Module 23: Studying & Encoding Memories

_____ was to the study of memory as _____ was to the study of conditioning.

Hermann Ebbinghaus; Ivan Pavlov

_____ memory is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse in one's memory system.

Long-term

Our unconscious memory of learned skills is known as _____ memory.

implicit

Our unconscious memory of learned skills is known as:

implicit memory.

Walking past a classroom's open door, Michael overhears an instructor say, "In the next unit, we will explore how information is acquired, stored, and retrieved for later use." Michael realizes that the next unit must be about:

memory

Dr. Napleton prefers to give his students all essay and fill-in-the-blank questions to fully test their:

recall

A multiple-choice test is a good example of testing retention using _____.

recognition

As one is reading this question right now, one is consciously processing the meaning of the words in _____ memory.

working

Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving found that deep processing, by an item's _____, produced better recognition.

meaning

According to psychologists, memory refers to all of these EXCEPT:

changes in behavior.

Jaylen found the item number of the product she wanted to order from a catalog. To remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jaylen was using the strategy of _____ to help her remember the item number.

chunking

When asked to memorize the 15 letters, C I A C B S A B C F B I I R S, Mary reorganizes them into CIA, CBS, ABC, FBI, and IRS. Mary used a tactic called _____.

chunking

Katrina studied the Russian language in high school. Although she was not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later she decided to go to Russia, so she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly because:

it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

The three-stage model of memory developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account:

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

short-term