Module 2 - Anatomy & Physiology

MODULE 2: QUIZ Which of the following describes an illness CONSTANTLY PRESENT in a COMMUNITY?

ENDEMIC ENDEMIC: illness constantly present in a community OUTBREAK: generalized term for a sudden rise in cases of a disease EPIDEMIC: when a disease spreads rapidly to a large number of people PANDEMIC: world-wide outbreak of a disease

How many mental health conditions are currently recognized?

OVER 300

Which of the following organizations researches potential agents related to pandemics?

WHO

Which of the following stages of grief involves feeling sad or hopeless?

DEPRESSION During the depression stage, the reality of the situation takes hold, and the grieving person feels sad, lonely, and helpless.

Common Mental Health Conditions

Mental health is as important as physical health when it comes to overall wellness. Mental health refers to a person's cognitive abilities, behaviors, and emotions. Mental health conditions and illnesses can be caused by biological issues (such as genetics), environmental issues (such as learned behaviors, poor coping mechanisms, traumatic experiences), or a combination of both. There are over 300 recognized mental illnesses, many with overlapping symptoms. Understanding how to interact empathically and effectively with a patient suffering from a mental illness is key for medical assistants (and all health care professionals). This involves being patient and professional in all interactions, building trust with the patient, and working together with the patient and provider to understand appropriate and helpful language and actions to communicate with each individual patient effectively. Treatment includes medications and behavior therapies.

MODULE 2: QUIZ Which of the following is an AUTOIMMUNE DISORDER leading to changes in the connective tissues of the body, especially in the joints?

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA)

Developmental Stages: TRUST VS MISTRUST

This is the psychosocial crisis for INFANTS. Trust is the successful outcome of this stage. Mistrust is the unsuccessful outcome. The developmental tasks for infants are to form an attachment with and develop trust in their PRIMARY CAREGIVER and then generalize those bonds to others. They also begin to trust their OWN BODY, they learn gross and then fine motor skills. Achieving the tasks of this stage results in SELF-CONFIDENCE & OPTIMISM that caregivers will meet the infant's basic needs. Non-achievement leads to suspiciousness and struggles with interpersonal relationships.

Developmental Stages: INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY

his is the psychosocial crisis for SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN Industry is the successful outcome of this stage. Inferiority is the unsuccessful outcome. During this stage, children need to RECEIVE RECOGNITION for accomplishments to provide reinforcement and build SELF-CONFIDENCE If the achievements are met with a negative response, inferiority can be established. Children require acknowledgment of their successes. Achieving the tasks of this stage results in feelings of competence, self-satisfaction, and trustworthiness in addition to increased participation in activities and taking on more responsibilities at school, home, and the community. Non-achievement leads to feelings of inadequacy and the inability to compromise or cooperate with others.

COMMUNICATION AND ACCOMMODATIONS

A general understanding of the principles of therapeutic communication is helpful when working with all patients. For example, medical assistants can encourage patients to express their feelings by reflecting patients' statements back to them in a way that promotes further communication. It is also helpful to make observations and offer recognition of positive changes. These techniques promote positive communication. Patients can also have specific types of problems that require special consideration and techniques. The medical assistant helps build and nurture the relationship with all health care staff.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC STRESSORS

A stressor is anything that causes anxiety or stress. Many things in the environment cause stress, as do psychological factors (grief, depression, loss, guilt). Even things that are positive (taking a vacation, having an intimate experience, graduating from college) can be stressors. Coming to a health care facility can create a great deal of stress for a patient. This can be reflected by an increase in blood pressure in the office that is not reflected in the patient's readings from home, commonly called white-coat syndrome. This is an objective indication of the patient's anxiety.

MODULE 2: QUIZ A patient is told their kidney disease has progressed to the point of dialysis. Which of the following stages of grief is the patient experiencing if they are being to explore dietary changes?

BARGAINING In this stage, patients might start looking for alternative solutions, such as lifestyle changes, even if it is too late for those changes to be effective

Which of the following diseases would be indicated if a patient presented with a waxy bump on the skin that has been growing for four months?

BASAL CELL CARCINOMA

MODULE 2: QUIZ Which of the following defense mechanisms is a patient engaging in if they state "The lab must have mixed up the samples, I dont have diabetes"

DENIAL DENIAL: is the avoidance of unpleasant or anxiety-provoking situations or ideas by rejecting or ignoring them PROJECTION: is the transference of a person's unpleasant ideas and emotions onto someone or something else IDENTIFICATION: is the attribution of characteristic of someone else to oneself or the imitation of another REGRESSION: reversion to an earlier, more childlike, developmental behavior

During which of the following stages of grief might it be most helpful to give the patient written materials?

DENIAL During denial, the patient might deny the existence of the illness and refuse to discuss therapeutic interventions. Support the patient without reinforcing the denial. It might help to give the patient written information about the disease and treatment options.

Common Mental Health Conditions

DEPRESSION DESCRIPTION: - Mood disorder that can be caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Extreme sadness, fatigue, lethargy, hopelessness, pain, digestive issues, extreme lack of motivation (even with activities and hobbies that previously were enjoyable), thoughts of suicide TREATMENT: - Typically managed best with a combination of therapy, healthy lifestyle, and medication ADHD DESCRIPTION: - Chronic condition that typically begins in childhood but can impact individuals throughout their life SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Inattention in which the individual struggles to regulate attention and focus, making it difficult to follow directions and stay organized - Hyperactivity and impulsivity can present as constant fidgeting, excessive talking, and struggling with quiet activities. - More commonly diagnosed in boys TREATMENT: - Medications and behavior therapies ANXIETY DESCRIPTION: - Disorders that lead to extreme feelings of worry and fear, to the point that the person's ability to function and respond to typical situations is inhibited SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Uncontrolled levels of stress, fast heart rate, sweating, and being consumed by worry TREATMENT: - Therapy, healthy lifestyle, and medication PTSD DESCRIPTION: - A condition resulting from a traumatic or terrifying event - Not everyone who experiences a traumatic event will develop PTSD. - War veterans; people who have experienced physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; people who have lived through an attack or natural disaster; and those who have lost a loved one might experience PTSD. SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Intrusive memories (such as flashbacks to the event), negative changes (negative thoughts and hopelessness), changes in reactions (new and potentially aggressive behaviors), trouble with concentration and sleep, self-destructive behaviors, an

DEFENSE MECHANISMS

Defense mechanisms are coping strategies people use to protect themselves from negative emotions such as guilt, anxiety, fear, and shame. Individuals are generally unaware that they are using these responses to stress. Developing the ability to recognize these defense mechanisms and the emotions behind them can help medical assistants tremendously in understanding patients and helping to meet their needs. TAKE NOTE: Defense mechanisms can be adaptive and help the individual change or adjust as they come to terms with the stressor. Maladaptive defense mechanisms hinder change and adjustment.

Which of the following diagnostic studies uses RADIATION?

Diagnostic imaging studies that use radiation include: x-rays, computed tomography (CT), angiography, mammography, and nuclear medicine studies

Nuclear Medicine

Diagnostic imaging that involves the administration of radioactive material called tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to assess bodily functions Examples of nuclear imaging include SPECT scan (used to assess brain damage following a stroke), PET scan (used to diagnose brain-related disorders and cancers), and MUGA scan (used to evaluate the condition of the heart muscle).

Examples of Abbreviations to Avoid:

Do Not Use: MS, MSO4 Use Instead: Morphine Do Not Use: MgSO4 Use Instead: Magnesium sulfate Do Not Use: Abbreviated medication name Use Instead: Full medication name Do Not Use: Nitro Use Instead: Nitroglycerin Do Not Use: u, U, IU Use Instead: Units Do Not Use: x3d Use Instead: mcg or microgram Do Not Use: cc Use Instead: mL Do Not Use: Apothecary units Use Instead: Metric Units Do Not Use: od, O.D., OD Use Instead: Daily or intended time of administration Do Not Use: q.d, qd, Q.D, QD, q1d, i/d Use Instead: Daily Do Not Use: q.o.d., QOD Use Instead: Every Other Day Do Not Use: Q6PM Use Instead: 6 p.m. daily Do Not Use: TIW, tiw Use Instead: Three Times Weekly Do Not Use: HS Use Instead: half-strength, bedtime (hour of sleep) Do Not Use: SC, SQ, sub q Use Instead: subcutaneously Do Not Use: IN Use Instead: intranasal Do Not Use: IJ Use Instead: injection Do Not Use: OJ Use Instead: orange juice Do Not Use: @ Use Instead: at Do Not Use: &, + Use Instead: and Do Not Use: / Use Instead: per Do Not Use: AD, AS, AU Use Instead: right ear, left ear, both ears Do Not Use: OD, OS, OU Use Instead: right eye, left eye, both eyes Do Not Use: D/C, dc, d/c Use Instead: discharge or discontinue

Common Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviation/Acronym: DNR Meaning: Do Not Resuscitate Abbreviation/Acronym: DTap Meaning: Diphtheria, Tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine Abbreviation/Acronym: FBS/ FBG Meaning: Fasting blood sugar/glucose Abbreviation/Acronym: FUO Meaning: Fever of Unknown Origin Abbreviation/Acronym: FX Meaning: Fracture Abbreviation/Acronym: GTT Meaning: Glucose Tolerance Test Abbreviation/Acronym: gtt Meaning: Drop Abbreviation/Acronym: GU Meaning: Genitourinary Abbreviation/Acronym: Hct Meaning: Hematocrit Abbreviation/Acronym: HF Meaning: Heart Failure Abbreviation/Acronym: Hgb Meaning: Hemoglobin Abbreviation/Acronym: HIPAA Meaning: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Abbreviation/Acronym: I&D Meaning: Incision and Drainage Abbreviation/Acronym: I&O Meaning: Intake and Output Abbreviation/Acronym: KUB Meaning: Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder Abbreviation/Acronym: LLE Meaning: Left Lower Extremity Abbreviation/Acronym: LLL Meaning: Left Lower Lobe Abbreviation/Acronym: LLQ Meaning: Left Lower Quadrant Abbreviation/Acronym: LMP Meaning: Last Menstrual Period Abbreviation/Acronym: LUE Meaning: Left Upper Extremity Abbreviation/Acronym: LUQ Meaning: Left Upper Quadrant Abbreviation/Acronym: MS Meaning: Multiple Sclerosis Abbreviation/Acronym: N/V Meaning: Nausea/vomiting

Common Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviation/Acronym: NG Meaning: Nasogastric Abbreviation/Acronym: NKA/ NDKA Meaning: No known allergies/No known drug allergies Abbreviation/Acronym: NPO Meaning: Nothing By Mouth (nil per os) Abbreviation/Acronym: NS Meaning: Normal Saline Abbreviation/Acronym: OOB Meaning: Out of bed Abbreviation/Acronym: p.c. Meaning: After meals (post cibos) Abbreviation/Acronym: PE Meaning: Physical examination, pulmonary embolism Abbreviation/Acronym: PID Meaning: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Abbreviation/Acronym: PO Meaning: By mouth Abbreviation/Acronym: R/O Meaning: Rule Out Abbreviation/Acronym: s̄ Meaning: without Abbreviation/Acronym: Sx Meaning: Symptoms Abbreviation/Acronym: T&A Meaning: Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy Abbreviation/Acronym: TIA Meaning: Transient Ischemic Attack Abbreviation/Acronym: WNL Meaning: Within Normal Limits

THE JOINT COMMISSION (TJC)

Accrediting body that focuses on quality improvement and patient safety, certifying health care organizations and programs in the U.S. including hospitals and health care organizations that provide ambulatory and office-based surgery, behavioral health, home health care, laboratory, and nursing care center services. The Joint Commission (TJC) and the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) have put some abbreviations on their "Do Not Use" and "Error-Prone Abbreviations" lists. Avoiding these abbreviations is essential because of their potential for misunderstanding and medical errors. The following table includes examples of abbreviations that should not be used.

Medical Terms

Acute = New, urgent, sudden Chronic = Ongoing Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) = Stroke Tachycardia = Fast heart rate, heart beating fast, heart racing Bradycardia = Low heart rate, heart beating slow Hyperglycemia = High blood sugar Hypoglycemia = Low blood sugar GERD = Heartburn Arrhythmia = Irregular heart rhythm Syncope = Fainting, temporary loss of consciousness Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) = Blood clot Osteoarthritis = Wear & tear Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) = Lou Gehrig's disease

Common Word Roots

Aden = gland Hem, hemat = blood Phleb = vein Thromb = clot Arthr = joint Cost = rib Dactyl = finger/toe Fibr = connective tissue Spondyl, vertebr = vertebrae Bil, chol = bile/ gull Icter = jaundice Lapar = abdominal wall Pepsia = digestion Andr = male Colp = vagina Cyst = bladder Gravid = pregnant Gynec = female Hyster = uterus Metr = uterus Oophor = ovary Orchid = testicle Pyel = pelvis of the kidney Salping = fallopian tube Vesic = bladder Hidr = sweat Trich = hair Onych = nail Xer= dry Blephar = eyelid Esthesi = sensation Myel = spinal cord, bone marrow Myring = eardrum Ot = ear Bio = life Later = side Lip = fat Lith = stone Narc = Numbness, stupor, sleep Pyo = pus Pyr = fever/ heat Septic = infection

Positional Terms

Anatomical Position: Standard frame of reference in which the body is standing up, face forward, arms at the sides, palms forward, and toes pointed forward Supine = Lying face up Prone = Lying face down Dorsal Recumbent = Lying facing upward with flexed knees, feet flat on floor Fowler Position = Sitting upright with back angled at 90 degrees Semi-Fowler Position = Sitting with back angled at 45 degrees

MODULE 2: QUIZ Which of the following does the Root Word DERMAT refer to?

SKIN = DERMAT SWEAT = HIDR HAIR = TRICH NAIL = ONYCH

Conditions of the SKELETAL System

SPRAIN SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Painful swelling or bruising of a joint area with decreased mobility ETIOLOGY: - The joint being pushed outside of its normal range of motion, leading to joint and ligament damage DX: - Physical exam with imaging TREATMENT: - RICE Rest Ice Compression​​​​​​​ Elevation OSTEOPOROSIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Typically, there are no symptoms. - Severe disease can lead to increased fractures and back pain. ETIOLOGY: - Many factors including malnutrition, inadequate calcium intake/absorption, endocrine disorders, immobilization and lack of exercise, and aging can lead to bone loss, making bone weaker and more prone to fracture DX: - Measuring bone mineral density using a DEXA scan TREATMENT: - Medications can slow bone loss and reduce the risk of fracture OSTEOARTHRITIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Pain with movement in a specific joint - Stiffness in joint following periods of inactivity - Lack of flexibility ETIOLOGY: - Degeneration (breakdown) of articular cartilage and changes in the synovial membrane DX: - History, physical examination, and imaging TREATMENT: - Physical therapy, exercise, and steroid injections can help relieve symptoms - Joint replacement may be needed if severe enough RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS (RA) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Systemic joint disorder typically starting w pain and decreased mobility in the smaller joints, such as fingers, before progressing to larger joints, such as knees and hips ETIOLOGY: - Autoimmune disorder leading to changes in the connective tissues of the body, especially the joints - *This may also be considered a disorder of the lymphatic/immune system. DX: - Physical examination, blood tests, and imaging TREATMENT: - Physical therapy for mobility - Medication to manage inflammation and pain GOUT SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Red, hot, swollen joint

Which of the following would be an appropriate action for the medical assistant to take when working with a patient who has a developmental disability?

STAY CALM When communication begins and a patient becomes agitated or confused, remain calm. A void showing impatience or speaking louder, which can increase the patient's agitation. Any time the MA cannot understand something the patient says, ask for clarification. Family members can help, but the patient should never be ignored.

COMMUNICATION AND ACCOMMODATIONS: Physical Disability

Medical offices and facilities are legally required, according to the Americans with Disabilities Act, to have appropriate access for patients who use wheelchairs or other assistive devices. These include marked parking spaces, ramps, and accessible bathrooms with large stalls and handrails. Medical assistants can ensure these patients are comfortable and able to function well in their surroundings by organizing common areas. The patients will feel more at ease, and it will be easier to build therapeutic relationships with them. They will see the office staff has anticipated their needs and facilitated their navigation throughout the office. Many patients who have disabilities experience instances of people making tactless remarks or asking inappropriate questions. Only ask questions regarding their disability as part of a medical evaluation or history gathering. Instead of asking "How did that happen to you?" ask "What can I do to assist during your visit?" Being over-solicitous can come across as insincere. Be prepared to provide any necessary accommodations, but do not make assumptions. Ask the patient what they require and respect their answer.

COMMUNICATION AND ACCOMMODATIONS: Illness & Disease

Individuals who have chronic or terminal illness are under an extreme amount of stress. Casual, routine opening lines like an excessively cheerful "How are you doing today?" can provoke defensive responses like, "How do you think I'm doing? I'm dying." Even if the patient doesn't say that, they might think it. Instead, welcome these patients warmly and respect their dignity. Treat them with kindness and care at all times. Offer support and empathy, and allow the patient to set the tone of the conversation. Never say you know how the patient feels. All feelings are unique to the individual, so to express this belittles the person and shows a lack of respect for their individuality. Listen carefully to the patient, maintain eye contact, and always ask how to help. Prior to beginning medical data collection, use a broad opening like, "What would you like to talk about today?" How the patient answers will help set the tone for the remainder of the interaction. Make sure the patient has all the services they need, such as hospice referrals, meal-delivery services, and home health assistance. Support groups and community services can also help; these services can provide social experiences and an outlet for dying patients and their families.

Stages of Grief

Just like with developmental stages, several theorists have defined the various stages of grief. The most well-known theory is the FIVE STAGES OF GRIEF, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross defined as a result of her extensive experience in working with dying patients. Awareness of these stages can help medical assistants understand what grieving patients are experiencing, whether the loss is the death of a loved one, body part or function, finances, home, or any number of other losses that have a strong and lasting effect on the person. Not everyone grieves in the same way. While one person might navigate through the stages of grief one by one and in sequence, others can be in more than one stage simultaneously. Some might skip one or more stages. The duration of the process is also highly variable. There is no right way to grieve. The stages of grief that Kübler-Ross defined are as follows.

Which of the following is an example of a socioeconomic stressor?

LOSS OF A VEHICLE Socioeconomic stressors are those related to financial situations. Loss of a vehicle can be very expensive and make it difficult to manage daily tasks and responsibilities if a new one cannot be afforded easily.

Environmental Stressors

Environmental stressors, or physical stressors, include situations that cause enough stress to become obstacles to achieving goals or having positive experiences. Things in the environment (air pollution, ultraviolet rays from excessive sun exposure, overcrowding, language and cultural barriers, discrimination) cause the body physical stress. Events in the environment (death of a loved one, theft, vandalism, motor-vehicle crashes, physical assault, job, school problems) can also cause stress. Major disasters (fires, floods, tornadoes, earthquakes, hurricanes, war) can result in PTSD, which causes anxiety, insomnia, anger, loss of interest in daily activities, and flashbacks to the traumatizing event. Even though a stressor might originate from the environment, the mind interprets the severity of the situation and helps the person cope with it in a positive way. From there, people deal with the stressor based on their perception, experience, and resources they have available to them. When they cannot cope with the situation or do not have adequate support systems, they can develop any number of negative outcomes.

What accommodations can support a patient with hearing loss?

Services such as online appointment scheduling can be very helpful. Patients might communicate well in person but have considerable difficulty on the telephone, making scheduling difficult. Position directly in line with the patient's face when speaking, not from the side or behind them. Pronounce words clearly to allow the individual to see lip movements as well as hear what is said. Do not shout. Provide a sign-language interpreter if requested.

COMMUNICATION AND ACCOMMODATIONS: Developmental Delay

The first step when working with patients who have mental or emotional disabilities is to determine how they communicate and what level of communication they understand. Family members and caregivers can assist with this, but do not assume the patient is incapable of communicating. Always address the patient first. Remain calm, avoid showing impatience, and speak at a consistent volume. Any time you cannot understand something the patient says, ask for clarification. Advocate for patients and always treat them with respect and empathy. Provide accommodations to meet patients' needs and ask how to assist during their visit.

Why do similar stressors affect people differently?

The mind interprets the severity of the situation and helps the person cope with it in a positive way. People deal with the stressor based on their perception, experience, and resources they have available to them.

Developmental Stages: IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION

This is the psychosocial crisis for ADOLESCENTS Identity is the successful outcome of this stage. Role confusion is the unsuccessful outcome. During this stage, adolescents try to figure out where they FIT IN and what direction their life should take. If role confusion sets in, adolescents become followers, which can lead to poor decision-making. Achieving the tasks of this stage results in emotional stability, ability to form committed relationships, and sound decision-making. Non-achievement leads to a lack of personal goals and values, rebelliousness, self-consciousness, and a lack of self-confidence.

Developmental Stages: GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION

This is the psychosocial crisis for MIDDLE ADULTS Generativity is the successful outcome of this stage. Stagnation is the unsuccessful outcome. During this stage, adults continue raising children, and some become grandparents. They want to help mold future generations, so they often involve themselves in teaching, coaching, writing, and social activism. Achieving the tasks of this stage results in PROFESSIONAL & PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS and active participation in serving the community and society. Non-achievement occurs when development ceases, which leads to self-preoccupation without the capacity to give and share with others.

Developmental Stages: EGO INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR

This is the psychosocial crisis for OLDER ADULTS. Ego integrity is the successful outcome of this stage. Despair is the unsuccessful outcome. During this stage, most adults retire; their children, if they have any, no longer live at home. Many will volunteer to retain a feeling of usefulness. Their bodies experience age-related changes, and health becomes a major concern, especially as friends and loved ones die. Achieving the tasks of this stage results in WISDOM, SELF-ACCEPTANCE, & SENSE OF SELF-WORTH as life draws to a close. Non-achievement leads to dissatisfaction with one's life, feelings of worthlessness, helplessness to change, depression, anger, and the inability to accept that death will occur.

Developmental Stages: INITIATIVE VS GUILT

This is the psychosocial crisis for PRESCHOOLERS. Initiative is the successful outcome of this stage. Guilt is the unsuccessful outcome. During this stage, children look for new experiences but will hesitate when adults reprimand them or restrict them from trying new things. Preschoolers have an active imagination and are curious about everything around them. Eventually, they will start feeling guilt for some of their actions, which is part of the natural development of moral judgment. Achieving the tasks of this stage results in assertiveness, dependability, creativity, and personal achievement. Non-achievement leads to feelings of inadequacy, defeat, guilt, and the belief that they deserve punishment.

Developmental Stages: AUTONOMY VS SHAME & DOUBT

This is the psychosocial crisis for TODDLERS. Autonomy is the successful outcome of this stage. Shame and doubt are the unsuccessful outcome. During this stage, toddlers begin to develop a sense of INDEPENDENCE, AUTONOMY, AND SELF-CONTROL. They also acquire LANGUAGE SKILLS. Parents should be FIRM BUT TOLERANT with toddlers. Achieving the tasks of this stage results in self-control and voluntary delaying of gratification. Non-achievement leads to anger with self, a lack of self-confidence, and no sense of pride in the ability to perform tasks

Developmental Stages: INTIMACY VS ISOLATION

This is the psychosocial crisis for YOUNG ADULTS Intimacy is the successful outcome of this stage. Isolation is the unsuccessful outcome. During this stage, young adults begin to think about partnership, marriage, family, and career. Lack of fulfillment in this key area of life can lead to isolation and withdrawal. Achieving the tasks of this stage results in the ability for MUTUAL SELF-RESPECT, LOVE, INTIMACY, and commitment to others and to a career. Non-achievement leads to social isolation and withdrawal; multiple job changes or lack of productivity and fulfillment in one job; and an inability to form long-term, intimate, or close relationships.

What are the primary differences between diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2?

Type 1 is a disorder in which the body lacks the ability to make insulin, whereas type 2 is a disorder in which the body is resistant to insulin. Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, typically presents starting in childhood, whereas type 2 is not typically present until adulthood.

What precautions can help prevent a pandemic?

Vaccines reduce the number of people at risk. Cough protocols, handwashing, and the use of hand sanitizer also aid in preventing the spread of disease and illness.

MODULE 2: QUIZ Which of the following is a bone of the lower extremities?

METATARSALS

Common Suffixes - Surgery/Procedures

-centesis = Surgical puncture -cise = Cut, remove -clasis = Break down -desis = Stabilization, binding -ectomy = Removal, excision -gram = Record -graph = Instrument used for recording -graphy = Process of recording -ion = Process -lepsy = Seizure, convulsion -pexy = Fixation, to put in place -stasis = Stopping, controlling -stomy = A new opening -tomy = Incision -tripsy = Crushing

Which of the following stages of grief involves asking the question "why me?"?

ANGER During the anger stage, thought processes reflect the idea of "Why me?"

MODULE 2: QUIZ Which of the following can be diagnosed during a COLONOSCOPY?

DIVERTICULOSIS Diverticulosis is pouchlike herniations through the muscular wall of the colon caused by high pressure inside the colon pressing against weak areas of the colon wall. Typically discovered during a colonoscopy

Common Suffixes - General

-age = Related to -cidal, -cide = Pertaining to killing -fuge = Driving away -ical = Pertaining to -ion = Process -ole = Little, small -opia = Vision -phylaxis = Protection, prevention -pnea = Breathing

Common Suffixes - Disorders/Conditions

-asthenia = Weakness -cele = Swelling, herniation -dynia = Pain -ectasis = Dilation, expansion -emia = Blood condition -gen = Producing -ia, -ism = Condition of -iasis = Presence of/ formation of -malacia = Weakening, or softening of -oid = Seeming like -osis = Condition, usually abnormal -pathy = Disorder, disease -penia = Deficiency, decrease -phagia = Eating, swallowing -plegia = Paralysis -rrhage = Bursting -rrhea = Flow, discharge -rrhexis = Rupture -sclerosis = Hardening condition

Stages of Grief: DENIAL ANGER BARGAINING DEPRESSION ACCEPTANCE

1) DENIAL: - During this stage, the grieving person cannot or will not believe that the loss is happening or has happened. They might deny the existence of the illness and refuse to discuss therapeutic interventions. Thought processes reflect the idea of "No, not me." Support the patient without reinforcing the denial. It might help to give the patient written information about the disease and treatment options with the approval of the provider 2) ANGER: - During this stage, the grieving person might aim feelings of hostility at others, including health care staff (because they cannot fix or cure the disease). Thought processes reflect the idea of "Why me?" Do not take the patient's anger personally. Instead, help them understand that becoming angry is an expected response to grief. 3) BARGAINING: - During this stage, the grieving person attempts to avoid the loss by making a deal, such as wanting to live long enough to attend a particular family occasion. The patient might also be searching for alternative solutions. They are still hoping for their previous life, or life itself, or at least a postponement of death. Thought processes reflect the idea of "Yes, me, but..." Listen with attention and encourage the patient to continue expressing their feelings. 4) DEPRESSION: - During this stage, the reality of the situation takes hold, and the grieving person feels sad, lonely, and helpless. For example, they might have feelings of regret and self-blame for not taking better care of themselves. They might talk openly about it or might withdraw and say nothing about it. Thought processes reflect the idea of "Yes, it's me." Sit with the patient and do not put any pressure on them to share their feelings. Convey support and understanding. Referrals to a support group or for counseling can be

Diseases of the URINARY System

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Decreased urine output, fluid retention, fatigue, shortness of breath, confusion, and nausea ETIOLOGY: - Direct damage to the kidneys or other causes leading to a sudden change where the kidneys can no longer filter blood effectively, leading to dangerous levels of toxic waste in the body DX: - Observation of urine output, blood tests, urinalysis, and other imaging TREATMENT: - Correcting the underlying cause, medications, and hemodialysis in the setting of severe disease CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Early stages: No symptoms - Later stages: High blood pressure, feeling generally ill and fatigued ETIOLOGY: - Chronic and progressive disease in which the kidneys cannot adequately filter blood due to many potential factors including diabetes, high blood pressure and glomerulonephritis DX: - Blood test TREATMENT: - Controlling blood pressure is the primary treatment to slow chronic renal failure - If it progresses far enough, hemodialysis will be needed RENAL CALCULI (KIDNEY STONES) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Severe episodes of back and side pain, pain with urination - Dark or foul-smelling urine, nausea, frequent urination, fever, chills ETIOLOGY: - Hard crystalline deposits forming in the urine due to abnormally high levels of certain substances in the body DX: - Blood tests, urine tests, and imaging TREATMENT: - Drinking water, pain relievers, and shock wave therapy in the form of lithotripsy to help break down and flush out the stones through urination URINARY INCONTINENCE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Leakage of urine ETIOLOGY: - Loss of bladder control leading to leakage of urine, sometimes triggered by coughing, lifting, or sneezing DX: - Urinalysis, medical history, physical examination TREATMENT: - Kegel exercises to strengthen muscles that control the bladder - Surgery (blad

Diseases of the RESPIRATORY System

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS (ARDS) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Shortness of breath, low blood pressure, and rapid breathing (following an injury) ETIOLOGY: - Fluid buildup in the alveoli blocks oxygen from passing into the bloodstream following an acute injury, typically in those who are already critically ill or have had previous traumatic injuries DX: - Arterial blood gas analysis, chest x-ray TREATMENT: - Oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and antibiotics ASTHMA SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing ETIOLOGY: - Airway inflammation causes lining of air passages to swell and tighten, leading to a reduction in the amount of air that can pass into and out of the lungs DX: - Pulmonary function tests (PFT) TREATMENT: - Medications, both inhaled and taken orally BRONCHITIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Shortness of breath, fever, chills, fatigue, coughing, and production of mucus ETIOLOGY: - Acute: Caused by viral illnesses such as colds and flu - Chronic: Caused by smoking DX: - Physical examination in which the lungs are listened to via stethoscope, chest x-ray, pulmonary function tests TREATMENT: - Acute: Typically resolves without intervention. - Chronic: Respiratory therapy CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE (COPD) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Chest tightness, productive cough, wheezing, shortness of breath with activity ETIOLOGY: - Disease in which airflow into and out of the lungs is blocked, usually due to a combination of bronchitis and emphysema - Primary cause is smoking. DX: - Patient history, pulmonary function tests, chest x-ray, and CT scan TREATMENT: - Smoking cessation, medication, and oxygen therapy RHINITIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Sneezing, coughing, runny nose, watering eyes, pressure in ears ETIOLOGY: - Irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nose, along with ex

Diseases of the NERVOUS System

ALZHEIMERS DISEASE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Memory loss, impaired judgement or language, inability to perform activities of daily living, inability to reason, paranoia, and agitation ETIOLOGY: - Most common form of progressive dementia caused by progressive destruction on brain cells DX: - No definitive diagnostic testing available - Diagnosis relies on medical history, physical exam, cognitive testing, brain scans, and lab tests. TREATMENT: - No available treatment to cure the disease - Focus of care is on symptom management while ensuring the patient is comfortable, safe, and otherwise physically healthy CEREBRAL CONCUSSION SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Distorted vision, headache, dizziness, nausea and vomiting, sensitivity to light or noise, inability to concentrate ETIOLOGY: - Caused by traumatic injury to the brain DX: - Physical and neurological exam TREATMENT: - Observation and rest for seven to ten days. SCIATICA SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Pain radiating from lumbar spine to the buttocks and down the back of the leg - Pain can be a dull ache or sharp, burning sensation ETIOLOGY: - Occurs from compression of the sciatic nerve, typically due to a herniated disc, bone spur, or tumor DX: - Medical testing of muscle strength and reflexes Imaging TREATMENT: - Muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, corticosteroids CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT (CVA)/ STROKE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Symptoms vary depending on the area of the brain impact, but general symptoms are associated with the acronym FAST: Facial muscle weakness Arm droop Speech abnormalities Time (occurs suddenly, treatment options limited by how quickly care can be initiated) ETIOLOGY: - Caused by a decrease in blood supply to the brain or a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain DX: - Neurologic examination, CT or MRI scan, Doppler ultraso

MODULE 2: QUIZ Which of the following diseases is a patient referring to if they say "Lou Gehrigs Disease"

AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS) Lou Gehrig was a famous baseball player who suffered from the disease and made it well known

Common Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abbreviation/Acronym: ABGs Meaning: Arterial blood gases Abbreviation/Acronym: a.c. Meaning: Before Meals Abbreviation/Acronym: ACLS Meaning: Advance cardiac life support Abbreviation/Acronym: Ad lib Meaning: As desired Abbreviation/Acronym: AKA Meaning: Above-the-knee amputation Abbreviation/Acronym: AMA Meaning: Against medical advice Abbreviation/Acronym: ASA Meaning: Aspirin Abbreviation/Acronym: BE Meaning: Barium enema Abbreviation/Acronym: BKA Meaning: Below-the-knee amputation Abbreviation/Acronym: BRP Meaning: Bathroom privileges Abbreviation/Acronym: BUN Meaning: Blood urea nitrogen Abbreviation/Acronym: BX Meaning: Biopsy Abbreviation/Acronym: C&S Meaning: Culture and sensitivity Abbreviation/Acronym: CABG Meaning: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Abbreviation/Acronym: CAD Meaning: Coronary Artery Disease Abbreviation/Acronym: CC Meaning: Chief Complaint Abbreviation/Acronym: CMS Meaning: Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Abbreviation/Acronym: C/O Meaning: Complains Of Abbreviation/Acronym: COPD Meaning: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Abbreviation/Acronym: D&C Meaning: Dilation and Curettage

Diseases of the CARDIOVASCULAR System

ANEMIA SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Fatigue, dizziness, cold extremities, headache, irregular heartbeat ETIOLOGY: - Most common cause is blood loss - Dysfunction in the creation of hemoglobin - Excessive destruction of red blood cells DX: - Blood test TREATMENT: - Depends on cause - Blood loss can be treated with a blood transfusion - Other causes may be treated through increase of iron or vitamin K. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Chest pain, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), peripheral artery disease, and kidney disfunction ETIOLOGY: - Hardening of the arteries due to fatty deposits causing narrowing of vessels potentially due to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and other diseases DX: - Physical examination, medical history, blood tests, doppler ultrasound, EKG, stress test, angiogram, CT or MRI TREATMENT: - Healthy diet, increased exercise, medications (cholesterol medication, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, blood thinners, diuretics, calcium channel blockers), angioplasty, stents, endarterectomy, or bypass surgery CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Fatigue, peripheral edema, shortness of breath ETIOLOGY: - The heart's decreased ability to pump adequately due to coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, or heart defects DX: - Medical history, physical examination, blood tests, EKG, echocardiogram, and chest x-ray TREATMENT: - Varies depending on the type and severity - Can include weight loss, controlling blood pressure, ACE inhibitors, and beta blockers HEMOPHILIA SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Excessive bleeding, frequent bruising ETIOLOGY: - An absence of clotting factors in the blood as the result of a genetic defect DX: - Family history, physical examination, and blood tests TREATMENT: - Replacement therapy to slowly infuse clotting factors int

Which of the following defense mechanisms is shown in the statement "I haven't picked up my insulin because my blood sugar is always high and nothing will help"?

APATHY Apathy is defined as indifference, or a lack of interest, feeling, concern, or emotion. In this example, the patient understands they have diabetes but does not feel any interest in concern or interest in managing it, because nothing has seemed to work before.

Common Defense Mechanisms

APATHY MEANING: Indifference; lack of interest, feeling, concern, or emotion EX: "I don't care what she puts in my evaluation, it won't change anything." COMPENSATION MEANING: Balancing a failure or inadequacy with an accomplishment EX: "I ate a lot of candy yesterday, but I also ate a big green salad." CONVERSION MEANING: Transformation of an anxiety into a physical symptom that has no cause EX: "I get a severe headache every time I see my ex with his new wife." DENIAL MEANING: Avoidance of unpleasant or anxiety-provoking situations or ideas by rejecting them or ignoring their existence EX: "I am healthy and fit. There is no way I have cancer, so I don't need all those tests." DISPLACEMENT MEANING: Redirection of emotions away from the original subject or object onto another, less-threatening subject or object EX: "I had enough trouble handling that last patient. I don't need to deal with this malfunctioning copier right now." DISSOCIATION MEANING: Disconnection of emotional importance from ideas or events and compartmentalizing those emotions in different parts of awareness EX: "I'm always getting into fights with my neighbors, which is odd because I teach an online course in conflict resolution." IDENTIFICATION MEANING: Attribution of characteristics of someone else to oneself or the imitation of another EX: "I could pass that certification test just like she did, and I haven't even studied the material." INTELLECTUALIZATION MEANING: Analysis of a situation with facts and not emotions EX: "He didn't break up with me because he didn't love me. He just had too much on his plate at work at the time." INTROJECTION MEANING: Adoption of the thoughts or feelings of others EX: "My dad says I should stand up for myself, so I am going to be more assertive." PHYSICAL

Diseases of the GASTROINTESTINAL System

APPENDICITIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Pain in the lower, right abdomen, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal swelling, fever ETIOLOGY: - Inflammation in the appendix due to blockage of the opening to the appendix, leading to rapidly multiplying bacteria in the appendix DX: - Patient history, blood and urine tests, imaging TREATMENT: - Surgical removal of the appendix CELIAC DISEASE SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Anemia, diarrhea, gas, bloating, weight loss, fatigue ETIOLOGY: - Immune response triggered by gluten leading to damage of the small intestine and an inability to absorb nutrients DX: - Physical examination, medical history, blood tests, antibody tests, and endoscopy with biopsy TREATMENT: - Avoid gluten in any form COLORECTAL CANCER SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Early stages: No symptoms - Later stages: Symptoms are nonspecific but can include fatigue, irregular bowel movements, blood in feces, cramps, bloating, and weight loss ETIOLOGY: - Cancer of the colon - Risk factors are a high-fat diet, family history, and inflammatory bowel disease DX: - Colonoscopy or barium enema TREATMENT: - Early stages: Surgical removal of cancer cells - Advanced stages: Chemotherapy DIVERTICULOSIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Asymptomatic unless inflamed - When inflamed it is termed diverticulitis: pain in lower left abdomen, fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting. ETIOLOGY: - Pouchlike herniations through the muscular wall of the colon caused by high pressure inside the colon pressing against weak areas of the colon wall DX: - Typically discovered through colonoscopy TREATMENT: - When inflamed, antibiotics are used for treatment GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Heartburn, nausea after eating, difficulty swallowing ETIOLOGY: - Lower esophageal sphincter muscle disfunction leading to stomach contents leaking back up the esophagu

Common Prefixes

Ab- = Away, from Ad- = Toward Ambi- = Both Ante- = Before Brady- = Slow Circum- = Around Contra- = Against De- = Down Endo- = Within/ Inside Epi- = Above/ on Eu- = Normal/good Ex-, extra-, exo- = Outside of Infra- = Beneath Inter- = Between/among Intra- = Within/during Levo- = To the left Meso- = Middle Meta- = Over/beyond Neo- = New Peri- = Around Presby- = Older age Primi- = First Pseudo- = False Sten- = Narrowed Sym-, syn- = Together/ with Trans- = Across Ultra- = Beyond/excess

END OF LIFE AND STAGES OF GRIEF

As people age and their physiologic abilities and reserves dwindle, they tend to seek more health care services. After age 60, many people start to think about their own mortality. They realize that so much of their life is behind them, and they begin to wonder how many "good years" they have left. For many, their adult children live long distances away and have families and careers of their own. It gradually becomes more difficult for older adults to continue to work, maintain their home, and—depending on what health conditions they have—participate in activities they enjoy as well as activities of daily living. They worry that minor issues, like forgetting to buy an item they need at the grocery store or misplacing their keys, mean they are developing dementia. Those whose capacity for independent living has diminished can become victims of elder abuse, which can involve neglect or physical abuse, often perpetrated by caregivers or family members who are overwhelmed with the burden of caring for the aging individual. Many older adults deal with constant grief as friends, neighbors, and family members die. They may also grieve for themselves—for their younger, healthier days and for the abilities they are losing or have lost. They hear many clichés, such as "Just take one day at a time," "Don't worry about what hasn't happened yet," and "You're only as old as you feel." However, these platitudes offer little comfort to older adults grappling with the grim realities of aging. All patients need support when they encounter the health care system, and older adults are a unique population because they face so many challenges toward the end of life. The physical challenges are real, and the feelings of grief can be overwhelming. This leads to a major health concern for older adults:

Diseases of the REPRODUCTIVE System

CANDIDIASIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Vaginal itching, burning with urination, white vaginal discharge - Often called a "yeast infection" ETIOLOGY: - Overgrowth of the fungal micro-organism Candida albicans DX: - Testing of vaginal discharge TREATMENT: - Over-the-counter or prescription medications ECTOPIC PREGNANCY SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Abdominal or pelvic pain with light bleeding Severe pain and bleeding are symptoms of emergent condition ETIOLOGY: - Zygote implantation in an area other than the uterine wall, most commonly in the uterine tubes DX: - Physical examination, blood tests, and ultrasound TREATMENT: - Termination of the pregnancy, as it is not viable and can rupture the uterine tube if allowed to develop far enough, which would require surgery ENDOMETRIOSIS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Pelvic pain with menstruation, pain with intercourse, pain with bowel movements and urination, infertility ETIOLOGY: - Occurs when pieces of endometrial tissue grow outside of the uterine lining, typically on the ovaries, intestines, or pelvic wall DX: - Pelvic examination, ultrasound, and laparoscopy TREATMENT: - Pain medication, hormone therapy, or laparoscopic surgery GENETAL HERPES SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Pain, itching, and sores in the genital area - Flu-like symptoms upon initial infection ETIOLOGY: - Caused by the herpes simplex virus spread through sexual contact DX: - Visual examination of sores, testing of sample from the sores TREATMENT: - Incurable - Medications, typically antivirals, can prevent or shorten outbreaks INGUINAL HERNIA SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Bulging in the groin area accompanied by an aching sensation, pain with lifting, coughing, or movement, weakness, or pressure in the groin ETIOLOGY: - A portion of the intestines protrudes thought a weak point of the abdominal wall DX: - Physical examination TREATMENT: - If no s

EPIDEMICS AND PANDEMICS

CDC: National public health agency that protects the public's health EPIDEMIC: Occurs when a disease spreads rapidly to a large number of people PANDEMIC: is a worldwide outbreak of a disease, such as COVID-19. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO): Agency that promotes health and monitors and coordinates activities concerning health-related issues. - WHO researches potential causative agents. TAKE NOTE: An epidemic can turn into a pandemic if measures are not taken to keep the illness under control. However, vaccines can reduce the number of people that may become infected.

Conditions of the INTEGUMENTARY System

CELLULITIS: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Skin of the affected area is swollen, red, and hot to the touch ETIOLOGY: - Bacteria (typically Streptococcus or Staphylococcus) enters the skin through cuts or abrasions and causes infection of connective tissue with severe inflammation of the skin DX: - Physical exam - Wound culture and blood tests can confirm bacterial etiology TREATMENT: - Resting the area, cutting away dead tissue if needed, antibiotics DERMATITIS: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Red, itchy rash that may include blisters or oily scales ETIOLOGY: - Allergic reaction to a specific allergen leading to inflammation of a region of the skin DX: - Physical examination TREATMENT: - Moisturizers - Steroid creams ECZEMA: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Red, itchy skin - Vesicular lesions (blisters) that may crust over ETIOLOGY: - Believed to be caused by hereditary and environmental factors leading to inflammatory skin disease DX: - Physical examination TREATMENT: - Mild, fragrance-free soap and moisturizers, steroid creams, and antihistamines - Goals of treatment are to heal the affected skin and mitigate recurrence SKIN CANCER - BASAL CELL: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Waxy bump or skin sore that does not heal within two months and continues to grow over time ETIOLOGY: - Damage to DNA of basal cells caused by ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure from the sun and tanning beds DX: - Physical examination and biopsy - Early diagnosis is vital. TREATMENT: - Surgical excision - Liquid nitrogen freezing or curettage SKIN CANCER - MELANOMA: SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - A skin mole with specific characteristics: -Asymmetry: irregular shape -Border: rough; irregular - Color: nonuniform - Diameter: More than ¼ inch ETIOLOGY: - Excessive exposure to UVB rays DX: - Physical examination and biopsy - Early diagnosis is vital. TREATMENT: - Surgery and

MODULE 2: QUIZ For which of the following is a history of IBS a risk factor?

COLORECTAL CANCER

Diseases of the ENDOCRINE System

CUSHING SYNDROME SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Excessive fat deposits in the subscapular area and face ETIOLOGY: - Most often caused by overuse of oral corticosteroid medications - Can also be caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex DX: - Indications of high blood pressure, loss of muscle mass, glucose intolerance, and weight gain TREATMENT: - Medications used to lower levels of glucocorticoids TYPE I DIABETES MELLITUS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Excessive thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, poorly healing wounds, numbness in hands and feet ETIOLOGY: - Chronic condition caused by lack of insulin production - This is a genetic, autoimmune condition that often develops in childhood and is commonly known as juvenile diabetes *This may also be considered a disorder of the lymphatic/immune system. DX: - Blood tests to evaluate glucose metabolism TREATMENT: - Monitoring blood sugar levels, insulin therapy, eating a healthy diet, and managing weight TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Excessive thirst, frequent urination, extreme hunger, weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, poorly healing wounds, numbness in hands and feet ETIOLOGY: - Chronic condition caused by insulin resistance, due to a mix of genetics, obesity, and lifestyle choices - Typically begins in adulthood but is being seen more often in adolescents DX: - Blood tests to evaluate glucose metabolism TREATMENT: - Monitoring blood sugar levels, eating a healthy diet, and managing weight - Medications to lower blood sugar, such as metformin - Insulin will be prescribed if the disease is uncontrolled or progresses. HYPERTHYROIDISM SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Sudden weight loss, rapid heartbeat, increased appetite, anxiety, tremor, sweating, frequent bowel movements, enlarged thyroid gland ETIOLOGY: - Overpro

Which of the following conditions includes symptoms of excessive bleeding and frequent bruising?

HEMOPHILIA Hemophilia is a disorder in which individuals lack clotting factors in the blood, leading to excessive bleeding and frequent bruising.

Socioeconomic Stressors

Many people undergo a great deal of stress over financial situations. Life is expensive; sometimes it seems like an endless cycle of working and struggling to meet expenses and pay debts. Just when it seems that getting ahead financially is within reach, a sudden unexpected expense (medical bills, vehicle repair) or a job loss eliminates the possibility of economic balance, and the expenses and debt may pile up. Even people who have not had a great deal of socioeconomic stress in their lives can suddenly find themselves in a stressful situation due to retirement, changes in the economy that lead to a loss of investments, identity theft, lack of job security, involuntary job loss (getting fired), or the loss of a home or vehicle. Medical assistants encounter patients who have minimal health insurance and find the out-of-pocket costs of many diagnostic procedures, treatments, and medications beyond what they can afford.

MODULE 2: QUIZ In which of the following stages of development is the goal to achieve a balance concern for the next generation of being self-absorbed?

GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION

Match the defense mechanism with the correct definition.

IDENTIFICATION: Attribution of characteristics of someone else to oneself or the imitation of another RATIONALIZATION: Explanation that makes something negative or unacceptable just seem justifiable or acceptable REGRESSION: Reversion to an earlier, more childlike, more developmental behavior COMPENSATION: Balancing a behavior or inadequacy with an accomplishment

In which of the following Erikson's stages of development is poor decision-making most likely to be experienced?

IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION During identify vs. role confusion, adolescents try to figure out where they fit in and what direction their life should take. If role confusion sets in, adolescents become followers, which can lead to poor decision-making.

MODULE 2: QUIZ According to the Joint Commissions "Do Not Use" list, which of the following should never be abbreviated?

MEDICATION NAMES

Diseases of the MUSCULAR System

MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Chronic and progressive muscle weakness leading to eventual paralysis of muscle groups ETIOLOGY: - Inherited or spontaneous genetic mutation in one of the genes involved with protecting muscle fibers from damage DX: - Patient history, physical exam, muscle enzyme tests, electromyography, muscle biopsy, and genetic testing TREATMENT: - Physical therapy, ambulatory devices, and medications to alleviate symptoms MYOPATHY SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Muscle weakness, cramps, stiffness, spasms, and tetany ETIOLOGY: - Can result from many different disease processes DX: - Based on symptoms - Focus is on understanding the underlying cause TREATMENT: - Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause. - Physical therapy, medication therapy, support bracing, surgery, and massage all may help. MYALGIA SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Muscle pain (broad term) ETIOLOGY: - Several causes: Traumatic injury Viral infection Overuse or overstretching of muscle group​​​​​​​ Medications and vaccines DX: - Based on symptoms - Focus is on understanding the underlying cause TREATMENT: - Treatment is dependent on the underlying cause - Targeted symptomatic treatment includes massage, heat or cold therapy, and medication for pain and muscle relaxants. REPETITIVE STRESS DISORDER (RSD) SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Pain, tingling, numbness, swelling. Redness, loss of flexibility and muscle weakness ETIOLOGY: - Repetitive tasks, forceful exertions, vibrations, mechanical compression and sustained uncomfortable positions DX: - Physical examination, patient history, and imaging TREATMENT: - Early Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medications, rest, splinting, and massage Severe Disease Rreatment: Surgery SHIN SPLINT SIGNS & SYMPTOMS: - Pain and swelling in the lower leg ETIOLOGY: - Repeated stress of the tib

End-of-Life Struggles

Many older patients have chronic or terminal illnesses that influence them to prepare for the end of life. Patients should arrange for end-of-life care, funeral, burial, and cremation services. If the person has a dependent, such as a partner, the dying person will need to make financial or caregiving arrangements. The person also needs to have advance directives in place, as well as a will and a durable power of attorney for health care document available. These preparations bring the reality of the end of life into sharp focus and generally put the patient and loved ones into a state of anticipatory grief. This means that they are feeling the emotions and reactions that grief causes before the loss occurs.

COMMUNICATION AND ACCOMMODATIONS: Physical Disability

Office Organization Strategies: - Create enough gaps between the chairs in the waiting areas and along walls for safe wheelchair access, maneuvering, and parking - Do not place any area rugs or throw rugs where patients walking with assistive devices or navigating with wheelchairs will encounter them - Eliminate metal or wooden sills in doorways. Replace them with graduated rubber coverings that provide a smoother surface for wheels to transition over - Remove any objects that would interfere with complete swiveling of wheelchairs - Position reading materials at a height where patients in wheelchairs can reach them easily - Provide sturdy bars or rails along walls for patients who have difficulty walking or have balance issues - For patients who have vision loss, provide Braille signs and reading materials along with large-print materials. Use descriptive language when speaking with these patients and avoid touching without verbally alerting the patient first - For patients who have hearing loss, offer services such as online appointment scheduling. Patients might be able to communicate well in person but have considerable difficulty hearing and understanding speech on the telephone, making scheduling difficult. Stand directly in line with the patient's face when speaking, not from the side or behind them. Pronounce words clearly to allow the individual to see lip movements as well as hear what is said. Do not shout. Clarity of speech is much more important in facilitating understanding. If a sign-language interpreter is requested, by federal law, the office must provide an interpreter - For patients who have service animals, remember that these animals are not pets. If others attempt to speak to, touch, or interact with these animals, intervene as necessary and educate that service animals are on duty a

PSYCHOLOGY AND MENTAL HEALTH: Developmental Stages

One of the most generally accepted developmental theories is the work of Erik Erikson. His EIGHT stages of development offer a guideline for identifying the psychosocial challenges patients face at different periods in their lives and the tasks they must master before successfully transitioning to the next stage of development. Erikson believed that SOCIETY & CULTURE affect how the personality of an individual develops and that successful completion of each stage supports the healthy development of the person's ego.

MODULE 2: QUIZ Which of the following is an example of a PHYSICAL STRESSOR on the body?

POLLUTION IN THE AIR Pollution in the air: is a PHYSICAL stressor on the body, as poor air quality directly impacts the bodys ability to maintain a state of wellness and can cause many different diseases. Loss of a loved one: is an ENVIRONMENTAL stressor, as it puts strain on the person experiencing it, but not directly through physical means Loss of a job: is a socioeconomic stressor Medical bills: are socioeconomic stressors