Module 24

When antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________ and __________.

more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases

The ________ delivers urine to a minor calyx.

papillary duct Submit

Blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.

peritubular capillaries

In a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.

proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop

Sixty to seventy percent of the water in the filtrate is reabsorbed in the __________.

proximal convoluted tubule

The proximal convoluted tubule performs all of the following functions except _______________.

reabsorption of approximately 99 percent of the water

Which structure is a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla? (Module 24.3A)

renal pyramid

In which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries?

Filtration

What are the blood vessels found in the renal corpuscle that produce filtrate?

Glomerular caplillaries

Which of the following is not a part of the filtration membrane in the kidney?

Glomerular capsule

What is the outward pressure forcing water and solute molecules across the glomerular wall?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle?

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine?

Glucose

What is the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?

Increased conservation of sodium ions and water

What effect does constricting the efferent arteriole have on the filtration process?

Increasing the volume of blood leaving the glomerular capillaries Increasing the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries Increasing glomerular filtration rate

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

Introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma

Dilation of the afferent arteriole and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.

an elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by _____________.

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), which is produced in the capillaries of the lungs

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct. Submit

ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts

The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (Module 24.17B)

external urethral sphincter

The ability to control the micturition reflex depends on the control of the _________.

external urethral sphincter

Which type of nephron is essential for water conservation and concentrated urine production? (Module 24.3C)

juxtamedullary nephrons

Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called

juxtamedullary nephrons.

Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system. (Module 24.1A)

kidneys

All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are

located partly within the pelvic cavity.

The group of tall cells in the distal convoluted tubule that serve as either chemoreceptors or baroreceptors are the __________ cells.

macula densa

The thick ascending limb of the nephron loop actively pumps what substances into the peritubular fluid? (Module 24.11B)

sodium and chloride ions

Sympathetic innervation into the kidney is responsible for __________.

stimulation of renin release direct stimulation of water and sodium ion reabsorption regulation of glomerular blood flow and pressure

Colloid osmotic pressure is the osmotic pressure resulting from ___________.

suspended proteins in the blood

The ________ is a capillary plexus that parallels the nephron loop.

vasa recta

The collecting ducts perform all of the following functions except _________________.

water reabsorption under the control of atrial naturetic peptide

The area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________.

trigone

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the

trigone.

Contraction of the muscular bladder forces urine out of the body through the __________.

urethra

In a person with normal blood pressure, what is the average glomerular filtration rate?

125 mL/min

Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla

5,1,4,2,3

The average pH of normal urine is about __________.

6.0

Which of the following is not correct regarding a pyelogram?

A pyelogram only allows the bladder to be visualized but not the ureter or structures of the kidney.

Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

Adaptive immunity

Which of the following is correct concerning the net movement of ions?

Ammonia is secreted.

Describe how blood enters and leaves the glomerulus. (Module 24.5B)

Blood enters by the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.

What are the forces opposing filtration at the glomerulus?

Capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood osmotic pressure

Which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is false?

Constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR.

Which of the following statements is not true regarding cortical nephrons?

Cortical nephrons account for approximately 15 percent of all nephrons.

What is the stimulus that leads to the release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

Decrease in blood volume Decrease in blood pressure Obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys

What is the triple-layered muscle responsible for urinary bladder contractions?

Detrusor

What is the primary site of the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid?

Distal convoluted tubule

Which portion of the nephron is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?

Distal convoluted tubule

In which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions?

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

Which organ in the urinary system produces urine?

Kidney

What are the cells found between adjacent glomerular capillaries that can change the diameter of the capillaries and adjust blood flow?

Mesangial cells

Which of the following is an countertransporter found in the renal tubules?

Na+ / H+

In which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur?

Nephron loop

Which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments?

Nephron loop

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for establishing a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid in the medulla of the kidney?

Nephron loop

What is/are the primary site(s) in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?

Nephron loop and collecting duct

What are the cells that surround the glomerular capillaries and limit filtration?

Podocytes

In which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?

Proximal convoluted tubule

What is the process that can return useful solutes like electrolytes and glucose to the blood?

Reabsorption

Regulation of blood volume is an important function of the urinary system. Which of the following is NOT involved with the regulation of blood volume?

Regulation of glucose levels

Which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney?

Renal artery

Which of the following is a dense, fibrous layer that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures?

Renal fascia

In what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?

Renal medulla

What is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that leads to the ureter?

Renal pelvis

Which of the following occurs first when there is a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate?

Renin is released from cells of the juxtaglomerular complex.

Which process in the formation of urine removes chemicals from the blood and puts them into the urine and is not driven by blood pressure?

Secretion

Blood enters each kidney through the renal arteries. What is the order in which blood travels from the renal artery to the glomeruli?

Segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries

Which of the following causes urinary incontinence?

The loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles

Define the vasa recta. (Module 24.5C)

The vasa recta are long, straight capillaries that that parallel the nephron loop.

The ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?

Transitional

What is the most abundant nitrogenous waste that the kidneys remove from the blood?

Urea

Which of the following organic wastes is generated by the catabolism of amino acids?

Urea

What is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?

Ureter

Which part of the urinary system in the male is shared with the reproductive system?

Urethra

Which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine?

Urinary bladder

Which of the following is not accurate concerning urinary reflexes?

When urine is being stored, afferent impulses from stretch receptors in the urinary bladder stimulate sympathetic outflow causes the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincters to relax.

Aldosterone stimulates ion pumps along the distal convoluted tubule DCT and the collecting duct causing __________.

a reduction in the number of sodium ions lost in the urine

The pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)

Autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.

dilation of the afferent arteriole constriction of the efferent arteriole constriction of the afferent arterioles

Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the

efferent arteriole. Submit

The amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the __________.

glomerular filtration rate

The process of filtration is driven by

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

The filtration of plasma that generates approximately 180 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.

renal corpuscle

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle.

The kidneys are protected by all of the following except the ______________.

renal pelvis