Modern Middle East Final People

Fu'ad Chehab

President of Lebanon Republic from 1958 to 1964. Introduced large-scale reforms and social developments, modernization

Camille Chamoun

President of Lebanon from 1952 to 1958. Main Christian leader during the Lebanese Civil War, and the U.S. intervenes to protect Chamoun, who was anti-communist

Muhammad Naguib

Primary leader of Free Officer's Coup of 1952, establishes Republic. First President of Egpyt, close to Nasser

Rashid `Ali al-Gaylani (al-Kilani)

Prime Minister of Iraq in 1940-1941, attempted to overthrow Abd al-Ilah and negotitate with Axis Powers to counter British influence in Iraq

Ahmet Davutoglu

Prime Minsiter of Tukey under Erdogan from August 2014 to May 2016

Sayyid Qutb

Public intellectual, indicted Western immorality, highly influential on Islamic thought; Also wrote about Jahiliyya, or ignorance, and Hakimiyya, or "Divine Sovereignty of God"

Abd al-Ilah

Served as Regent for underage Faisal II in Iraq in 1930's and 1940's

Andrei Zhdanov

Soviet Cantal Committee Secretary, gave famous "Two Camps" Speech where he proclaimed USSR represents anti-imperialism and local nationalisms

Cemal Gursel

Staged military coup in Turkey in May 1960; Arrested Bayer and Menderes; promotion of secularism, new consititution; pushed back towards Kemalism; executes Zorlu and Menderes

Feda'iyan-i Islam

Supported Ayatollah Khomeini in the 1979 Revoltion, served as radical footsoldiers and fundamentalists

Husni al-Za`im

Syrian Military man and politican. Led Syria's army in 1948 war with Israel. Chief of Staff of Syria. Led the first coup of 1949

Zaki al-Arsuzi

Syrian philosopher and Arab nationalist. His ideas contributed to the creation of Baathism

King Faruq

10th Ruler of Muhammad Ali Dynasty in Egypt; Overthrown by the Waft in the 1952 Military Coup and forced to abdicate

Ahmad Shuqayri

1st Chairman of the PLO; Resigned in the wake of the 1967 defeat

Gamal Abdel Nasser

2nd President of Egypt, served from 1956 until his death. Authoritarian Modernization, introduced far-reaching land reforms. Nationalized the Suez Canal

Anwar al-Sadat

3rd president of Egpyt; Sought Peace with Israel; VP under Nasser

Ali Akbar Hashemi-Rafsanjani

4th President of Iran, helped choose Ali Khamenei as Supreme Leader; Conservative, one of the members of Council of Islamic revolution

Levi Eshkol

4th Prime Minster of Israel, died of a heart attack in office; improved Israel's foreign relations with major powers and was PM during Six-Day War

Mohammed Morsi

5th president of Egypt, first democratically elected head of state in Egyptian history; unseated by military coup

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad

6th President of Iran; Outspoken critic of the West, hostile

Hassan Rouhani

7th and current president of Iran; early follower of Ruhollah Khomeini; described as a moderate, improved women's realtions, trying to improve relations with the west

Osama bin Laden

9/11, terrorist, al-Qaeda

Inji Aflatun

Advocate of Egyptian Marxist Feminism

Muhammad Reza Shah

Came to power after Anglo-Soviet Invasion in WWII forced his father, Reza Shah, to resign. Gave himself title of Shahinsah or King of Kings. Led rapid Industrial, military expansion and economic and social reforms in Iran

Salah al-Din al-Bitar

Co-founded Baathism with Aflaq

Bashar al-Asad

Current President of Syria

`Ali Khamene`i

Current Supreme leader of Iran; figurehead of conservative establishment

Javad Zarif

Current minister of foreign affairs for Iran; committed to improving ties with the US;

General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi

Current president of Egypt, involved in the Coup that unseated Morsi from power

Salah Jadid

De facto leader of Syria from 1966-70. Political member of the Baath Party

Fatin Rustu Zorlu

Democratic Finance Minister under Bayer in Turkey

Adnan Menderes

Democratic Prime Minister under Bayer in Turkey

Nematollah Nasseri

Director of SAVAK during Pahlavi Rule; Dismissed by the shah, amd was then the ambassador to Pakistanand then called back from Pakistan and was imprisoned and executed

Hassan al-Banna

Egyptain schoolteacher and imam who founded the Muslim Brotherhood

Saiza Nabarawi

Egyptian Journalist, founded Egyptian feminist Union

Abd al-Hakim

Egyptian general, part of Nasser's Free Officers Movement

`Abd al-Rahman al-`Azzam

Egyptian politician and diplomat who served as the first secretary of the Arab league; foremost proponent of pan-Arabism, opposed the partition of Palestine

Michel Aflaq

Founded Baathism based on "Unity, Freedom, Socialism"

Iraj Iskandari

Founded Communist Party of Iran in 1941; tried to create unifying, broad based social movement

Antun Sa'adeh

Founded Syrian Social Nationalist Party in

Akram al-Hawrani

Founded mass-based Arab socialist party, ASP. ASP eventually fuses with Baath Party to form Arab Baath Socialist Party

John Foster Dulles

Founding director of CIA

Necmettin Erbakan

Founding member of one of the first Islamist Political parties, made alliances with the CHP; blurred the line between religious and secular politics

Kermit Roosevelt, Jr

Grandson of Theodore Roosevelt, Intelligence officer in the OSS; founded Arabist organizations such as the American Friends of the Middle East and helped put Mohammad Reza Shah into power with the CIA

Abolhassan Banisadr

He was the first President of Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution abolished the monarchy, serving from 4 February 1980 until he was impeached by parliament on 20 June 1981. Prior to his presidency, he was the minister of foreign affairs in the interim government;

Ruhollah Khomeini

He was the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution that saw the overthrow of the Pahlavi monarchy and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran. Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's Supreme Leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death

Celal Bayer

Head of Democratic party in Turkey, elected President in 1950; marked shift towards promotion of religion

Mehdi Bazargan

Head of Iran's interim government established by Khomeini after the 1979 revolution; resigned during the Hostage Crisis, when the Revolutionary council came into power

Turgut Ozal

Head of the Motherland Party in Turkey, elected in 1983; neo-liberal economic reform agenda, incorporates secular liberals and Islamic populists

General Fazlullah Zahedi

Iranian General who came to power after a military coup in 1953 in which he depsosed Mohammad Mossadeq

Mohammed Kazem Shariatmadari

Iranian Grand Ayatollah, favored traditional Shi'ite practice of keeping clerics away from the government, and denounced Ruhollah Khomeini and critiqued him for taking US hostages; he was put under house arrest

`Ali Shari`ati

Iranian intellectual who focused on the sociology of religion; called the ideologue of the Iranian Revolution; said that Islam is a revolutionary ideology by nature

Muhahideen-i Khalq

Iranian political leftist military organization; played an active role in the downfall of the Shah in the 1979 revolution. Engaged in armed conflict with the Pahlavis in 1970's; however, the organization turned against the Iranian government and declared war on them; supposedly financed and armed by Israel to kill Iranian Nuclear scientists

Sayyed Abul-Qasem Kashani

Iranian politician and Shia religious leader. Anti-capitalist and advocated for the return of Islamic government to Iran. Arrested and exiled by British and Soviets.

Muhammad Mossadeq

Iranian politician who was a cabinet minister at one point, came into power; tried to promote constitutionalism. Positive Equilibrium = engagement w/ foreign powers that led to equal concessions; negative equilibrium = promote Iran's neutrality in foreign affairs

Mir-Hossein Mousavi

Iranian reformist politician, artist and architect who served as the seventy-ninth and last Prime Minister of Iran from 1981 to 1989. He was a reformist candidate for the 2009 presidential election and eventually the leader of the opposition in the post-election unrest. Mousavi served as the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts until 2009, when Conservative authorities removed him.

Nuri al-Said

Iraqi politican during the British mandate of Iraq; signed Anglo-Iraqi Treaty. Pro-British and hated by Iraqis

Abba Eban

Israel's foreign Minister during 1967 War, defended country's reputation after the war to the UN General Assembly

Golda Meir

Israeli cabinent member who criticized Rogers Plan, continues to bomb Egypt

Ariel Sharon

Israeli general, 11th Prime Minister of Israel; Incredible military strategist and commander, instrumental in Israel's victory in the 6 day war

Moshe Dayan

Israeli military leader; Defense Minister during the 1967 War; Lost an eye fighting Vichy Forces in Lebanon during WWII, became symbol of Israel's military fight

Pinchas Lavon

Israeli politican known for the Lavon affair; recruited Egyptian Jews to bomb British and American targets to frame the Muslim Brotherhood and cause chaos so the British could move troops into Egypt

Yitzhak Rabin

Israeli politican, 5th prime minister of Israel; Chief of General Staff in 1964 and oversaw Israel's vicory in the 6 day war. Symbol of Israeli-Palestinian peace process

King Hussein of Jordan

King of Jordan, eventually recognized Israel in 1994

King Saud

King of SA from 1953 to 1964; forced to step down by his brother faisal after trying to monopolize political power

Shapour Bakhtiyar

Last Prime Minister under Reza Pahlavi; murdered in his home near Paris

Khalid Bakdash

Leader of Syrian Communist Party or SCP from 1936 until his death. Called "Dean of Arab Communism"

General Kenan Evren

Led 1980 military coup; established himself as President 1980-89

Samu al-Hinnawi

Led 2nd Coup in April 1949

Adib al-Shisakli

Led 3rd Coup in December 1949; these coups were seen as being led by Nationalist Bourgeouise; al-Quwwatli was restored to power in 1954 with parliamentary rule

Fatima Nimat Rashid

Led National Women's Party in 1941 Egypt

William J. Donovan

Led OSS, nucleus of CIA; led US clandestine operations in Middle East

Mustafa al-Nahhas

Led Pro-Allied collation in Egypt during WWII, The Waft

Ali Mahir

Led Pro-Axis collation in Egypt during WWII

Abd al-Salam Farag

Led and helped the assassination of Sadat

Husni al Za'im

Led coup in Syria because of Shukri al-Quwwatli's ineffienceint political leadership; January 1949, first of 3 coups that year

Recept Tayyip Erdogan

Led the Justice and Development Party, pro-Keamalist; current President of Turkey

Leila Khaled

Member of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine or PFLP; known for her role in the 1969 Hijacking; 1st woman to hijack an airplane

Hasan Polatkan

Minister of Labor and Finance under Bayer, exceuted in 1960

Abdullah al-Tariki

Oil Minister of Saudi Arabia in the 1950's; radical, wanted nationalization of the Saudi Oil industry

Duriya Shafiq

Opened literary centers, advocated for political suffrage for women, wrote Daughter of the Nile Union in 1948

Abdallah Azzam

Palestinian founder of al-Qaeda

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian political leader and Chairman of the PLO; also founded the Fatah political party. Joined the PLO in 1967, and elected chair of the Palestinian National Council in 1969

Khaled Islambouli

Planned and executed the assassination of Anwar Sadat because of his peace negotiations with Israel

İsmet İnönü

Turkish General and Statesman who was 2nd President of Turkey after the death of Ataturk. Member of CHP, defeated in Turkey's second free election

Nuri Demirağ

Turkish industrialist and railroad tycoon. One of the first millionaires of the Turkish Republic.

Harold L. Ickes

U.S. Secretary of the Interior, named "Petroleum Administrator", "Oil Czar"

Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi

US-backed leader of Iran, led the white Revolution in changes to attempt to modernize Iran; extended suffrage to women, had friendly relations with west, Israel, china, built up educational sector

Soleiman Mohsen Iskandari

Uncle of Iraj Iskandari, founded Socialist Party of Iran. Also founder of Consitutional movement of Iran and resisted power of Mohammad Ali Shah, his own cousin.

King Faisal bin Abdulaziz

Was Crown Prince; Improved relations with US, UK to protect against communism, revolutionaries, independent arab nationalism

Saddam Hussein

fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003.[7] A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party—which espoused Ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and socialism—Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup (later referred to as the 17 July Revolution) that brought the party to power in Iraq.

Mustafa Barzani

was a Kurdish nationalist leader, and the most prominent political figure in modern Kurdish politics. In 1946, he was chosen as the leader of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) to lead the Kurdish revolution against Iraqi regimes. Barzani was the primary political and military leader of the Kurdish revolution until his death in March 1979. He led campaigns of armed struggle against both the Iraqi and Iranian governments

Abd al-Karim Qasim

was a nationalist Iraqi Army brigadier who seized power in a 1958 coup d'état, wherein the Iraqi monarchy was eliminated. He ruled the country as Prime Minister until his downfall and death during the 1963 Ramadan Revolution.

Hasan al-Bakr

was the fourth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 17 July 1968 until 16 July 1979. A leading member of the revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its regional organisation Ba'ath Party - Iraq Region (the Ba'ath Party's Iraqi branch), which espoused ba'athism, a mix of Arab nationalism and Arab socialism

`Abd al-Salam Arif

was the second President of Iraq from 1963 until his death. He played a leading role in the 14 July Revolution in which the Hashemite monarchy was overthrown on July 14, 1958.

Jamshid Amouzegar

Attended Cornell, was the Prime Minister of Iran from 1977-78; leader of Rastakhiz Party

Hosni Mubarak

Came into power in Egypt after the Assassination of Sadat

Latifa el-Zayyat

Became Marxist bc of lack of discrimination against women; Novelist and student leader that wrote "The Open Door"

Nasser

Anti-colonial, anti-British; Founded Free Officers Movement