Modern Western Civilization
France's strong economy was created by the mercantilist policies of
Jean-Baptiste Colbert.
Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
in all regions.
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Several thousand Parisian women
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
The Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed.
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.
The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?
The king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work.
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
The position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
They banned all women's political activity, which they believed to be disorderly and a distraction from women's proper domestic duties.
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?
Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten
Johannes Kepler believed that the elliptical orbit of planets
produced a musical harmony of heavenly bodies.
The enlightened policies of Frederick the Great included
simplifying Prussia's laws.
Catherine the Great's goal of domestic reform never came to fruition, owing to
the rebellion led by Emelian Pugachev in 1773.
How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups?
It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups.
Why did Leopold II cancel his brother Joseph's radical edicts in the early 1790s?
Leopold was attempting to restore order in Austria.
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was
London
Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.
According to its editor, the fundamental goal of the Encyclopedia was to
"change the general way of thinking."
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
the British colonial empire.
How did governments respond to the new science?
They established academies of science to support and sometimes direct scientific research.
Which of the following characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.
In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?
Voting for representatives would be restricted to men of property.
French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the
prevention of the Habsburgs from unifying the territories surrounding France.
Why did the French commissioners in Saint-Domingue abolish slavery in 1793?
They were desperate to rally the rebel slaves to the French cause against the Spanish and English forces on the island.
In Primary Source 20.5, what does Sarah Stickney Ellis advise the middle-class woman to do?
Think about how best to help those who need assistance
What was the primary goal of Galileo Galilei's experimental method?
To discover what actually occurred in nature rather than to speculate on what should occur
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
What change within the Jewish community accompanied the Haskalah Enlightenment movement?
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
equality before the law.
According to recent scholarship, during the eighteenth century the guild system
remained flexible as masters adopted new technologies and circumvented impractical rules.
How did the nature of armed forces change in the latter half of the seventeenth century?
Army officers became obedient to monarchs instead of serving their own interests.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
How did Cardinal Richelieu increase the power of the centralized French state?
He extended the use of intendants, commissioners for each of France's thirty-two districts.
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?
There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.
In Primary Source 15.3, how does Olearius view Russians as a people?
They are naturally tough and born for slavery.
The presentation by the Reverend Samuel Pullein to the Royal Society of England regarding "An Account of a Particular Species of Cocoon, or Silk-Pod, from America" (Primary Source 16.2), was
a careful investigation of the silk pod and whether it might serve as a source of silk.
In Historical and Critical Dictionary, Pierre Bayle demonstrated that
all knowledge can be questioned and doubted.
The Ottomans divided their subjects into religious communities or
millets.
The English political philosopher Thomas Hobbes held that
the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Combination Acts of 1799
In return for financial support, what did Charles II of England secretly promise Louis XIV of France?
English laws against Catholics would be eased and England gradually re-Catholicized.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
Industrial dominance of Britain
In Primary Source 17.1, Arthur Young, writing at the end of the eighteenth century on the benefits of enclosure, believes that
enclosures will increase the amount of employment compared with open fields.
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.
How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
The Catholic Church gained the right to practice religion freely, while the French state gained greater control over the nomination of church officers and church activities.
In the 1780s, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on
interest payments on the debt.
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families.
Who was William Cockerill?
an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
Within the Ottoman government, who staffed the top DIFF: Levels of the bureaucracy?
The sultan's slave corps
Louis XIV selected councilors from the
newly ennobled or upper middle class.
