Module 11-13
In what year did the Western and Eastern church divide?
1054 AD
What was the number of early Church councils that formed to clarify certain theological arguments?
7
In spite of being married, Mark Antony enjoyed a close relationship with this Egyptian queen:
Cleopatra
Which ancient religious tradition focused on obtaining secret knowledge of human destiny?
Gnosticism
Which Jewish sect was more open to Christianity?
Hellenized
Appenine Peninsula
Italy
Mecca
Muhammad's birthplace
Compiled the Old Testament into six languages
Origen
The first person killed for being a follower of Christ was:
Stephen
It was important to keep the hearth fires burning and the hearth was the domain of this stay-at-home goddess. Her Roman virgin priestesses, the Vestals, were vital to the fortunes of Rome.
Vesta
Who were the plebians?
common people
Catherine the Great
connoted Peter the Great's work on Russia after his death
How old was Jesus when he conversed with the teachers in the Temple?
12
The Pax Romana refers to what?
200 years of Roman growth and order
At the height of Roman society, what percentage of the population of Italy were slaves?
30-40%
Which Punic war saw the complete destruction of Carthage? 1st 2nd 3rd
3rd
The approximate date of Jesus' birth is what?
4 BC
What year did the western Roman Empire fall?
476 AD
Apostles Creed
A creed that distinguished between true and heretical believers
Who are the "Twelvers?"
A group of Muslims awaing for Al-Muntazar to convert the world to Islam
Under which dynasty did the Arab empire become extremely influential?
Abbasid
Where did the final battle between Octavian and Mark Anthony take place?
Actium
Which book of the Bible describes when the Holy Spirit descended on the Christ's apostles?
Acts
The focus of Roman history revolves around the examination of what geographical area? Adriatic Sea Balkan Peninsula Peloponnesus Apennine Peninsula
Adriatic Sea, Apennine Peninsula
What best describes the ways Islam spread? Some people were forced to covert or pay high taxes. Spread through violence. Some people were tired of Byzantine rule so they welcomed Islam. All of the above.
All of the above
Why was literacy so important in Islam?
Allowed people to gain political power
In comparison with the United States, how large is modern Russia?
Almost twice the size
Where was it that the term "Christian" was first used to denote a follower of Christ?
Antioch
Brother of Artemis/Diana, shared by Romans and Greeks alike.
Apollo
Criteria for New Testament Canon
Apostolic authority, Antiquity, Orthodoxy, Catholicity (unity), Inspiration
What three bodies of water surround the Arabian Peninsula? [choose 3] Arabian Sea Pacific Ocean Red Sea Persian Gulf Mediterranean Sea
Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and Persian Gulf
Which Christian apologist argued that out of Christians, Barbarians, Greeks, and Jews, Christians were the true believers because they did not have to protect their gods of metal nor worship just the law?
Aristides
What was the Etruscan assembly that had the power to veto laws made by the king?
Assembly of Centuries
Who was the young deacon that argued Arian's theology was heretical?
Athanasius
The group of barbarians from Asia that threatened Rome were led by whom?
Attila
_________ was the god of vegetables, and ________ was the mother goddess.
Attis and Cybele
Jesus Christ was born during the reign of which Roman emperor?
Augustus
Which church father outlined the guide book for liturgy used by the Eastern Church?
Basil of Caesarea
Judea
Between Mediterranean and Dead Sea
Which of the following is NOT true regarding Justinian's plan to return prestige to the Roman Empire? Expansion Legal Reform Bread and Circuses Building Projects
Bread and Circuses
What title was bestowed upon Augustus to mean "first citizen?"
Caesar
Which statement(s) is/are not accurate in regard to the reign of Julius Caesar? Caesar was a harsh tyrant. Caesar provided the basis for the modern calendar. Caesar initiated reforms to help the unemployed. Caesar assassinated by members of the Senate.
Caesar was a harsh tyrant.
Baghdad
Capital of Iraq
Moscow
Capital of Russia
Constantinople
Capital of the Byzantine Empire
The Punic War pitted Rome against the naval power of ________________.
Carthage
The city of ______________________ was considered to be on of Rome's greatest enemies.
Carthage
Which statement best describes the Russian Orthodox Church during the spread of Islam? [choose all that may apply] Eastern Orthodox could only spread north and northwest. Christianity bonded Russia as a nation. Islam blocked the Eastern Orthodox Church from spreading. Vladimir of Kiev modeled Russian architecture after the Byzantine Empire.
Christianity bonded Russia as a nation. Vladimir of Kiev modeled Russian architecture after the Byzantine Empire.
He was a Roman Philosopher, writer, and political theorist. He gave us sayings like, "There is no place more delightful than home."
Cicero
What was the title of the literary work by Augustine of Hippo that argued that the best way to live focuses on God and not earthly desires?
City of God
Who declared Byzantium as the new capital of the Roman Empire?
Constantine
What did not occur during the reign of Constantine? -development of church-state relationship -a watered down loyalty to God -Constantine immediately proclaimed to be a follower of Christ. -Christians were appointed as royal advisors.
Constantine immediately proclaimed to be a follower of Christ.
The 5 pillars of Islam are
Declaration of faith, prayer, tithing, fast, and pilgrimage
The sister of Apollo, she was a hunting goddess. Like her brother, she is often combined with the deity in charge of a celestial body. In her case, the moon; in her brother's, the sun. Although a virgin goddess, she assisted in childbirth. Although she hunted, she could also be the animals' protector. In general, she is full of contradictions.
Diana
Greek-speaking; therefore needed the Scriptures in Greek. Hence—the Septuagint was created when 72 Jewish scholars in Alexandria agreed on the Greek translation of the Old Testament.
Diaspora Jews
The fall of Rome came to a brief stop thanks to the reforms of which Roman emperor?
Diocletian
Which Roman emperor oversaw a widespread persecution (the Great Persecution) of Christians in the empire?
Diocletian
Which of the following is true about the reign of Yaroslav the Wise? [choose all that may apply] Diplomatic relations with the rest of the world were improved. The Tartars conquered Russia. A written legal system was established. Schools, monasteries, churches, and libraries were built by him.
Diplomatic relations with the rest of the world were improved. A written legal system was established. Schools, monasteries, churches, and libraries were built by him.
Isis
Egyptian mother goddess
He prevented the Persians from attacking the eastern portion of the Byzantine empire
Emperor Heraclius
Which church council rejected the heretical view that Jesus was two separate people (one divine, one human) and stated He had two natures in one divine person?
Ephesus
Who used Byzantine text as a basis for a new Greek New Testament?
Erasumus
Of the Jewish divisions, which one best fits the statement of "They rejected the priesthood and worship in the Temple. They probably wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls."?
Essenes
Who were the "civilizers of early Italy?"
Etruscans
What did not occur when Christianity became the popular religion of Rome?
Everyone turned to sincere worship.
The Edict of Milan did what?
Extended religious toleration to Christians
Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar formed an alliance known as the what?
First Triumvirate
This is better known as the Roman Colosseum because it stood beside a huge statue of Nero. It was built during the reign of Vespasian and completed around 79 AD. It stood 14 stories high and held 65,000 people. Its floor space covered about six acres. It was designed for gladiatorial contests and had a feature that allowed it to be flooded to have naval battles
Flavian Amphitheater
Byzantium
Former name of Constantinople
Gaul
France
Geographical reach of the gospel:
Galilee, Judea, Samaria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Asia Minor, Greece, Rome, Spain, Britain, Alexandria, and India
Who defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama?
General Scipio
Byzantium is located between the areas of _______ and _________.
Greece and Asia Minor
The city of Byzantium was originally what kind of colony?
Greek
What type of influence made Byzantium more intellectually livelier than the west?
Greek
Which Roman emperor oversaw the building of a massive wall in Great Britain as a way of protection against barbarians?
Hadiran
____________________ is the sacred text of Islam that contains the words of Muhammad and focuses on doctrine and law.
Hadith
Name the building in this image:
Hagia Sophia
Who was the Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps to attack the Romans?
Hannibal
Why did Muhammad break with the Jews and the Christians?
He believed their scriptures had been corrupted.
How did Ivan the Terrible commemorate his victory over the Tartars in Kazan?
He constructed St. Basil's Cathedral.
What did Lepidus do that forced Octavian to remove him from the Triumvirate?
He created an army and navy that invaded Sicily.
Clement of Alexandria
He helped Christians understand the Old Testament with the use of allegories.
Which statement best describe Diocletian? He encouraged higher prices for food. He oversaw localized persecution of Christians. He slowed down the empire's decline. He is responsible for the fall of Rome.
He slowed down the empire's decline.
Which statement best describe Diocletian? ⚙︎He oversaw localized persecution of Christians. ⚙︎He is responsible for the fall of Rome. ⚙︎He encouraged higher prices for food. ⚙︎He slowed down the empire's decline.
He slowed down the empire's decline.
Which statement is inaccurate when describing Muhammad? He converted people to Islam. He replaced the Jewish Day of Atonement with Ramadan. None of these are correct. He was a completely peaceful man.
He was a completely peaceful man.
What was one reason the early church fathers decided on a canon of Scripture?
Heretical teachers began to put together a list of books.
Those that supported the use of icons were known as ____________.
Iconodules
Which of the following is NOT a contribution of the Muslims to the world? Arabic Numbers Algebra Geometry Invented Paper
Invented Paper
Which church father argued the concept of apostolic succession?
Irenaeus
Of the four religions, which one did not exist in Arabia before Muhammad?
Islam
What statement is correct regarding religion and civic authority in Islam?
Islam is a government as well as a religion.
Which statement best describes Islam after Muhammad?
Islam widely expanded across the globe.
He was the Grand Prince of Moscow and helped Russia gain their independence from he Mongols
Ivan the Great
Who first adopted the title "Czar"?
Ivan the Terrible
The beginning of the concept of Transubstantiation is best associated with what church father?
John Chrysostom
Which one of these was NOT a member of the Second Triumvirate? Octavian Julius Caesar Mark Antony Marcus Lepidus
Julius Caesar
Who introduced the basis for the modern calendar (Julian calendar)?
Julius Caesar
A marriage goddess and the wife of the king of the gods, Zeus.
Juno
Sky and thunder god, the head honcho and one of the most promiscuous of the gods.
Jupiter
This Christian thinker was killed under Marcus Aurelius
Justin Martyr
Which statement is correct? Justinian fully accomplished his goal. Justinian was able to recapture all provinces from the barbarians. Justinian refused to simplify the system of Roman law. Justinian was only able to achieve marginal success.
Justinian was only able to achieve marginal success.
If you wanted to read about condemnation of Rome's moral decay, you would read the work of:
Juvenal
What was a key religious shrine for pagan polytheists in Mecca?
Ka'ba
What Russian city became an important trading center with the Byzantine Empire?
Kiev
Dnieper River
Kiev to Black Sea
How did the literacy rate of Muslims compare to Europe?
Literacy was widespread in Muslim territories.
Who was the Roman historian skeptical of his own nation's history?
Livy
The Greek colony of _______________________ helped spread Greek influence to Rome.
Magna Graeica
Founded in Babylon. ______________ was a Gnostic religion that borrowed from Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Buddhism. Its followers believed in a dualistic idea that light represented the spiritual world and darkness represented the material world. The idea was also stressed that man has a particle of light and redemption consists of grasping this light through mediation.
Manichaeism
The Ides of March correspond to what day on our calendars?
March 15
Julius Caesar was murdered on what date?
March 15, 44 BC
The "fall of Rome" began with the death of:
Marcus Aurelius
Which statement is incorrect? ⁍Marcus Aurelius never persecuted Christians. ⁍Diocletian persecuted Christians. ⁍Septimius Severus persecuted Christians. ⁍Nero persecuted Christians.
Marcus Aurelius never persecuted Christians.
The god of war for both Romans and Greeks, but so destructive he was not much loved by the Greeks, even though Aphrodite loved him. On the other hand, he was admired by the Romans, where he was associated with fertility as well as the military, and a very important deity.
Mars
A many-talented messenger of the gods and sometimes a trickster god and god of commerce.
Mercury
Romanov Dynasty
Michael Romanov was Ivan the Terrible's grandson and successor
She was a virgin goddess of wisdom and crafts, associated with warfare as her wisdom led to strategic planning. Athena was the patron goddess of Athens. She helped many of the great heroes.
Minerva
Of the Roman influences, which deity was considered to be the one represented with light?
Mithras
Persian god of light; in this religion, adherents would take spiritual baths in bull's blood.
Mithras
Peter the Great
Modernized Russia
Ghengis Khan
Mongol leader who ruled Russia
Which statement is NOT true of the "revelation" of the Qur'an? It is considered to be a miracle because Muhammed was supposed to be illiterate. Muhammad's "vision" could have been the result of an epileptic seizure. Muhammad wrote the words down. Muhammad only told people what he saw and it was later written down after his death.
Muhammad wrote the words down.
The Hijra refers to what?
Muhammad's migration to the city of Medina
Which statement is incorrect regarding Muhammad and other faiths?
Muhammed believed in peaceful conversion regardless of the situation.
Why can Jews not rebuild their temple in Jerusalem?
Muslims also claim that site to be sacred and do not want them to build.
Which statements best describe Muslim unity on the eve of 900 AD? [choose all that may apply] Muslims failed to unite due to religious differences. Muslims looked passed their differences to unite. None of these are correct. Muslims failed to completely unite due to ethnic differences.
Muslims failed to unite due to religious differences. Muslims failed to completely unite due to ethnic differences.
Of the three Hellenistic influences, which one supported the idea that the goal in life was purification of the body and union with "the One?"
Neo-Platonism
The sea and fresh water springs god, brother of Zeus and Hades. He is also associated with horses.
Neptune
Who blamed the Christians for the fire in Rome that started during his reign?
Nero
Who was the Roman emperor Paul reasoned with for justice in Acts 25:10-12?
Nero
When Muhammad was a boy, he received religious teaching from whom?
Nestorian Christians condemned to be heretics
Samaria
North of Judea
During the period in which they were in power, the Slavs established what two important cities?
Novgorod and Kiev
In 1453, the Byzantine Empire fell to what group?
Ottoman Turks
It has a dome that is 142 feet high and 142 feet in diameter. It was a temple to all of the imaginary gods. There is an opening at the top that is considered to be the "eye of the gods." It is called the oculus.
Pantheon
Domitian persecuted Christians like John who was exiled to the island of _____________________.
Patmos
These two women who would not deny Christ were killed under Septimius Severus
Perpetua and Felicitas
What statement best describes the persecution against the Christians during the age of Trajan?
Persecution only occurred on a local level
Which Jewish sect was interested in preserving the scribal tradition of interpretation?
Pharisees
Octavian and Mark Antony defeated the assassins of Caesar at the battle of _______________________.
Philippi
Who were the Carthaginians?
Phoenicians who lived in a colony in North Africa
Advocated that knowledge could be apprehended by the intellect and not through the senses. Believed the soul is divided into three parts—Rational element (apprehends truth), spirited one (seat of the emotions), appetitive (covers fleshly desires)
Platonism
Who is considered to be the most important Roman writer?
Plautus
He was a scientist. He wrote a thirty-seven volume text of scientific ideas. Most of his ideas were wrong.
Pliny the Elder
While he was the king of the Underworld, he was not the god of death. That was left to Thanatos. He is married to Demeter's daughter, whom he abducted. Pluto is the conventional Roman name and you might use it for a trivia question, but really Pluto, a god of wealth, is the equivalent of a Greek god of wealth called Dis.
Pluto
Where would one find fertile land on the Italian Peninsula?
Po River Valley
What term was bestowed upon Augustus to mean he was the head of the Roman priests?
Pontifex Maximus
When Octavian renamed himself Augustus, what title did he give himself?
Principate
Muslims are to fast during the Islamic month of __________________.
Ramadan
According to the map of the Arabian Peninsula, what sea is located to the west?
Red Sea
What form of government entrusts political power to all eligible voters and has more than one political official?
Republic
The ascendancy of Octavian to First Citizen marked the transition from Roman _______________ to Roman _______________.
Republic, Empire
What is one way to describe the result of the Punic Wars?
Rome is able to rule without challenge.
Who was the final western Roman emperor during the fall of the west?
Romulus Augustus
Pompey ordered Caesar to not cross what boundary between Gaul and Rome?
Rubicon River
Members were more aristocratic and denied the resurrection. They believed in the law but not the scribal tradition of interpretation.
Sadducees
Oprichniki
Secret police force that was created by Ivan the Terrible
He was a playwright who focused on tragedies. Shakespeare took many of his plots and made them into English stories.
Seneca
Which statement about Theodosius is NOT correct? Redistributed land to the poor Signed the Edict of Milan Permanently split the empire between east and west Made Christianity the official religion of Rome
Signed the Edict of Milan
Why do some believe Christianity spread to India?
Some believe Thomas went to India
Believed existence is the material/physical realm governed by reason. Stoicism relied on the five senses, speech, reproductive capacity, and reason
Stoicism
Which Roman historian mentions Christ in his accounts of Christians uprising?
Suetonius
Which division of Islam focuses on emotions and is an alternative to Islamic legalism?
Sufi
Which Christian apologist argued that Christianity was superior to Greek philosophy?
Tatian
What happened during the fourth crusade?
The Byzantine Empire was attacked and weakened.
Which statement is incorrect in regard to studying Rome? 1. Romans embellished their past. 2. There is plenty of fabrication. 3. The study of Roman history is simple given the fact that there are balanced accounts. 4. There are no public documents.
The study of Roman history is simple given the fact that there are balanced accounts.
What was Pompeii?
The town buried by Mt. Vesuvius that was preserved due to the ash.
Which of the following statements are considered to be the most inaccurate? [choose all that may apply] -Jesus probably worked as a carpenter from 12yrs to 30yrs. -There are highly reliable sources claiming to know about Jesus' life from 12yrs to 30yrs. -All of these are correct. -We know the events of Jesus' life from 12yrs to 30yrs.
There are highly reliable sources claiming to know about Jesus' life from 12yrs to 30yrs. We know the events of Jesus' life from 12yrs to 3yrs.
What was the result of the Council of Nicaea?
They decided that Christ was as eternal as the Father
The Romans were concerned about Jesus because:
They thought he would encourage the Jews to rebel
What was the relationship between Octavian and Mark Antony? [choose all that apply] They were brothers. They were brothers-in-law. They were best friends. They disliked one another.
They were brothers-in-law. They disliked one another.
These two people (known as the Gracchi brothers) were a prominent Roman family who helped the plebeians.
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Who were the four Claudian emperors?
Tiberius, Gaius ("Calgiula"), Claudius, and Nero
Which of the following directly oversaw the destruction of the second Jewish temple? Domitian Titus Vespasian Nero
Titus
What was one reason for the specificity of the creeds?
To eliminate certain groups of people
Why did Cyril develop a new alphabet?
To translate Christian doctrines for pagans in the east
Shi'a Splinter Groups
Twelvers, Khariji, and Mutazilites
Umayyad Dynasty
Umayyad caliphate functioned as a Byzantine successor state
He made it illegal for Christians to assemble and had Christian leaders executed
Valerian
The famous, beautiful love goddess, the one awarded the apple of Discord that was instrumental in the start of the Trojan War and for the Romans, the mother of the Trojan hero Aeneas.
Venus
What were the four historical periods of Roman civilizations?
Villanovan Period, Etruscan Period, Roman Republic, and Roman Empire
What Roman civilization buried their dead in urns?
Villianovans
Who is responsible for writing the Roman version of Homer's Odyssey?
Virgil
Who established Orthodox Christianity as the official state religion in Russia?
Vladimir I
The Roman version of this god's name was lent to a geological phenomenon and he required frequent pacification. He is a fire and blacksmith god for both. Stories about Hephaestus show him as the lame, cuckolded husband of Aphrodite.
Vulcan
Which division of Islam is best associated with repeating Allah's name as the worshipers dance?
Whirling Dervishes
The golden age of early Russia took place during the reign of:
Yaroslav the Wise
Revolutionary party that worked to overthrow Rome. They instigated the War of 66 AD, which led to the destruction of the temple in 70 AD.
Zealots
What was the Concilium Plebis?
a plebeian assembly that eventually gained enough authority to make laws for all Roman citizens
Who was the Muslim to form the concept of algebra?
al-Khawarzmi
What principle architectural feature was used in this structure to support its size?
arch
Where did Romans primarily purchase slaves?
at slave auctions
Milvian Bridge
battle before Constantine claimed he had a vision to place the cross of Christ on soldiers' shields to be victorious
Which of the following best describes Roman society? [choose all that may apply] ➣bread and circuses ➣sincere religious belief ➣moral ➣moral decay
bread and circuses; moral decay
Septimius Severus gained the support of the Roman army because he: promoted Roman nationalism bribed the army offered stability all of these are correct
bribed the army
Shi'a Islam
caliph must be a relative of Muhammad
The Seljuk Turks...
captured Arabia and most of the Middle East from the Byzantine Empire spurring on the crusades
Who controlled the Senate after the disposal of the Etruscan king?
consul
The Assembly of Centuries selected what in the Roman Republic?
consuls
Arian Controversy
controversy between Arian and Athanasius over relationship of God the Father and God the Son
Ecumenical Councils
councils that clarified certain theologies and defeated heretical thought that persisted during the years of the early church
What destruction occurred during the reign of Titus?
destruction of Pompeii
When did Russia become isolated from the rest of Europe?
during the period of Mongol rule
donkey; passover meal; Garden of Gethsemane; questioned by priest, Pontius Pilate, Herod Antipas, and back to Pilate; Barabbas released; crucifixion; resurrection; and ascension
events of Jesus' last week
Why did the gospel spread?
excited Christians, Jewish Diaspora, Unity of the Roman Empire, Testimony of early Christians, and morally compelling
Chi-Rho
first two letters of Christ in Greek
Islamic traditions state Muhammad's successor was one of which two men?
friend Abu-Bakr; son-in-law Ali
Those that opposed the use of icons were known as ____________.
iconoclasts
Which of the following is NOT true about slavery in the Roman world? -slaves were people from conquered lands -It was based on race -people could put themselves into debt bondage -slaves could be freed
it was based on race
East-west differences included
language, ethnicity, education, secular leadership, theology, and Christian authority
Sunni Islam
leadership simply passes to someone in the community
Islamic culture
literacy, math, science, and technology
The Etruscan government was initially what type?
monarchy
Galiee
near Mediterranean Sea
People who were sold into debt bondage were called:
nexus or nexum
Rome had two methods of annexing territory. What were they? [choose 2] use diplomacy offer citizenship to non-Roman Italians use the army purchase territory
offer citizenship to non-Roman Italians and use the army
After the overthrow of the Etruscan king, what type of government was established in Rome?
oligarchy
Jihad
optional sixth pillar of Islam: struggle
In the Etruscan society, there were two main social groups. Which one controlled the Senate?
patricians
"Time of Trouble"
period after Ivan the Terrible's death where his relatives fought over reign
Before Paul converted to Christianity, what did he do?
persecute Christians
Of the Five Pillars of Islam, the Hajj refers to
pilgrimage
The Romans' had a ___________ religion.
polytheistic
The name Muhammad means what in Arabic?
praised
Charles Martel
prevented the Muslims from taking France
Moscow
replaced Kiev as the most powerful Russian city
The term "Islam" means what?
submission
What is the foundation of the Russian language?
the Cyrillic alphabet
In the late 800s AD, which group conquered the Slavs and took control of Kiev?
the Rus
The rebellion led by Spartacus was part of:
the Servile Wars
The history of Russia begins with:
the Slavs
In 1480, the Russians gained independence from what group?
the Tartars
What river runs directly through Rome?
the Tiber
Why did Muhammad consider Christians polytheists? [choose all that may apply] All of these are correct. He did not believe that. the concept of the Trinity Christians believed Jesus is God.
the concept of the Trinity Christians believed Jesus is God.
the second council of Nicaea dealt with...
the debate between iconoclasts and iconodules
What did Titus oversee during the reign of his father, the Flavian Emperor Vespasian?
the destruction of the Jewish Temple
Christians were persecuted for many reasons during the Roman Empire, including refusal to worship who as a god?
the emperor
What is the Praetorian Guard?
the emperor's primary guard, created by Augustus
At what point do historians consider the end of the Roman Republic?
the formation of the Second Triumvirate
What was Mt Vesuvius?
the volcano that erupted and buried the town of Pompeii
Theodora...
the wife of Justinian, consultant
Muhammad established what type of government in Medina and Mecca?
theocracy
The "magi" visited Jerusalem to find the new King of the Jews because...
they thought a new king would be in Jerusalem
Ministry of Jesus:
three-year period of ministry, where he traveled, preached, taught, and performed miracles
Who primarily raised Muhammad when he was a young man?
uncle
Where would one find the richest soil in Italy?
western part of the peninsula
Dome of the Rock
where Muhammad supposedly ascended into heaven to meet the former prophets
What was the Law of the Twelve Tablets?
written Roman laws that made law accessible to all Roman citizens