Module 2
Sarah believes that her outcome-input ratio is lower than that of Sam. Sarah is experiencing ______.
underpayment inequity
Managers with ______ emotional intelligence are more likely to understand why they are feeling stress and how they can best control it by making wise decisions.
a high level of
The need for ______ refers to the desire to be liked, to develop interpersonal relationships, and to be surrounded by others with whom an individual gets along.
affiliation
Two of the most important attitudes with respect to how managers will approach their jobs are: (Choose all that apply.)
-organizational commitment. -job satisfaction.
When individuals perform a behavior to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment, they are ______ motivated.
extrinsically
Who is more likely to set high goals for themselves and push ahead with difficult projects?
Managers with high self-esteem
According to ______, a researcher well-known for his work in needs theories, people must satisfy their needs in the order of the hierarchy, from the bottom to the top.
Maslow
Research does not necessarily support contention that there is a need hierarchy.
Maslow
Who stated that once a need is satisfied, it is no longer a powerful motivator?
Maslow
The theory of motivation that views human needs as a hierarchy of five major needs or levels is known as _____.
Maslow's hierarchy
Effective managers often set standards of excellence for themselves and have the desire to perform challenging tasks at a high level. These managers possess a(n) ______.
high need for achievement
This type of manager is most likely to be innovative and take risks. What personality trait exhibits these characteristics?
Openness to experience
What would you call an unwritten, informal code of conduct within a group or organization that suggests prescribed behaviors in a given set of circumstances?
Norms
According to research, Maslow's need hierarchy is not necessarily ______.
accurate
Research suggests that nature has many salutary effects and a lack of such exposure ______.
can actually impair well-being and performance
Job satisfaction and organizational ______ are the two most important attitudes with respect to how managers will approach their jobs.
commitment
Behavior that is performed to acquire material or social rewards or to avoid punishment is motivated behavior. (Enter one word in the blank.)
extrinsically
Individuals with ______ self-esteem have poor opinions of themselves and are unsure of their capabilities.
low
The rites of passage, integration, and enhancement are used by organizations to transmit cultural ______.
norms and values
What types of employees are likely to have the attributes of high needs for achievement and power? (Choose all that apply.)
-Middle managers -First-line managers -Upper-level managers
Which of the following are examples of inputs? (Choose all that apply.)
-Time -Education -Knowledge -Effort
Which of the following are the Big Five personality traits? (Choose all that apply.)
Agreeableness Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Negative affectivity
______ suggested that when people experience need frustration, they will focus all the more on meeting needs at the next lowest level in the hierarchy.
Alderfer
Similar to Maslow's theory, the central point of ______ is that managers should figure out the needs of employees and make sure that the outcomes meet those needs when employees perform at a high level.
Alderfer's ERG theory
Why is it important to understand managers' personalities?
Because their personalities influence their management approach to people and resources
Managers' personalities can be described by a point on a scale where each of the ______ traits has a high and low range.
Big Five
True or false. Research suggests that It is the organizational culture, not managers' personalities, that account for the way managers react to different conditions.
False
Which of the following are ways in which people can be motivated? (Choose all that apply.)
Prosocially Extrinsically Intrinsically
Jonas has a strong desire to perform difficult tasks well. He is motivated by personal standards of excellence. According to McClelland, Jonas has a high need for ______.
achievement
According to goal-setting theory, people are better able to focus their inputs to achieve goals if they are both specific and difficult. The nature of these goals causes many people to develop ______ plans, which include strategies to attain the goals and timetables or schedules for completion of different activities crucial to goal attainment.
action
A model that explains how personality may influence organizational culture suggests that founders or managers hire individuals similar to themselves, while those who are dissimilar to the managers have to leave the organization. This is the ______ framework.
attraction-selection-attrition
According to Maslow's hierarchy, needs related to social interaction, friendship, affection, and love are known as needs.
belongingness
According to the general theory of motivation, the many possible behaviors in which a person could engage refers to the ______ of a person's behavior.
direction
A feeling or state of mind defines a(n) ______.
mood
Emotions are ______ feelings than moods.
more intense
According to Maslow's hierarchy, the needs for security, stability, and a safe environment are known as ______.
safety needs
An effective manager needs to possess the values of a sense of accomplishment, equality, and self-respect.
terminal
Which of the following needs motivate workers? (Choose all that apply.)
-Exposure to nature -Work-life balance -Time to care for loved ones
It is important to understand the personalities of managers because their personalities influence their ______. (Choose all that apply.)
-approach to managing resources -behavior -approach to managing people
Openness to experience is the tendency to ______.
-be original. -be open to a wide range of stimuli.
Organizational culture reflects the values of the founder and includes elements such as: (Choose all that apply.)
-ceremonies and rites. -socialization. -stories.
When managers are proud of the organizations in which they work and feel a high degree of loyalty, they are likely to demonstrate: (Choose all that apply.)
-conscientiousness. -a belief in organizational norms. -organizational commitment.
______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.
Alderfer's ERG theory
Which of the "Big Five" personality traits is a good predictor of performance in jobs that require organization and self-discipline?
Conscientiousness
Alderfer's theory suggests that there are three universal needs: existence, relatedness, and growth, which constitute a hierarchy of needs and motivate behavior. Alderfer proposed that needs at more than one level can be motivational at the same time.
ERG
The central point in Alderfer's theory is that managers should motivate employees by figuring out what needs they are trying to satisfy and make sure that the outcomes match those needs when the employees perform at a high level.
ERG
______ motivator-hygiene theory's two major contributions to our understanding of motivation are (1) it highlights the important distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards and (2) it prompted researchers and managers to study how jobs could be designed or redesigned to increase intrinsic motivation.
Herzberg's
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, individuals can be motivated by which of the following needs? (Choose all that apply.)
Growth Existence Relatedness
According to Alderfer's ERG theory, individuals can be motivated by their existence needs, relatedness needs, or ______.
growth needs
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once an individual has met a particular need such as safety, ______.
it is no longer a powerful motivator
Elliot suggests having weekly lunches with his department so that they can discuss how the department can work more effectively. The lunches begin with a brief agenda about the department, and then end with everyone socializing. What is personality trait is Elliot demonstrating?
Extraversion
True or false: People don't try to satisfy different needs at work. They do that in their personal lives.
False
Focusing on the two factors: (1) outcomes that can lead to high levels of motivation and job satisfaction and (2) outcomes that can prevent people from being dissatisfied, is based on the motivator-hygiene theory, which was developed by ______.
Herzberg
Which of the following combinations does recent preliminary research suggest can be especially beneficial for job performance?
High prosocial and high intrinsic motivation
In general, why is understanding motivation so important to management in organizations?
It explains why people behave the way they do.
Emma is trying to increase motivation among her employees by focusing on the link between their performance and outcomes. What type of theory is Emma most likely using?
Learning
What two factors dictate how managers feel when they are fulfilling their responsibilities?
Moods and emotions
What values signify what an organization and its members are striving to accomplish?
Terminal
A mood is a(n): (Choose all that apply.)
-feeling . -state of mind.
True or false: According to Maslow's hierarchy, self-actualization can occur in a person who is malnourished and hungry.
False
True or false: According to Maslow, individuals can satisfy their needs in any order.
False
True or false: High intrinsic motivation and low prosocial motivation can result in high job performance.
False
True or false: Managers who are high on the agreeable continuum are likable, tend to be affectionate, yet tend to be distrustful of others.
False
True or false: While it is important that managers believe they can make a difference in an organization, when outside factors impact an organization, managers are correct in their belief that an internal or external locus of control cannot do much to change the situation.
False
A manager with low level of ______ can be an asset for jobs in the military where antagonistic behavior is used to discipline subordinates.
agreeableness
Managers who are high on the level of openness _____.
continue to explore new ways to grow.
A ______ is what an individual is trying to accomplish through his or her efforts and behaviors.
goal
A(n) is what a person is trying to accomplish through his or her efforts and behaviors.
goal
When managers have positive feelings about their current job and believe their organization is moving in the right direction, they are experiencing ______.
job satisfaction
The two attitudes that are most important to managers' achieving success at and for their organizations are ______.
job satisfaction and organizational commitment
When people are feeling generally happy, enthusiastic, or excited, this indicates that that their is positive.
mood
According to expectancy theory, high results from high levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.
motivation
A requirement for survival and well-being is a satisfied ______.
need
Need theories of motivation focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what ______ will satisfy those needs.
outcomes
How individuals enter, advance within, or leave an organization define the rites of ______.
passage
This specific process, known as a rite of ______, determines how individuals enter, advance within, and leave an organization.
passage
If, when faced with road blocks and obstacles, a person keeps trying and does not give up, this is an example of ______.
persistence
When faced with obstacles, Ken keeps trying and does not give up. Ken has a high level of ______, one of the three factors determined by motivation.
persistence
An effective manager needs to possess the terminal values of accomplishment, equality, and ______.
self-respect
Goal-setting theory suggests that to stimulate high motivation and performance, goals must be: (Choose all that apply.)
specific. difficult.
How desirable the outcomes from a job are to a person is referred to as ______.
valence
A collection of feelings and beliefs are known as a(n) ______.
attitude
How managers perform the four main managerial functions--planning, organizing, leading, and controlling--are largely influenced by ______.
culture
According to theory, motivation is influenced by the comparison of one's own output-input ratio with the outcome-input ratio of a referent.
equity
Treating all organizational members fairly, justly, and without bias is known as treating them with ______.
equity
Carol is primarily motivated by acquiring money and expensive perks, such as box seats for concerts and sporting events. Carol is likely ______ motivated.
extrinsically
Security and vacation time are examples of outcomes that result in ______ motivated behavior.
extrinsically
The individuals who play a critical role in developing, maintaining, and communicating organizational culture are the: (Choose all that apply.)
founders. management.
When specific, even difficult, are set by managers, they lead to high levels of motivation and performance.
goals
A general lack of fairness in the treatment of organizational members is ______.
inequity
Pressure or tension inside people, which motivates them to restore equity by bringing the outcome-input ratios back into balance, is ______.
inequity
When employees are not treated fairly, there is ______.
inequity
A(n) ______ is what a person contributes to their job.
input
Personal convictions about modes of conduct are examples of _____ values.
instrumental
The shared announcements of organizational successes that build and reinforce common bonds among organizational members are the rites of ______.
integration
When a company shares announcements of successes through office parties, this is an example of a rite of .
integration
Because managers are responsible for what happens in organizations, they need a (an) ______ locus of control.
internal
Individual characteristics, the nature of the job, and the nature of the organization determine the source of an individual's ______.
motivation
The psychological forces that determine (1) the direction of a person's behavior, (2) the person's level of effort, and (3) the person's level of persistence are known as ______.
motivation
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory of motivation, the nature of the work itself and how challenging it is relates to ______ needs.
motivator
Outcomes such as interesting work, autonomy, responsibility, being able to grow and develop on the job, and a sense of accomplishment help to satisfy ______ needs.
motivator
According to Herzberg, people have two sets of needs: ______ needs and ______ needs.
motivator; hygiene
According to Maslow, once a need is satisfied, it _____.
no longer motivates
Elements such as socialization, stories, rites, and ceremonies reflect the values of the founder, and these are part of the ______.
organizational culture
When Willis Ramsay's technology team arrives at work at 9:00 am, everyone goes to their desks, turns on their computers and gets to work. Willis checks to make sure everyone has arrived by 9:10, and that everyone is back from lunch at 12:30, adhering to their 1/2 hour lunch break. Willis performs these checks because his manager checks on him. This reflects the ______.
organizational culture
A(n) ______ is what a person gets from his or her job.
outcome
The direction of a person's behavior is a reference to the ______.
possible behaviors in which the person could engage
Alderfer's ERG theory differs from Maslow's hierarchy in that it ______.
proposes that several different needs can be operating at once
Behavior that is performed to help other people is ______ motivated behavior.
prosocially
While some managers can be demanding and difficult to get along with, others are easy-going and are generous with their praise. These approaches may produce positive results; yet the effects on employees are ______.
quite different, with some employees responding differently to a manager who gives praise than one who is more demanding
Organizational awards and promotions are ways in which organizations publicly recognize and reward employees' contributions. These are ______.
rite of enhancement
Job ______ refers to how managers feel and what they believe about their current job.
satisfaction
The inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is less than the ratio of a referent is ______ inequity.
underpayment
Managers shape organizational culture through the kinds of ______ they promote in an organization. (Choose all that apply)
values norms
______ refers to how hard people work.
Effort
Which of the following is not a need theory?
House's path-goal theory
What best characterizes managers high on the agreeableness continuum?
They get along well with people.
An individual with high need for ______ has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well in the pursuit of excellence.
achievement
When people with high self-esteem feel good about themselves, they also feel good about ______.
their capabilities
is central to management because it explains why people behave the way they do in organizations.
Motivation
The manager with this trait is often original, has a wide range of interests, and is not afraid to take risks. What trait does this manager exhibit?
Openness to experience
Do managers intentionally decide to use a particular approach to managing employees and resources?
They may choose a particular approach part of the time; it is more likely that their personality dictates their approach.
Which of the following are needs in Maslow's hierarchy? (Choose all that apply.)
-Belongingness -Esteem needs -Self-actualization -Physiological -Safety
Which of the following outcomes result in intrinsically motivated behavior? (Choose all that apply.)
-Enjoyable work -Responsibility -Autonomy
Which of the following are strengths of Herzberg's two-factor theory? (Choose all that apply.)
-It prompted researchers and managers to study how jobs could be designed or redesigned to increase intrinsic motivation. -It highlights the important distinction between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards.
Which of the following factors determine whether a person is intrinsically motivated, extrinsically motivated, or both? (Choose all that apply.)
-Nature of the job -Personal characteristics -Nature of the organization
Motivation may be defined as psychological forces that determine: (Choose all that apply.)
-the direction of a person's behavior. -a person's level of effort. -a person's level of persistence.
According to the expectancy theory, in order for people's motivation to be high, ______ must be high. (Choose all that apply.)
-valence -instrumentality -expectancy
The motivation theory that builds on, but differs from, Maslow's hierarchy in that it considers three categories of needs rather than five is ______.
Alderfer's ERG theory
Which motivation theory suggests that motivation is high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcomes?
Expectancy
Which of the following is not one of the needs that Maslow identified?
Leadership
A key conclusion that can be drawn from ______ work is that workers try to satisfy needs at work. To motivate them, managers should identify those needs and make sure that the outcomes meet those needs when workers perform at a high level and contribute to organizational effectiveness.
Maslow's
According to the psychologist Alderfer, if individuals experience need frustration, they will focus all the more on meeting needs at the next ______ level in the hierarchy.
lowest
The requirements that people are trying to satisfy at work and the outcomes that will satisfy those requirements is the focus of the ______ theories of motivation.
need
A manager should try to determine what needs a person is trying to satisfy at work and ensure that the person receives outcomes that help satisfy those needs when the person performs at a high level, according to the ______.
need theories
What are the traits of managers that experience high negative affectivity?(Choose all that apply.)
-Complain about others' progress -Complain about their own progress -Feel angry -Dissatisfied with work
The Big Five personality traits range from "extraversion" to "openness to experience." What are the remaining three traits?
-Conscientiousness -Negative affectivity -Agreeableness
Which of the following are personality traits?
-Easy to get along with and likable -Highly critical of other people -Demanding and difficult to get along with
Which of the following statements is true about people and their motivation? (Choose all that apply.)
-People can be both intrinsically and extrinsically motivated. -People can be extrinsically motivated. -People can be intrinsically motivated.
Which of the following statements are true of OCBs? (Choose all that apply.)
-They are necessary for having a competitive advantage. -They contribute to and are necessary for organizational efficiency.
In which of the following ways do specific, difficult goals affect motivation? (Choose all that apply.)
-They motivate people to contribute more inputs to their jobs. -They help people focus their inputs in the right direction.
Managers who are committed to their organizations: (Choose all that apply.)
-believe in what their organizations are doing. -are proud of what these organizations stand for. -feel a high degree of loyalty toward their organizations.
Negative affectivity can be described as the tendency to: (Choose all that apply.)
-experience negative moods. -experience negative emotions. -feel anger towards oneself.
The need for affiliation is a concern for: (Choose all that apply.)
-having people get along with one another. -establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations. -being liked.
The three most common rites used by organizations to transmit cultural norms and values are: (Choose all that apply.)
-integration. -passage. -enhancement.
The two kinds of personal values are: (Choose all that apply.)
-terminal. -instrumental.
Why is it important to understand the personalities of managers?
Because their personalities impact how they manage people and resources
Lucia is starting at a new job. She chose this job in large part because she liked the warm, welcoming atmosphere in the office and the fact that there seemed to be a strong sense of community and togetherness. Lucia likely finds which of Maslow's needs important?
Belongingness needs
Researchers consider individuals' personalities as having enduring characteristics that they refer to as the ________ personality traits.
Big Five
Elizabeth is trying to motivate her workers to contribute their inputs in the direction of achieving organizational priorities. Which theory does this illustrate?
Goal-setting
Which theory focuses on motivating workers to contribute their inputs in the direction of achieving organizational goals?
Goal-setting
Which theory suggests that to stimulate high motivation and performance, goals must be specific and difficult?
Goal-setting
According to ______, the needs to feel good about one's self, one's capabilities, to be respected by others, and to receive recognition and appreciation are known as esteem needs.
Maslow's hierarchy
Jon is trying to motivate Kevin to perform at a higher level by helping Kevin satisfy his need for self-actualization with increased responsibility for training and development. Jon's approach to motivating Kevin is based on which of the following theories?
Need
Which of the following outcomes result in extrinsically motivated behavior? (Choose all that apply.)
Pay Vacation time Job security
According to Maslow's hierarchy, which of the following needs must be satisfied before a person will be motivated by needs at the second level of the hierarchy?
Physiological
Marie consistently tries to exert her control over coworkers. Marie has a high need for which of the three needs identified by McClelland?
Power
The extent to which a person desires to control or influence others describes which need?
Power
Ethan has a strong desire for security and stability in his work environment. Which of Maslow's needs does this best represent?
Safety
What is it called when individuals feel good about themselves and their capabilities?
Self-esteem
What are methods that describe organizational heroes and villains, communicate organizational culture, and define values and attitudes?
Stories and language
______ values influence what an organization and its employees are trying to accomplish: whereas, ______ values guide how the organization and its employees achieve the organization's goals..
Terminal; instrumental
Annika Ramira hired Shelton Cotton as a researcher and designer to help with product development. She saw in him the eagerness and desire to innovate that she practiced as well. Her last hire, Salina Rani, had not worked out as well. Salina was smart, but overeager and not disciplined. She didn't last at the company. What framework does Annika's situation describe?
The attraction-selection-attrition (ASA) framework
Which of the following is the source of extrinsic motivation?
The consequences of the behavior
True or False: Extraversion refers to the tendency to experience positive emotions and moods and feel good about oneself and the rest of the world.
True
True or false: According to equity theory, both underpayment inequity and overpayment inequity create tension that motivates most people to restore equity by bringing the ratios back into balance.
True
True or false: When top managers encourage their employees to pay attention to the competition, look towards the future, and to innovate, this is an example of an organizational culture.
True
______ inequity exists when a person's own outcome-input ratio is perceived to be less than that of a referent.
Underpayment
What are the two types of inequity? (Choose all that apply.)
Underpayment Overpayment
According to the expectancy theory, high motivation is the result of high levels of which three of the following? (Choose all that apply.)
Valence Expectancy Instrumentality
A high need for ______ is not all that desirable when choosing managers, because people with this need may prioritize their wish to be liked higher than their responsibility to ensure that performance is as good as it can be.
affiliation
Hunter is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and getting along with other people. Hunter has a strong need for ______.
affiliation
The need for ______ is demonstrated when a person is concerned with establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations and being liked.
affiliation
A manager with a high level of ______ is important in jobs where close relationships are required within the work group.
agreeableness
Managers high on the continuum tend to be affectionate, likable, and get along well with other people and work well with most members of a work group.
agreeableness
Managers who are high on the ______ continuum are likable, tend to be affectionate, and care about other people.
agreeableness
When managers perform behaviors that are above and beyond their job descriptions in order to help their organizations gain a competitive advantage, this can be referred to as organizational ______.
citizenship behaviors
A manager who is disorganized and seems to lack self-discipline is low in .
conscientiousness
Entrepreneurs who found their own companies tend to be high on the ______ scale
conscientiousness
The "Big Five" personality trait that includes characteristics such as being scrupulous and persevering is ______.
conscientiousness
The shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence how individuals, groups, and teams interact with one another and cooperate to achieve organizational goals describes the organizational ______.
culture
When managers describe their employees according to how hard they work, they are describing the employees' ______.
effort
Moods and can impact whether managers are having a good, productive day.
emotions
Personality traits, particular tendencies to feel, think, and act in certain ways, are ______ characteristics.
enduring
Awards, news releases, and promotions are just some of the ways that organizations reward employee contributions. Such employee recognition is known as a rite of .
enhancement
The justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled is ______.
equity
According to Maslow's hierarchy, the need to feel good about one's self, one's capabilities, to be respected by others, and to receive recognition and appreciation is known as ______.
esteem needs
Alderfer's ERG theory contends that humans have three sets of needs that can operate simultaneously. Those needs (representing the E, the R, and the G in that order) are _________, relatedness, and growth.
existence
The belief that people will behave based on their perceived likelihood that their effort will lead to a certain outcome and on how highly they value that outcome defines the ______ theory
expectancy
According to expectancy theory, members of an organization are motivated to put forth a high level of effort only if they think that doing so will result in ______.
high performance
Organizational culture refers to a shared set of values, beliefs, and routines that have an impact on ______.
how people within the organization interact and work towards achieving organizational goals.
According to Herzberg, needs that are satisfied in part by outcomes such as pleasant and comfortable working conditions are ______ needs.
hygiene
Needs related to the physical and psychological context of the workplace are ______ needs.
hygiene
According to Herzberg, people have two sets of needs or requirements. They are: (Choose all that apply.)
hygiene needs. motivator needs.
The tendency to identify responsibility for one's fate within oneself is an ____ locus of control.
internal
When people feel accountable and responsible for their own actions, an ______ locus of control helps to ensure ethical behavior and decision making.
internal
The degree to which people feel that they have control of their surroundings varies. When looking at personality traits of managers, many have a (n) ______, which makes them feel that they themselves are responsible for important outcomes within the organization.
internal locus of control
When managers believe that they themselves are responsible for their own fate, they have a (an) ______ locus of control; when they believe they that external factors are responsible for situations around them that they cannot control, they have a (an) ______ locus of control.
internal; external
Autonomy, responsibility and enjoyable work are all outcomes that result in motivated behavior.
intrinsically
Frank finds his job to be challenging but interesting. He enjoys coming to work each day and confronting new problems and situations. Frank finds his job to be ______ motivating.
intrinsically
Jobs that are interesting or have high levels of the elements in the job characteristics model are likely to be ______ motivating.
intrinsically
A professor who enjoys helping students and is motivated by having a secure job with a good retirement is ______ motivated.
intrinsically and extrinsically
Herzberg's ______ theory focused on two factors: outcomes that can lead to high levels of motivation and job satisfaction and outcomes that can prevent people from being dissatisfied.
motivator-hygiene
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs; Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory; Frederick Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory; and David McClelland's needs for achievement, affiliation, and power are all theories.
need
The theories provide managers valuable insight as to the specific drives that motivate members of the organization.
need
Rashida had been a top performer two quarters running. She was organized; she was an outstanding manager; and she always performed her task with accuracy and efficiency. It was Rashida's ______ that drove her to meet her own standards of excellence.
need to achieve
One set of theories of motivation are based on ______, which are anything required for survival and well-being.
needs
The need theories describe the ______.
needs that people try to satisfy at work
When someone experiences negative moods and emotions, and feels distressed, they are high in ______.
negative affectivity
Most members of a group or organization would agree that there is an unwritten, informal code of conduct that members follow such as being courteous, honest, and reacting to particular situations in a prescribed fashion. This unwritten code of conduct is referred to as ______.
norms
People who belong to the same organization and share the same values, set of beliefs, norms, work routines, and goals also share a(n) ______.
organizational culture
Emotional intelligence is the ability of people to understand and manage ______ moods and emotions. (Choose all that apply.)
other people's one's own
The paycheck Sara gets at the end of the week for working at Rent-N-Go is an example of a(n) ______.
outcome
According to expectancy theory, instrumentality is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of ______.
outcomes
Enduring tendencies to feel, think, and act in certain ways are ______ traits.
personality
A(n) is the enduring tendency to feel, think, and act in certain ways.
personality trait
When describing every individual as having the tendencies to feel, think, and act in certain ways, these enduring characteristics are known as ______.
personality traits
When we describe the enduring characteristics that make people think, feel, and act in particular ways, we are referring to _______.
personality traits
According to Maslow's hierarchy, ______ needs must be satisfied before a person will be motivated by needs at the second level of the hierarchy or above.
physiological
A manager who is low on the negative affectivity continuum is likely to experience ______.
positive emotions
When things are going well and, thus, can lead to more expansive, and even playful thinking, this can be a signal of ____.
positive emotions and moods
Even though it is not her job, Claire helps her teammates finish their projects so that the team as a whole can achieve its goals. This is an example of ______ motivated behavior.
prosocially
In addition to being intrinsically motivated or extrinsically motivated, people can also be ______ motivated.
prosocially
According to the equity theory, motivation is influenced by the comparison of one's own outcome-input ratio with the outcome-input ratio of a(n) ______.
referent
According to Maslow's hierarchy, the need to realize one's full potential is known as ______.
self-actualization
Organizational culture is maintained and transmitted to organizational members through: (Choose all that apply.)
stories and language. ceremonies and rites. socialization.
A(n) _______ value is a personal conviction that drives an individual towards a lifelong goal; while a(n) ______ value is a personal conviction about the way to behave to achieve the goal.
terminal; instrumental
According to expectancy theory, a key reason why employees are motivated to perform at a high level is that ______.
they believe that high performance will lead to desired outcomes
Jim works a day job, but is also trying to launch a business in his free time. His current job offers outcomes such as a flexible schedule and health benefits. According to expectancy theory, because Jim is still working at his day job and has not quit to focus on his own business, it is likely that these outcomes have high ______.
valence
Deeply-held beliefs that influence what managers are trying to achieve through work and how they think they should behave are known as ______.
values
Managers can model their values for their employees when they demonstrate how the employees should ______ in order to achieve their goals. (Choose all that apply.)
work behave
