should be prioritized based on what? Cost of the proposed intervention Importance of treatment to patient and clinician Importance of treatment to clinician Importance of treatment to patients Cause-and-effect relationship to the patient's functional limitations
Cause-and-effect relationship to the patient's functional limitations
What is believed to cause small openings in the stratum corneum and an increase in pore size? Electropiezo effect No answer text provided. Cavitation Attenuation Piezoelectric crystals
Cavitation
According to the physical stress theory, what changes will result from a physical stress that is categorized as none to low? injury cell death decreased tolerance No answer text provided. increased tolerance
Cell Death
IN what region of the spine is stenosis most prevalent? Cervical and sacral Thoracic and sacral Sacral and lumbar Cervical and thoracic Cervical and lumbar
Cervical and lumbar
When treating the cervical spine, you should question the patient about sensation in what region(s) of the spine? Cervical Lumbar Sacral Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Thoracic
Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar
What is a contraindication to cold application? Chronic pain Neuralgia Acute wound Chronic wound Chronic muscle spasm
Chronic wound
According to the Food and Drug Administration's medical device classification system, what classification would a device get if it presented a great risk to the patient? Class I Class II No answer text provided. Class III Class IV
Class III
Planning a treatment and rehabilitation program requires the integration of what complex skills? Select all that apply. Clinical examination skills Knowledge of pathology Identification of the patients level of function Knowledge of the current costs associated with common modalities Identification of the patient's participation restrictions
Clinical examination skills Knowledge of pathology Identification of the patients level of function Identification of the patient'sparticipation restrictions (All except knowledge of the current costs associated with common modalities)
Based on practical evidence, which cold application is more effective at decreasing sensory and motor nerve conduction velocity? Cold water immersion Ice pack application No answer text provided. Ice massage Immersion, ice pack, and ice massage have the same effect
Cold water immersion
What type of tissue is the most abundant in the body? Nervous Muscle Connective Epithelial Adipose
Connective
What part of the FDA's minimal requirements for device labeling describes conditions where the risk of use outweighs the anticipated benefits? Warnings Boxed warning Contraindications Precautions Indications
Contraindications
Intermittent application of ice packs is an effective method for what? Controlling pain Increasing function Improving healing Decreasing swelling Increasing flexibility
Controlling pain
Intermittent application of ice packs is an effective method for what? Increasing flexibility Increasing function Decreasing swelling Improving healing Controlling pain
Controlling pain
Which of the following is reduced during the realignment of collagen that occurs with the use of continuous passive motion? Select all that apply. Cross-linking of collagen Capsular adhesions Tensile strength of allografts Tensile strength of tendon Functional shortening of collagen
Cross-linking of collagen Capsular adhesions Functional shortening of collagen
What effect does cold application have on edema formation and reduction? select all that apply. Cold application will not hinder venous return Cryotherapy decreases all cell metabolism, which leds to less secondary hypoxic injury Cryotherapy limits edema formation Cold application promotes the removal of edema Cryotherapy reduces the effects of arthrogenic inhibition
Cryotherapy decreases all cell metabolism, which leds to less secondary hypoxic injury Cryotherapy limits edema formation Cryotherapy reduces the effects of arthrogenic inhibition
The physiological effects of electrical stimulation are related to what characteristics? Current density Average current Peak-to-peak value Duty cycle Ohm's law
Current Density
Which electrotherapy agents are indicated for muscle disuse atrophy? Select all that apply. E. Microcurrent electrical stimulation A. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) D. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) C. Interferential stimulation (IFS) B. High-voltage pulsed stimulation (HVPS)
D. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) B. High-voltage pulsed stimulation (HVPS)
The primary purpose of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is to control pain by depolarizing what nerves? D. Sensory, motor, or nociceptive A. Sensory C. Nociceptive B. Motor
D. Sensory, motor, or nociceptive
Cold whirlpools are able to produce which effects? Select all that apply. Increased blood flow to the area treated Increased cellular metabolism Muscle relaxtion Decrease muscle spasticity Decreased muscle spasm
Decrease muscle spasticity Decreased muscle spasm
Which local response will occur as the body responds to heat loss from cryotherapy? Increased pain Decreased metabolic rate Inreased spams Increased inflammation Vasodilation
Decreased metabolic rate
When subacute or chronic conditions exist, what is an intermittent or sequential compression units best used for? Select all that apply. Decreasing ecchymosis Preventing edema Reducing edema Increasing lymphatic return Preventing ecchymosis
Decreasing ecchymosis Reducing edema
Which of the following are contraindications to the use of cold packs? Select all that apply. Deep-vein thrombosis Circulatory insufficiency CNS spasticity Acute injury Neuralgia
Deep-vein thrombosis Circulatory insufficiency
Which pathology can eventually cause the formation of osteophytes, which can cause the vertebral column to straighten? Spinal Stenosis Degenerative disk disease Disk protrusion Nerve root compression Facet joint pathology
Degenerative disk disease
What segment of a neuron is responsible for transmitting impulses toward the nerve body? dendrites myofilaments chemical synapses electrical synapses axons
Dendrites
What does the verbal rating scale use to represent the current pain intensity of a patient? Descriptive terms Numbers 1 through 10 Letters Different faces 10-cm line
Descriptive terms
Which medications commonly administered via phonophoresis target nerves, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues? Select all that apply. Benzydamine Lidocaine Dexamethasone 0.4 percent Hydrocortisone Myoflex
Dexamethasone 0.4 percent Hydrocortisone
Which ultrasound coupling method will transmit the most energy and cause more heating? Direct coupling and gel pad (1 and 2 cm) each transmit the same enery Direct coupling No answer text provided. 1-cm-thick gel pad 2-cm-thick gel pad
Direct coupling
Which water is ideal when using the immersion technique of ultrasound application? Mineral water Sodium water Distilled water Sterile water Degassed water
Distilled Water
What do the fundamental effects of cervical and lumbar traction arise from? Distraction of the vertebral segments No answer text provided. Rehydration of the disk Elongation of the soft tissue structures Opening of the facet joints
Distraction of the vertebral segments
Which of the following represents a 1 MHz output frequency? Select all that apply. Collimated beam Penetration depth of 0.8-3 cm Maximum heating rate of 1.1 degrees F per minute per W/cm squared Divergent beam Maximum heating rate of 0.36 degrees F per W/cm squared
Divergent beam Maximum heating rate of 0.36 degrees F per W/cm squared
Which factors should be considered when determining if a therapeutic modaility would be effective in treating a specific condition? Select all that apply. Can the modality affect the target tissue? Does the modality produce the physiological response to promote healing What is the cost of the therapeutic modality? What is the ease of applying the modality? Does the device improve patient outcomes?
Does the device improve patient outcomes Does the modality produce the physiological response to promote healing Can the modality effect the target tissue
What neurotransmitter is located in the brainstem and will increase blood pressure and cardiac output? Norepinephrine Dopamine Epinephrine Serotonin
Dopamine
What parameter is primarily responsible for determining whether the treatment effect will be thermal or nonthermal? Transducer head Output intensity Duty cycle Spatial average intensity Frequency
Duty Cycle
Which of the following represents a good ultrasound setup if nonthermal effects are desired? Duty cycle of 25 percent and an intensity of 0.5 W per centimeter Duty cycle of 100 percent and an intensity of 0.5 W per centimeter Duty cycle of 50 percent and an intensity of 1.5 W per centimeter Duty cycle of 50 percent and an intensity of 0.5 W per centimeter Duty cycle of 25 percent and an intensity of 1.5 W per centimeter
Duty cycle of 25 percent and an intensity of 0.5 W per centimeter
According to practical evidence. when is it most beneficial to incorporate electromyographic biofeedback in a neuromuscular rehabilitation? Middle of the program Early on Toward the end of the program Timing of application does not alter the benefits of biofeedback
Early on
Which of the following modalities foes not deliver energy to the body? Moist heat pack Ice pack Electromyographic biofeedback No answer text provided. Ultrsound
Electromyographic biofeedback
Which is an accurate statement concerning the use of 3 MHz ultrasound? No answer text provided. Used to treat deep tissues Heats 1/3 as fast as 1 MHz Heating lasts longer than 1 MHz Energy is rapidly absorbed by tissues
Energy is rapidly absorbed by tissues
What substance is released by the body and reduces the perception of pain by bonding to pain receptor sites? Mast cells Enkephalin Tract cells L-cells Serotonin
Enkephalin
What type of tissue is devoid of blood vessels and is able to secrete and absorb various substances? adipose bone muscle epithelial connective
Epithelial
In what tissue order must the different forms of therapeutic energy pass through to affect the target tissues? Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular, adipose Epithelial, adipose, connective, muscular, nervous Connective, Epithelial, adipose, muscular, nervous Epithelial, nervous, adipose, muscular, nervous Epithelial, adipose, muscular, nervous, connective
Epithelial, adipose, muscular, nervous, connective
Which coupling mediums are not able to transmit any ultrasound energy? Select all that apply. 10 percent hydrocortisone powder in ultrasound gel Eucerin cream Myoflex cream White petroleum gel Saran wrap
Eucerin cream Myoflex cream White petroleum gel
Which of the following are considered external factors that affect the development of treatment plan? Select all that apply. Type of available equipment Patient's motivation Expertise of the staff Financial constraints Support the patient receives from friends and family
Expertise of staff Support patients receive from family and friends Patients motivation
In what position should the lumbar spine be placed to open the facet joints? Extension Rotation Flexion Lateral flexion Neutral
Extension
Which of the following is considered a contraindication to the use of lumbar traction? Radicular pain Degenerative disk disease Nerve root compression Extruded disk fragmentation Lumbar muscle spasm
Extruded disk fragmentation
In which scenarios is the use of electromyographic biofeedback indicated? Select all that apply. Facilitate contraction of the biceps femoris Treatment of a second-degree strain to the gastrocnemius regain neuromuscular control of the vastus medialis oblique Decrease muscle spasm of erector spinae Promote systemic relaxation
Facilitate contraction of the biceps femoris regain neuromuscular control of the vastus medialis oblique Decrease muscle spasm of erector spinae Promote systemic relaxation
Which of the following is considered an initial result of biofeedback and not a secondary result from the initial? Facilitates reeducation Increases muscular strength Reduces pain Increases range of motion Decreases swelling
Facilitates reeducation
Biofeedback is used to measure biophysical properties. Which of the following represents uses for the feedback that is measured? Select all that apply. Facilitation of muscle relaxation Control heart rate Muscle reeducation Control respirations Control blood pressure
Facilitation of muscle relaxation Control heart rate Muscle reeducation Control blood pressure
When assessing for the possibility of professional negligence, what forms the benchmark for determining if care provided was standard or substandard? Select all that apply. Facility policies and procedures manual Professional standards of practice State practice acts Patient opinion Best practice standards
Facility policies and procedures manual Best practice standards State practice acts Professional standards of practice
Intermittent compression is substantially more effective at treating lymphedema than post-traumatic edema. False True
False
Measurements from one biofeedback unit can be reliably compared to another brand of biofeedback unit. True False
False
Protein-rich matter is more responsive to intermittent compression than fluids. True False
False
The decision to use continuous passive motion should be based on the specific pathology to be treated. Flase True
False
The primary contraindications to intermittent compression are associated with the significant increase in flow through the venous system. False True
False
When compared to faster speeds, slower speeds of continuous passive motion are theorized to produce better tensile properties of healing tendons. True False
False
When compared to standard flexibility exercises, the use of relaxation biofeedback has been shown to significantly increase flexibility in healthy individuals. True False
False
Which is an accurate step in the general setup and application of a cold compression therapy unit? No answer text provided. Fasten distal strap first and snuggly Fasten proximal strap second and snuggly Elevate the cooler to the level of the body part being treated Add warm water to the fill mark
Fasten distal strap first and snuggly
What type of exudate is a plasma-rich fluid that is especially high in plasma protein? Ulcer Serous Fibrinous Hematoma Purulent
Fibrinous
What are the two current methods used for cryotherapy? Fluoromethane spray and ice massage Ethyl chloride and ice massage Fluoromethane spray and ice immersion Ehtyl chloride and ice immersion No answer text provided.
Fluoromethane spray and ice massage
What factors will influence skin temperature? Select all that apply Food consumption Exercise Ambient temperautre Mood Humidity
Food consumption Exercise Ambient temperautre Humidity
Compression units should not be used until what pathologies have been ruled out? Select all that apply. Chronic arthritis Fracture Compartment syndrome Acute sprain Acute strain
Fracture Compartment syndrome
The design of what continuous passive motion device is similar to manually moving the patient's limb through a range of motion? Nonanatomic design Anatomic design Locked linkage design Unlocked linkage design Free linkage design
Free linkage design
What plane is associated with the use of either a flexion or extension traction angle? Transverse plane Frontal and sagittal plane Frontal and transverse plane Frontal plane Sagittal plane
Frontal Plane
Throughout a range of motion, when is joint volume normally at its greatest? Full flexion Volume does not change throughout a range of motion Full extension Midrange between flexion and extension No answer text provided.
Full extension
Ice massage can be effective cold treatment in which injury? Hamstring strain Gastrocnemius muscle spasm Fibular stress fracture Muscle soreness Ankle ligament sprain
Gastrocnemius muscle spasm
When examining and cleaning a whirlpool, what should be completed annually? Select all that apply. Have whirlpool turbine inspected Clean exterior surface of the tub Disinfect that interior surface of the tub Check the ground fault interrupter Calibrate the tub's thermometer
Have whirlpool turbine inspected Calibrate the tub's thermometer
Due to its ___ frequencies, ultrasound is unable to pass through the air and requires a dense transmission medium. Alternating High Low Small Medium
High
What are the correct pain control parameters of an electrical stimulation treatment meant to trigger the release of enkephalins? High-pulse frequency with sensory-level stimulation High-pulse frequency with motor-level stimulation Low-pulse frequency with high-intensity stimulation Low-pulse frequency with short-phase-duration Low-pulse frequency with motor-level stimulation
High-pulse frequency with motor-level stimulation
Which inflammatory pain mediator is released by mast cells to directly stimulate nociceptors? Histamine Prostaglandin Substance P Leukotrienes Bradykinins
Histamine
What best defines pain that is produced from a normally nonpainful stimulus? Primary hyperesthesia Hyperalgesia Hyperesthesia Primary hyperalgesia Secondary hyperprofusion
Hyperesthesia
What statement is true regarding skin temperature and muscular temperature following cold treatments? Skin temperature is a good indicator of the temperature of underlying tissues Unlike muscle, skin temperautre continues to decrease for up to 30 minutes after modality removal No answer text provided. INtramuscular cooling is increased when modality is applied following exercise Muscle cooling is diminished when the patient remains sedentary
INtramuscular cooling is increased when modality is applied following exercise
Which scenario will result in the greatest decrease of subcutaneous tissue temperature? Ice bag applied with a compression wrap Ice bag alone Ice bag applied with elastic wrap Ice bag applied with compression wrap over an elastic wrap Ice bag over a barrier
Ice bag applied with a compression wrap
Which treatment is best suited for applying cold to injuries involving an irregular surface? Reusable cold pack Chemical cold pack Ice immersion Ice bag Cold compression therapy unit
Ice immersion
What is the correct order of electromyographic biofeedback signal processing? Identify; rectify; amplify; integrate; output Identify; integrate; amplify; rectify; output Identify; amplify; integrate; rectify; output Identify; integrate; rectify; amplify; output Identify; amplify; rectify; integrate; output
Identify; amplify; rectify; integrate; output
Which of the following goals is quantifiable and measures function? Increase passive dorsiflexion by 2 degrees Increase active assistive dorsiflexion Increase active dorsiflexion No answer text provided. Increase active dorsiflexion to allow patient to climb stairs unassisted
Increase active dorsiflexion to allow patient to climb stairs unassisted
Which is a primary hemodynamic effect of cold application? Arteriole vasodilation No answer text provided. Increased blood flow Capillary vasoconstriction Increased blood viscosity
Increased blood viscosity
When comparing heat and cold, which of the folowing accurately describes the effect of heat treatments? Decreased cell waste No answer text provided. Increased fluid viscosity Increased capillary permeability Decreased blood flow
Increased capillary permeability
When examining the attributes of the pulse, which of the following will lead to an increase in the total charge of the pulse? Select all that apply. Increase cycle duration Increase pulse duration Decrease pulse duration Increase interpulse interval Increase amplitude
Increased pulse duration Increase Amplitude
Which of the following is not a benefit realized through the use of continuous passive motion? Restoration of range of motion No answer text provided. Increased strength Decreased functional shortening of muscle Decreased apprehension to joint movement after surgery
Increased strength
Which statements are true concerning third-party reimbursement? Select all that apply. Other insurance companies use Medicare but not Medicaid standards when establishing their own guidelines Individuals rendering treatment must be state licensed to be eligible for reimbursement As long as standards are met, a reimbursement is guaranteed by insurance The rate of reimbursement is frequently based on the usual, customary, and reasonable (UCR) system Reimbursement requires documentation of the treatment services but not the condition being treated
Individuals rendering treatment must be state licensed to be eligible for reimbursement The rate of reimbursement is frequently based on the usual, customary, and reasonable (UCR) system
Electrical stimulation has little to no effect on which of the following? Inflammatory process Pain control Muscle reeducation Wound healing Bone growth
Inflammatory process
Which tissues and structures are highly reflective of ultrasound energy? Select all that apply. Interference between soft tissue and bone Intermuscular interfaces Skin Adipose tissue Musculotendinous junction
Interference between soft tissue and bone Intermuscular interfaces Musculotendinous junction
PICO is a mnemonic that provides structure for developing clinical questions. When developing a clinical question, what part of the mnemonic respresents the therapy being considered? Intervention Prevention Outcomes Comparison Patient
Intervention
Which statement best describes sustained traction? Is is applied with a relatively small force for 45 minutes or more Is is applied with a relatively small force for 45 minutes or less Is is applied with a relatively small force for 60 minutes or more Is is applied with a relatively large force for 60 minutes or more Is is applied with a relatively large force for 45 minutes or less
Is is applied with a relatively small force for 45 minutes or less
In which of the following scenarios is the use of therapeutic ultrasound contraindicated? Select all that apply. Ischemic area Over lumbar region on menstruating female Joint contracture Over an area with scar tissue Over sites of active infection
Ischemic area Over lumbar region on menstruating female Over sites of active infection
The pumping action created by continuous passive motion circulates synovial fluid and assists in the removal of what? Select all that apply. Pitting edema Joint hemarthrosis Lymphedema Periarticular edema Blood from the tissue surrounding the joint
Joint Hemarthrosis Periarticular edema Blood from the tissue surrounding the joint
What is an indication for the use of fluidotherapy? Joint mobilization Peripheral vascular disease Muscle tightness Open wound healing Sensory loss
Joint Mobilization
Which of the following are indications the treat with continuous passive motion? Select all that apply. Joint contracture Spasctic paralysis Thrombophlebitis After joint arthroplasty After meniscectomy
Joint contracture Thrombophlebitis After joint arthroplasty After meniscectomy
While continuous passive motion can be used on many different joints, what joint is it predominantly used with? Knee Shoulder Ankle Foot Elbow
Knee
Over which areas can ultrasound be applied when caution is used? Select all that apply. Large nerve plexus Genitals Heart Vertebral columns Nerve roots
Large nerve plexus Vertebral columns Nerve roots
Which scenario will result in a closing of the gate, thus inhibiting the pain signal from getting to the second-order neuron? No answer text provided. Large-diameter afferent traffic is greater than small diameter. Increase speed of small-diameter afferent transmission. Increase speed of large-diameter afferent transmission. Small-diameter afferent traffic is greater than large diameter.
Large-diameter afferent traffic is greater than small diameter.
How deep are superficial heating agents able to penetrate? 2-4 cm 4-6 cm greater than 6 cm 2-6 cm Less than 2 cm
Less than 2 cm
What term best identifies defamation of character through printed t electronic media? Liability Breach of Duty Negligence Slander Libel
Libel
what is the highest form of state regulation? Certification Licensure No answer text provided. Exemption Registration
Licensure
What pain-decreasing medication temporarily blocks nerve conduction, thus resulting in the loss of sensation? Endorphin Propoxyphene Aspirin Lidocaine No answer text provided.
Lidocaine
Memories of past experiences are a component that creates one's "pain filter." Where do these memories come from? Thalamus Hypothalamus Limbic system Cerebral cortex Somatosensory system
Limbic system
Which statement accurately describes long-term goals? Long-term goals tend to address specific pathologies Long-term goals are revised more often than short-term goals Long-term goals contain specific measurements There are typically more long-term goals the short-term goals Long-term goals focus on restoring praticipation
Long-term goals focus on restoring praticipation
When compared to traditional therapeutic ultrasound, which is an accurate statement about longwave ultrasound? Longwave can produe bone-depth heating in the largest muscle masses. No answer text provided. longwave ultrasound employs a longer wavelength, ranging between 20-40 MHz Longwave requires a larger output to reach therapeutic heating levels Much like shortwave ultrasound, longwave also requires a transmission medium
Longwave can produe bone-depth heating in the largest muscle masses.
When compared to traditional therapeutic ultrasound, which is an accurate statement about longwave ultrasound? longwave ultrasound employs a longer wavelength, ranging between 20-40 MHz Longwave can produe bone-depth heating in the largest muscle masses. Much like shortwave ultrasound, longwave also requires a transmission medium Longwave requires a larger output to reach therapeutic heating levels No answer text provided.
Longwave can produe bone-depth heating in the largest muscle masses.
What primary method is used to heat tissue when ultrasound is applied? Energy transfer No answer text provided. Mechanical action Magnetic current Chemical action
Mechanical Action
The application of continuous passive motion is thought to stimulate the circulation of synovial fluid, which enhances the uptake of nutrients by what tissue in the knee? No answer text provided. Neither meniscal cartilage nor articular cartilage Meniscal cartilage and articular cartilage Articular cartilage Meniscal cartilage
Meniscal cartilage and articular cartilage
Which is most useful when determining the efficacy of an intervention? No answer text provided. Minimally clinically important change Maximally clinically important change Maximum detectable change Minimum detectable changes
Minimum detectable changes
What type of current does high-voltage pulsed stimulation use? Pulsed Direct Biphasic Asymmetrical Monophasic
Monophasic
Which option below best represents the philosophy regarding the effects of continuous passive motion? Motion that is never lost need never be regained. It is regaining of movement that is painful Motion that is lost must be regained. It is the regaining of movement that is painful. Motion that is lost must be regained. It is the loss of movement that is painful. Motion that is never lost need never be regained. It is the loss of movement that is painful Motion that is lost must be regained. It is the loss of movement that is painful.
Motion that is never lost need never be regained. It is regaining of movement that is painful
What stimulation level has an intensity that produces a visible muscle contraction without causing pain? Noxious-level stimulation Sensory-level stimulation Motor-level stimulation Subsensory-level stimulation Motor-sensory-level stimulation
Motor-level stimulation
Which is an accurate statement regarding the use of motor-level stimulation to reduce swelling? Motor-levels stimulation has more clinical efficacy than the sensory-level stimulation If the generator does not allow for a duty cycle, high-pulse frequency--60 to 100 pps--should be used High-voltage pulsed stimulation is the only current that can be utilizes to reduce swelling via motor-level stimualtion According to practical evidence, motor-level swelling reduction is most effective during the acute inflammatory phase of injury No answer text provided.
Motor-levels stimulation has more clinical efficacy than the sensory-level stimulation
What is identified when skin has ghost-white areas and beet-red splotches? Jaundice Cyanosis Erythema Mottling Pallor
Mottling
Which common tool used in the examination of orthopedic injuries can be measure with a handheld dynamometer? Sensation Hypertrophy Muscle function assessment Swelling Active range of motion
Muscle function assessment
Damage to the diaphragm can result in referred pain to the skin and muscles of the ___________________. lower back thigh and knee anterior thorax groin neck and shoulder
Neck and shoulder
Which are the following are indications to the use of lumbar traction? Select all that apply. Nerve root compression Osteoarthritis Spinal cord compression Acute injury Rheumatoid arthritis
Nerve root compression Osteoarthritis
What tissues are excitable? Select all that apply. Nerves Muscle fibers Cell membranes Ligaments Cartilage
Nerves Muscle fibers Cell membranes
What type of electrical current is primarily used for neuromuscular reeducation and strengthen augmentation? Neuromuscular electrical stimulation Interferential stimulation Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation High-volt pulsed stimualtion Bisphasic stimulation
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation
Which statement best describes nociception? No answer text provided. Nociception must be interpreted as pain by higher brain centers. Nociception is the neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli. Nociception is a neuropsychological process that must be interpreted as pain. Nociception describes an unpleasant sensation.
Nociception is the neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli
What term is commonly used to represent the small amount of energy that is absorbed by the body due to its bombardment by electromagnetic energy? Interference Frequency Noise Resistance Static
Noise
which form of continuous passive motion device allows for compensatory motion between the patient's extremity and the carriage of the device? Locked linkage design Anatomic design Nonanatomic design Free linkage design Unlocked linkage design
Nonanatomic design
What term best describes the tort when there is a duty to act but a failure to perform the act? Nonfeasance Malpracitce Malfeasance Misfeasance Libel
Nonfeasance
What are the three first steps of the problem solving approach? Identify patient limitations and restrictions, prioritize problems, and set treatment goals Identify patient limitations and restrictions, set treatment goals, and review the evidence Plan intervention, set treatment goals, prioritize the problems Obtain medical history, identify patient limitations and restrictions, and prioritize problems Obtain a medical history, review the evidence, and set treatment goals
Obtain medical history, identify patient limitations and restrictions, and prioritize problems
Which develops safety standards and regulations to prevent work-related injuries and illnesses? Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) World Health Organization (WHO) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) American Hospital Association (AHA) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
What is used to measure a material's resistance to the movement of electrons? Volt Ohm Henry Mho Ampere
Ohm
To ensure safe application of therapeutic ultrasound, how often should the unit be calibrated? Every 6 months Quarterly Never Every other year Once a year
Once a year
Where is the ideal location for the ON-OFF switch to a whirlpool motor? Should be a remote controlled motor Within reach of the patient in the tub It does not matter where the ON-OFF switch is located Out of reach of the patient in the tub Mounted on top of the tub's motor
Out of reach of the patient in the tub
What does the U.S. food and Drug Administration require to be indicated on the ultrasound generator or transducer? Select all that apply. Output frequency Maximum intensity output Beam type Effective radiating area Beam nonuniformity ratio
Output frequency Effective radiating area Beam type
In which of the following scenarios is the use of therapeutic ultrasound contraindicated? Select all that apply. Over sites of active infection Joint contracture Over an area with scar tissue Over lumbar region on menstruating female Ischemic area
Over sites of active infection Over lumbar region on menstruating female Ischemic area
Which databases are designed to answer clinical questions through the incorporation of publications from multiple databases? Select all that apply. PubMed SPORTDiscus Google Cochrane PEDro
PEDro Cochrane
What mechanoreceptor is located deeper in the skin and reacts to higher levels of mechanical pressure? No answer text provided. Meissner's corpuscles Ruffini corpuscles Pacinian corpuscles Merkel's disks
Pacinian Corpuscles
Application of which modality will result in the greatest rate of femoral vein flow? Manual calf compression Pneumatic sleeve Active ankle dorsiflexion Passive straight-leg raises Anatomic continuous passive motion
Passive straight-leg raises
Which of the following structures should be treated with 3 MHz ultrasound? Select all that apply. Patellar tendon Vastus intermedius Rotator cuff Brachialis Medial collateral ligament
Patellar tendon Medial collateral ligament Brachialis
When examining the evidence, the effects of what traction variables is clearly understood? Duration of treatment and patient position Amount of tension and patient position Amount of tension and angle of pull Amount of tension and duration of treatment Patient position and angle of pull
Patient position and angle of pull
The problem-solving approach to developing an intervention strategy is a logib-based technique that uses what components? Select all that apply. Patient's long-term goals Cost of the intervention Best available evidence Clinical examination findings Supplies of the facility
Patient's long-term goals Best available evidence Clinical examination findings
What parameter of interferential current identified as the distance from the peak on the positive side of the baseline to the peak on the negative side ? Peak-to-peak amplitude Cycle duration Peak value Peak frequency Pulse frequency
Peak-to-peak amplitude
Which are contraindications to the application of intermittent compression? Primary and secondary lymphedema Peripheral vascular disease Prevention of deep-vein thrombosis Arteriosclerosis Thrombophlebitis
Peripheral vascular disease Arteriosclerosis Thrombophlebitis
Which nerves are most susceptible to cold-induced neuropathy? select all that apply Radial Peroneal Ulnar Femoral Tibial
Peroneal Ulnar
Which component of evidence-based practice carries the least weight when making decisions? Best available evidence Personal experience No answer text provided. Personal experience, best available evidence, and patient values all carry the same weight Patient values and preferences
Personal experience
When using pulse characteristics, what is the most important factor when determining what type of tissue will be stimulated? Intrapulse interval Phase duration Pulse duration Interpulse interval Pulse charge
Phase duration
Which statement is accurate in its description of direct access? Cold packs, moist heat packs, and whirlpools typically require a prescription in states without direct access Phonophoresis and iontophoresis do not require a prescription is granted direct access Professions granted direct access typically do not require a physician's referral Third-part reimburses will always in a state that is granted direct access No answer text provided.
Phonophoresis and iontophoresis do not require a prescription is granted direct access
What type of biofeedback measures the amount of light reflected by the subcutaneous tissue? Electromyographic Mechanomyographic Galvanic skin response No answer text provided. Photoplethysmography
Photoplethysmography
Where on the foot does external compression need to be applied to successfully reduce foot edema? Plantar aspect Dorsal aspect Medial aspect No answer text provided. Lateral aspect
Plantar aspect
The effect and effectiveness of traction is related to which of the following? Select all that apply. Position of the body part Angle of pull Force and duration of traction Position of the patient Force of friction
Position of the body part Angle of pull Force and duration of traction Position of the patient
Which form of traction allows the patient to self-administer the traction? Manual traction Positional traction Intermittent traction Continuous traction Sustained traction
Positional Traction
Which are indications for the use of intermittent compression as a treatment? Select all the apply. Postsurgical edema Prevention of deep-vein thrombosis Acute pulmonary edema Dermatitis Post-traumatic edema
Postsurgical edema Prevention of deep-vein thrombosis Post-traumatic edema
According to practical evidence, in comparison to intermittent compression, constant compression units are primarily used for what two purposes? Preventing swelling and assisting in venous return Preventing swelling and activation the lymphatic return mechanism Assisting in venous return and reduce ecchymosis Preventing swelling and reduce ecchymosis Activating lymphatic return mechanism and assisting in venous return
Preventing swelling and assisting in venous return
A failure to maintain accurate, legible medical records may result in what charge? Professional negligence Ordinary and professional negligence Neither ordinary or professional negligence Primary negligence Ordinary negligence
Professional negligence
What can you be charged with if you provide care without consent in a nonemergent situation. Select all the apply. Professional negligence Mischief Tort Battery Slander
Professional negligence Battery
Regarding pain control, the primary action of NSAIDS is to block the action of what inflammatory pain mediator? Substance P Macrophages Bradykinins Histamine Prostaglandin
Prostaglandin
What type of electrical current is identified by the fact that electron flow is interrupted by discrete periods of no electron flow? Alternating current Direct current Polyphasic current Pulsed current Pulse duration
Pulsed current
What electrode placement technique utilizes two sets of electrodes, each with its own channel? Monopolar Bipolar Tripolar Quadripolar Monophasic
Quadripolar
In which component of the problem-solving approach would you identify the stage of the healing process?
Recognition of the problem
In which component of the problem-solving approach would you identify the stage of the healing process? Medical history Goal setting Recognition of the problem Prioritization of the problems Treatment planning
Recognition of the problem
What step in the electromyographic biofeedback signal process involves taking the absolute value of the negative electrical activity and making it mathematically positive number? Rectification Output Integration Amplification Identification
Rectification
Cervical and lumbar traction applies a force that separates vertebrae and increases the intervertebral space and leads to what effect? Select all that apply. Strengthens vertebral bone Reduces pressure on intervertebral disks Elongates soft tissue Opens facet joints Reduces pressure on spinal nerve roots
Reduces pressure on intervertebral disks Elongates soft tissue Opens facet joints Reduces pressure on spinal nerve roots
The efficacy for electromyographic biofeedback is clinically well accepted for what scenario? Reducing edema Decreasing pain Increasing strength Reducing atrophy Reeducation muscle
Reeducation muscle
Heat produces vasodilation through a combination of what mechanism? select all that apply Release of neurotransmitters and peptides Arteriole smooth muscle relaxes Spinal level reflex Capillary smooth muscle relaxes Cerebral cortex level reflex
Release of neurotransmitters and peptides Arteriole smooth muscle relaxes Spinal level reflex
Which statement is true concerning the evidence of intermittent compression? The efficacy of intermittent compression for increasing venous flow has not been substantiated Research has shown that intermittent compression is more effective than compression wrap and elevation for reducing pitting edema The efficacy of intermittent compression for lymphedema is widely accepted Research on the optimal treatment duration and duty cycle for reducing lymphedema is inconclusive No answer text provided.
Research on the optimal treatment duration and duty cycle for reducing lymphedema is inconclusive
What is the longest stage of the general adaptation syndrome? Resistance exhaustion Alarm excitement fatigue
Resistance
Ohm's law describes the relationship between what characteristics of electrical currents? Select all the apply. Resistance Voltage Amperage Wattage Frequency
Resistance Voltage Amperage
Through what mechanism(s) does external compression reduce pain? Select all that apply. Restoring normal joint range of motion Reducing secondary cell death Blocking the transmission of nociceptive signals Restoring normal joint function Decreasing mechanical pressure
Restoring normal joint range of motion Restoring normal joint function Decreasing mechanical pressure
Which technique commonly uses a layer of insulation without detriment to the therapeutic effects of the modality? Chemical cold pack Plastic bag with crushed ice Cold compression therapy unit Reusable cold pack No answer text provided.
Reusable cold pack
According to the practical evidence, which of the following is one of the most common errors when applying therapeutic ultrasound? No answer text provided. Selecting wrong output frequency Selecting and output intensity that is too low Using too long of a treatment duration Treating to small an area
Selecting and output intensity that is too low
Which common tool used in the examination of orthopedic injuries is contraindicated when the patient suffers from dementia or disorientation? Pain Weight-bearing status Flexibility Swelling Sensation
Sensation
Which of the following dimensions of pain perception localize the source and type of pain? Cognitive-evaluative Affective-motivational Sensory-discriminative Effective-terminal Affective-directive
Sensory-discriminative
The benefits of biofeedback can be enhanced by performing which of the following? Select all that apply. Providing verbal feedback form the clinician while producing muscle contraction Setting patient goals Educating the patient on the physiology of muscle contractions Incorporating learning strategy Educating the patient on the concept of biofeedback
Setting patient goals Incorporating learning strategy Educating the patient on the concept of biofeedback
When treating lymphedema, what is the typical treatment time of intermittent compression? 40 to 50 minutes 60 minutes Several hours 5 minutes 20 to 30 minutes
Several hours
When using intermittent compression to treat lymphedema, what is the common duration of treatment? Several hours 20 minutes 60 minutes 30 minutes 10 minutes
Several hours
The most sensitive EMG surface monitors have electrodes made with what metal? Zinc Copper Gold Aluminum Silver
Silver
What biological tissue is the primary resistor of therapeutic electrical flow? No answer text provided. Muscle Adipose Skin Fascia
Skin
What is the correct order of cooling in tissues? Skin, adipose, muscle, fascia Skin, adipose, fascia, muscle Skin, fascia, muscle, adipose Fascia, adipose, muscle, skin Skin, muscle, fascia, adipose
Skin, adipose, fascia, muscle
Continuous passive motion can possibly provide pain reduction via the gate mechanism, which occurs from the stimulation of afferent nerves located in what tissues? Muscle and joint Skin and muscle Skin, joint, and muscle Joint and skin Only muscle
Skin, joint, and muscle
How large of a treatment area can be effectively exposed to ultrasonic energy? Slightly larger than the diameter of the sound head Equivalent to the diameter of the sound head Significantly larger than the diameter of the sound head However large is needed Alightly smaller than the area of the sound head
Slightly larger than the diameter of the sound head
Which of the following are accurate statements concerning the size of the electrode? Select all that apply. As electrode size increase, current density increase Smaller electrodes requires less current to stimulate tissue Large electrodes yield a more comfortable treatment when superficial nerves are targeted Most electrodes have a current density that must not be exceeded Larger electrodes yield a more comfortable treatment when there is an adipose layer greater than 2 cm
Smaller electrodes requires less current to stimulate tissue Most electrodes have a current density that must not be exceeded Larger electrodes yield a more comfortable treatment when there is an adipose layer greater than 2 cm
According to the World Health Organization, which is an environmental contextual factor that can help determine a patient's level of function/disability? A person's religion Social attitudes where a person works A person's profession A person's gender A person's life experience
Social attitudes where a person works
Which interference results in 99.9 percent of ultrasound energy being reflected? Soft tissue-fat Soft tissue-bone No answer text provided. Soft tissue-air Water-soft tissue
Soft tissue-air
Which describes the amount of energy passing through the sound head's effective radiating area? Spatial average peak-to-peak intensity Spatial average temporal peak intensity Spatial intensity Spatial average temporal average intensity Spatial average intensity
Spatial average intensity
Which describes the amount of energy passing through the sound head's effective radiating area? Spatial average temporal peak intensity Spatial average intensity Spatial average temporal average intensity Spatial average peak-to-peak intensity Spatial intensity
Spatial average intensity
Which of the following can increase when the contact are between the transducer and the tissue is decreased? Effective radiating area Spatial average intensity Peak intensity Beam nonuniformity ratio Cavitation
Spatial average intensity
Ultrasound with continuous output produces energy 100 percent of the time. In what terms is the output measured? Spatial average temporal average intensity Spatial intensity Spatial average peak-to-peak intensity Spatial average temporal peak intensity Spatial average intensity
Spatial average temporal peak intensity
Which statement is true concerning the pressure gradient created by the application of external compression? The gradient between the tissue hydrostatic pressure and the capillary filtration pressure is increased A second pressure gradient is formed between the higher pressure in the proximal portion and the lower pressure in the distal portion Spreading solid edematous matter over a larger area with external compression allows more lymphatic ducts to absorb the wastes No answer text provided. Elevating the extremity during the treatment does not alter the pressure gradient
Spreading solid edematous matter over a larger area with external compression allows more lymphatic ducts to absorb the wastes
When treatment planning, what largely determines the types of modalities that will resolve a pathology? Amplitude at which the modality is applied Type of insurance carried by the patient Amount of modality used Length of application Stage of healing process
Stage of healing process
What type of whirlpool should be sued when utilizing the technique for wound cleansing or debridement? Stainless tub Tile tub In-ground tub Plastic tub Spa-type tub
Stainless tub
Identify the most accurate statement regarding the Health Insurance Portability Act (HIPAA). HIPAA ensures patient confidentiality but does not control the security of protected health information (PHI) State regulations can override HIPAA requirements HIPAA and FERPA are the same thing HIPAA regulation affect present and future medical record but not past records HIPAA was created by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
State regulations can override HIPAA requirements
Which of the following are indications for the use of moist heat packs? Select all that apply. Subacute injury Hematome reduction Acute injury Impaired circulation Decreased range of motion
Subacute Injury Impaired circulation Decreased range of motion
What type of traction is best suited for treating degenerative disk disease of the cervical spine? No answer text provided. Intermittent traction with a flexion angle Sustained traction with a flexion angle Intermittent traction with an extension angle Sustained traction with an extension angle
Sustained traction with a flexion angle
Which of the following are likely reasons that someone post-ACL surgery would not be able to contract their vastus medialis oblique? Swelling and denervation Pain and denervation Denervation, disuse atrophy, and swelling Swelling, pain, and denervation Swelling and pain
Swelling, pain, and denervation
In pain control theory, which is considered a secondary pain control approach? No answer text provided. Target the perception of pain Resolve physiological pain triggers Decrease chemical irritation Decrease mechanical irritation
Target the perception of pain
What is the only true benefit from the use of a vapocoolant spray? Decreased cell metabolism Decreased swelling Decreased muscle spasm Increased function Temporary pain relief
Temporary pain relief
What is the only true benefit from the use of a vapocoolant spray? Decreased swelling Decreased muscle spasm Temporary pain relief Decreased cell metabolism Increased function
Temporary pain relief
What best describes habituation? A nerve's rate of depolarization decrease while the stimulation remains constant There is increased tolerance to the stimulus developed across one treatment Your client is able to increase the intensity of the stimulus after 5 minutes of treatment The CNS process one experience everyday of filtering out a continuous, nonmeaningful stimuli No answer text provided.
The CNS process one experience everyday of filtering out a continuous, nonmeaningful stimuli
Consider the principles of electrical stimulation and select the most accurate statement about electricity. No answer text provided. The electrcial current will always take the path of most resistance The electrical current will flow form cathode to the anode Electricity is a force created by the imbalance in the number of positively charged electrons Electrical current will flow from the low electron concentration to an area of high electron concentration
The electrical current will flow form cathode to the anode
Which statement is true concerning the placement of the surface electrodes when using electromyographic biofeedback? The electrodes should be placed about 3 cm apart The farther apart the electrodes, the weaker the signal Electrodes placed farther apart will have been reliability The closer the electrodes, the stronger the signal The electrodes should be placed about 3 inches apart
The electrodes should be placed about 3 cm apart
There are three potential outcomes of the injury process. What best describes the regeneration outcome? Dead cells and cellular debris are removed by phagocytosis. The original tissue is replaced with scar tissue. Davis's Law The structure's original structure and function is lost. The structure retains some or all of its original structure and function.
The structure retains some or all of its original structure and function.
Which therapeutic modality has the ability to alter cell membrane permeability and thus alter the rate of nerve depolarization? Therapeutic ultrasound No answer text provided. Electrical stimulation Intermittent compression Cold packs
Therapeutic Ultrasound
When using a monopolar technique, where is a good area to place the dispersive electrode? D. Shoulder C. Knee A. Abdomen B. Thigh
Thigh
In which scenarios is heat indicated? select all that apply To control the inflammatory reaction in its subacute or chronic stage When acute inflammation is active To encourage tissue healing After activity to decrease cell metabolism To improve range of motion
To control the inflammatory reaction in its subacute or chronic stage To encourage tissue healing To improve range of motion
What is the purpose of "Condition" in the ABCD goal-writing structure? To describe the task using action terms To define the tools or techniques used in obtaining the goal To identify the person performing the task To identify the quality with which the task will be performed To identify the patient
To define the tools or techniques used in obtaining the goal
Which of the following will not trigger the ultrasound unit to automatically shut down? No answer text provided. Application without coupling medium Insufficient contact between transducer and the skin Unacceptable coupling medium Too much coupling medium
Too much coupling medium
What medical record document provides ongoing of the patient's intervention plan? Diagnosis report Treatment record Medical hisotry Injury report Prescription record
Treatment record
Circumferential compression applies and equal amount of pressure to all parts of the extremity simultaneously. False True
True
Continuous passive motion is more effective that static stretching when increasing range of motion due to soft tissue restriction. False True
True
Placement of treatment electrodes from one treatment to another will affect the reliability of a biofeedback measurement. True False
True
The integrity of the electromyographic biofeedback signal depends on the umber of filters used, with the signal becoming more precise with more filters. True False
True
There is an increase in venous blood flow from the leg when the sequential compression is applied to the foot and leg when compared to intermittent compression of the calf alone. False True
True
Ultrasound can only increase tissue temperature when the treatment area is approximately ____ the size of the effective radiating area. on half four times two times equal to three times
Two times
Traction applied with unilateral tension at a sagittal angle is a useful setup in the treatment of what pathologies? Select all that apply. Unilateral muscle spasm Unilateral facet joint pathology Spinal stenosis Unilateral disk protrusion Unilateral nerve root impingement
Unilateral muscle spasm Unilateral facet joint pathology Unilateral nerve root impingement
Which are considered contraindications to the use of continual passive motion? Select all that apply. Tendon laceration After osteochondral repair Unstable fracture After joint debridement Uncontrolled infection
Unstable fracture Uncontrolled infection
The passive movements and elevation of the body part are components of continuous passive motion that increases which factors? Venous return Venous and lymphatic return Venous and arteriole return Lymphatic and arteriole return Lymphatic return
Venous and lymphatic return
Which of the following are indications for the use of therapeutic ultrasound? Select all that apply. Warts Stress fracture Neuroma Ischemic area Spasticity
Warts Neuroma Spasticity
What unit is used to express the relationship between voltage and amperage? Coulombs ohms Wattage Inductance Voltage
Wattage
When using a monophasic current, what parameters are synonymous and refer to the same aspect of the current? Select all that apply. Waveform Pulse duration Phase Pulse Amplitude
Waveform Phase Pulse
To distract the vertebrae, the force applied must overcome the sum of resistance. What factors create the sum of resistance? Select all that apply. Weight of the body part Tension of the soft tissue Weight of the traction cable Force of gravity Force of friction between patient and table
Weight of the body part Tension of the soft tissue Force of gravity Force of friction between patient and table
What modality carries the greatest risk of frostbite? No answer text provided. Reusable cold pack Cold compression therapy unit Plastic bag with crushed ice Chemical cold pack
chemical cold pack
Ultrasound is able to pass through both solid and liquid mediums because it travels as a _____ wave. perpendicular alternate longitudinal short parallel
longitudinal
Which is an accurate statement regarding the effect of modalities and the healing process? the stage of healing process does not influence with modality to use modalities attempt to provide the optimal environment for healing to occur modalities are primarily used to alter psychological status and good healing environment most modalities can speed up the healing of an injury No answer text provided.
modalities attempt to provide the optimal environment for healing to occur
Applying which technique before treatment will result in a more rapid increase in intramuscular temperature? Preheating coupling medium Room temperature coupling meidum Moist heat pack Shaving the skin Cooled coupling medium
moist heat pack
When based on ______, treatment goals can be used as the basis for research on treatment efficacy. outcome measures long-term goals short-term goals patient preference cost effectiveness
outcome measures
An institution's or facility's policies and procedures manual: No answer text provided. is independent of the state practice acts and professional standards or practice should reflect the standards or practice. should reflect the state practice acts and professional standards of practice. should reflect the states practice acts.
should reflect the state practice acts and professional standards of practice.
According to the practical evidence, how should an ice pack be applied in order to obtain maximal intramuscular temperature decrease? With a nonflexible plastic wrap With an elastic wrap With elastic and plastic wrap Without any wrap With flexible plastic wrap
with an elastic wrap
all therapeutic equipment must be inspected and calibrated by a qualified technician at least ______. twice a year monthly weekly every 2 years yearly
yearly