Module 1: Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Define covalent bond.

A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Know what a molecular formula shows you. For example, the molecular formula for glucose (C6H12O6) shows that a molecule of glucose contains 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms.

A molecular formula shows the types and numbers of atoms present in a molecule.

Define anatomy. Define physiology. Understand how the two terms are different, but "go together"-the structure of organs determines their function.

Anatomy: Anatomy is the study of the structure of living organisms, including their parts, organization, and relationships to one another. Physiology: Physiology is the study of the function of living organisms and their parts, including how they work individually and together to maintain life.

Define the axial and appendicular portions of the body.

Axial: Includes the head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular: Includes the limbs (arms and legs) and their attachments to the axial portion.

List the major cavities of the body and explain what is contained within those cavities.

Cranial cavity: Contains the brain. Thoracic cavity: Contains the heart, lungs, and associated structures. Abdominopelvic cavity: Contains the digestive organs, reproductive organs, and urinary bladder.

Explain where the diaphragm and mediastinum are located.

Diaphragm: Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities; located below the lungs. Mediastinum: Central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs and containing the heart, esophagus, trachea, and other structures.

Define homeostasis.

Dynamic state in which the body's internal environment is maintained within the normal range.

Explain basic characteristics of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Electrons: Negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus of an atom. Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.

Define element, compound, and atoms.

Element: A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Compound: A substance composed of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions. Atom: The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.

Why is homeostasis important?

Homeostasis is important for maintaining the optimal conditions for cellular function, which is crucial for the survival of organisms.

Define hydrogen bonds.

Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom of another molecule.

Define ion, cation, anion, and ionic bond.

Ion: An atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. Cation: A positively charged ion. Anion: A negatively charged ion. Ionic Bond: A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.

Define matter.

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is composed of atoms.

. Define serous membrane.

Membrane that lines a cavity without an opening to the outside of the body and covers the organs in these cavities.

Explain the difference between a molecule and a compound.

Molecule: A group of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Compound: A substance composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

List the levels of organization from lowest level to highest level. Define each of the levels

Organelle: A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus). Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Tissue: A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function (e.g., muscle tissue, nervous tissue). Organ: A structure composed of two or more tissues working together to carry out particular functions (e.g., heart, liver). Organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function or set of functions (e.g., cardiovascular system, digestive system). Organism: An individual living thing composed of multiple organ systems.

List and explain the characteristics of life

Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction Evolution

Describe where the visceral and parietal pleura, visceral and parietal pericardium, and visceral and parietal peritoneum are located.

Pleura: Surrounds the lungs (visceral pleura covers the lungs, parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity). Pericardium: Surrounds the heart (visceral pericardium covers the heart, parietal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity). Peritoneum: Lines the abdominal cavity (visceral peritoneum covers abdominal organs, parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall).

Name the 3 parts of a homeostatic mechanism.

Receptor Control center Effector

Explain why it's important to study chemistry and understand that everything (in the body and in the world) is made of chemicals.

Studying chemistry is important because it helps us understand the composition, structure, and properties of matter, which is fundamental to understanding biological processes and functions in living organisms.

Relative position/directional terms:

Superior and Inferior: Superior refers to a structure being above another structure, while inferior refers to a structure being below another structure. Anterior and Posterior: Anterior refers to a structure being toward the front of the body, while posterior refers to a structure being toward the back of the body. Medial and Lateral: Medial refers to a structure being closer to the midline of the body, while lateral refers to a structure being farther away from the midline. Proximal and Distal: Proximal refers to a structure being closer to the point of attachment or origin, while distal refers to a structure being farther away from the point of attachment or origin.

Explain the difference between a visceral layer and a parietal layer of a serous membrane.

Visceral layer: Covers the organ. Parietal layer: Lines the cavity.

List the environmental factors which are requirements of organisms

Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

what is the basic unit of structure

a cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all organisms and that all living things consist of cells.

Explain anatomical position.

body is standing upright, facing forward, with the arms at the sides and palms facing forward. The feet are also parallel to each other. This position serves as a reference point for describing the body's structures and their relationships.

Describe the basics of electron shell structure for the first three shells and how this predicts

he first three electron shells can hold specific numbers of electrons: 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second shell, and 8 in the third shell. This predicts the ionic charge and the number of covalent bonds an atom typically forms.

Be able to give examples of negative and positive feedback loops in the body.

negative feedback loop: A mechanism that restores the level of a biochemical or other condition in the internal environment. positive feedback loop: Process by which changes cause additional similar changes, producing unstable conditions.

Explain the difference between polar and nonpolar.

olar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge, while nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of charge.