Module 3

Lon Chaney

"A man of a thousand faces," he starred in "Phantom of the Opera" and "Hunchback of Notre Dame". Traditionally, the monster in horror films stands for that which society rejects or is uncomfortable with. Chaney specialized in characters who were disfigured, mutilated, or otherwise physically grotesque, and he single-handedly defined the horror genre in the 1920s. What appealed to his largely male audience was apparently the very horror of his appearance, and the romantic agony of his characters' inability to fit comfortably into society, reflecting his audience's sense of their own alienation.

What did French president Sadi Carnot say on the opening day of The Paris Exposition Universelle?

"A new era in history of mankind" has begun

Ogden N Rood

"Modern Chromatics". Recognized there was a significant difference between colored light and colored pigments. Not only did light possess a different set of primary and secondary colors-red, blue, green-but the laws governing the mixture of these colors were dissimilar as well. In his observation, placing a "quantity of small dots of two colors near each other... allowing them to be blended by the eye placed at the proper distance... [produces] true mixtures of colored light" (this theory is not quite right)

Isadora Duncan

"Mother of the Dance," and sought to reclaim the ancient Greek's approach to dance and a natural form of movement. Rebelling against ballet, she danced barefoot took off her corset and lived on her own terms, with little regard to social morses of the Victorian Era.

Art Nouveau

"New Art" in architecture and the applied arts. It is not affixed or associated aesthetically with previous periods. Grew out of arts and crafts movements and symbolism. Meant to elevate feeling, while making use of new design elements. Very organic, lush, sexy. Took advantage of the materialistic desires of the middle class. Included architecture, glassware, textiles, furniture, and painting

What did Frank Lloyd Wright call houses like the Robie House?

"Prairie Houses" because in their openness and horizontally they reflected the Great Plains

Claude Debussy

"Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune", which many consider a defining moment in the history of music. Music's ability to bring to mind a torrent of images and thoughts without speech is almost perfectly realized in his composition, first by an opening of flute solo that is shaped as a series of rising and falling arcs and then later by oboes, clarinets, and more flutes that develop the theme further. He adds texture to this melody with harp, muted horns, triangle, and lightly brushed cymbals, backed by orchestral accompaniment that provides atmospheric tones. Because his music lacks clear-cut cadences and tonal centers, it has often been labeled Impressionist, with which he disagreed at the time

What was the Eiffel Tower meant to symbolize?

"The glory of modern science and the greater honor of French industry"

In the Soviet Union, abstract art was banned as the product of "bourgeois decadence". What were artists called upon to create?

"a true, historically concrete portrayal of reality in its revolutionary development". Artists were expected to create propaganda in support of the Soviet state

Gee's Bend, AL

- One of poorest counties in US - Circa 2005, women's quilt making caught US by storm Art museums wanted their work -A completely isolated community

Lt. James Reese Europe

-military band leader who recorded in 1919. -whose 815th Pioneer Infantry band played in cities across the country -credited with bringing ragtime out of the bordellos and juke joints and into mainstream society and elevating African American music into an accepted art form -an unrelenting fighter for the dignity of African American musicians for them to be paid on the same scale as their white peers -Ex: "Memphis Blues"

"Protestation de artistes"

300 writers and artists submitted this to the Minister of Public Works, forcefully arguing that the erection of the tower was a violation of the city's beauty

Charlie Chaplin

A "silent comedian," this movie star continued to lengthen the silent film style and offer an alternative to the sound film with his trademark tattered suit, derby hat, and cane, playing the "little tramp" who made audiences laugh with his silent jokes. Also starred in "The Gold Rush"

Vincent Van Gogh

A Dutch expressionist. Experimented extensively with Seurat's color combinations and pointillist technique, which extended even to his drawings, as a means to create a rich textural surface Often overcome with intense and uncontrollable emotions, an attribute that played a key role in the development of his unique artistic style. Profoundly committed to discovering a universal harmony in which all aspects of life were united through art, he found Seaurat's emphasis on contrasting colors appealing It became another ingredient in his synthesis of techniques He began to apply complementary colors in richly painted zones, using dashes and strokes that were much larger than Seurat's pointilles. "Night Café" "The Starry Night"

Mise-en-scene

A French phrase for the totality of a film's visual style, from décor to lighting, camera movement, and costume. Was often constructed to convey this sense of melancholy and resignation

Aaron Douglas

A Harlem Renaissance painter whose work celebrates African American versatility and adaptability, depicting people in a variety of settings. Douglas's first major work was as illustrator of a book of verse sermons by the Harlem Renaissance poet and executive secretary of the NAACP, James Weldon Johnson. "God's Trombones: Seven Sermons in Verse". Douglas's "The Prodigal Son" for Johnson's book. Through the Works Progress Administration, created by FDR, he painted a set of four murals, "Aspects of Negro Life", for the 135th Street Branch of the New York Public Library, today the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, and in the 1930s the intellects hub of Harlem

"Heart of Darkness" by Conrad

A framed tale about Africa, narrated by the character Marlow, as he and his companions sit on the yawl as the sun sets and the evening comes on just outside of London. It encapsulates many of the remaining story's themes, but it is especially important in setting out a visual imagery of light and dark- "gloom" and luminosity- that informs the entire narrative. The title suggests it is stylistically dependent on contrasting patterns of light and dark, white Europeans and black Africans, but never in any set pattern of good and evil. Ambiguity, lies at the heart of the story-"darkness" itself being a metaphor for a world without clarity

Swing

A musical genre characterized by big bands that produced a powerful sound and whose rhythm, depends on subtle avoidance of downbeats. As many as 15 to 20 musicians, including up to 5 saxophones (2 alto, 2 tenors, and a baritone)

The Blues

A musical genre consisting of laments bemoaning loss of love, poetry, or social injustice; the standard blues form consists of three sections of four bars each

Dixieland Jazz

A musical genre in which the trumpet carries the main melody, the clarinet plays off it with a higher countermelody, and the trombone plays a simpler, lower tune.

Blue Note

A musical note that is slightly lower or flatter than a conventional pitch. In jazz, blues instrumentalists or singers commonly "bend" or "scoop" a blue note—usually the third, fifth, or seventh notes of a given scale—to achieve heightened emotional effects. Such effects were first established in the blues proper, a form of song that originated among enslaved black Americans and their descendants.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished. It was a new cultural climate in Harlem, New York.

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" and "Harlem Shadows". Double-consciousness is apparent in his work.

"The Kiss" by Rodin

A sharply realistic portrayal of two bodies embracing. Was considered shocking and immodest. At the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, a bronze version of it was consider to be too scandalous for public

French Symbolistes

A small band of poets who invented interesting theories about how the sensory world of language and visuals speak to one another

The Cotton Club

A speak easy where blacks played but could not be apart of the audience. One of the most famous Harlem nightspots. It was owned by a gangster who used it as an outlet for his "Madden's #1 Beer". The Club's name was meant to evoke leisurely plantation life for its "whites only" audience who came to listen to its predominantly black entertainers

Genre

A standard type of musical number that is usually readily recognizable by its audience.

scat

A technique in which the performer sings an instrumental-like solo in nonsense syllables.

What are the features of Fascism?

A vision of real or perceived crisis. The promotion of a romanticized or even fictionalized idea of a part 'great age' and the desire to bring it back. Identify enemies within and outside. Testify to a 'moral decay' or 'moral bankruptcy'; promotes the idea of the goodness and integrity of the peasant (the hard-working Joe the plumber type) over the 'modern man'. Charismatic leader who appeals to the emotions. Use of ritual; uniforms and parades. Involves promises that can't happen (Mussolini promised a husband for every woman and promised peasants land). Betrayal~ once in power, betrays those who got him in

Louise Weber

AKA La Goulue. Nicknamed La Goulue after her habit of dancing past café tables and quickly downing the drinks of customers. When she did the can-can, she lifted her skirts to reveal a heart embroidered on her panties.

Bessie Smith

African American blues singer who played and important role in the Harlem Renaissance. Audiences were stunned by the feeling that she brought with her performances. She was noted particularly for the way she added a chromatic note before the last note of a line. "Florida-Bound Blues"

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance. Wrote "The Weary Blues," and "Jazz Band in a Parisian Cabaret". His poems narrate the lives of his people, capturing the inflection and cadences of their speech. The poems celebrate the inventiveness of African-American culture, especially the openness and ingenuity of its music and language

Zora Neale Hurston

African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance. Her writing concerned itself primarily with the question of African American identity-an identity she located in the vernacular speech of her native rural South and in the stories of people who lived there. Wrote the short story "Spunk," and the novel "Their Eyes Were Watching God"

E.E. Cummings

Also celebrated the newness of this same machine aesthetic. Wrote "She being Brand": His poem is laden with sexual innuendo, describing his first ride in his new car as if he was making love to the machine, and linking, in a fashion already long exploited by the automobile industry in the 1920s, his own sexual prowess with freedom and mastery of the road. One of the most notable aspects of the poem is its dependence on the visual characteristics of capitalization, punctuation, and line endings to surprise the reader-effects evident in the first two lines: "Brand/ -new". The poem is addressed both to the eye and the ear

Eugene O'Neill

America's great playwright of tragedy. Was sensitive both to the subtleties of the American scene and to the rhythms and vocabulary of American speech. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his play "Beyond the Horizon". His other plays include, "The Emperor Jones," "The Hairy Ape," "Desire Under the Elms," "Strange Interlude," "The Iceman Cometh," and the posthumously produced "Long Day's Journey into Night"

How did people respond to the Eiffel Tower?

Amid protests of how it might mar the cityscape of Paris (new structures are still debated in this context).

Paul Gauguin

An artist. He left for France for the island of Tahiti. He had also been inspired by the 1889 Exposition Universelle, where indigenous people and housing from around the world were displayed. When he arrived back in France, he had painted 66 pictured but only had four francs (about $12 today). Spent the next two years promoting his work and writing an account of his journey to Tahiti entitled "Noa Noa". Returned to Tahiti and would never come back to France, completing nearly 100 paintings and more than 400 woodcuts in eight remaining years of his life Taking up with another young girl, who, like Tehamana, gave birth to his child, Gauguin alienated the small number of priests and colonial French officials on the islands but attracted the interest and friendship of many native Marquesans, who were fascinated by his nonstop work habits and his colorful paintings.

Stimmung

An emphasis on mood or feeling, particularly melancholy. Was often used to describe German cinema throughout the silent era

Social Darwinism

An extension of Darwin's theory of evolution positing that nations and societies advance according to the rule of "survival of the fittest". To those who desired to validate imperialism and colonial regimes it fostered in Africa and Asia, Social Darwinism explained the supposed social and cultural evolution that elevated Europe (and the white race) above all other nations and races. This is because Charles Darwin's use of the word "race" and it became a critical ingredient in the development of the new 19th century ideology Social Darwinism

International Style

Archetypal, post-World War II modernist architectural style, best known for its "curtain-wall" designs of steel-and-glass corporate high-rises. The building frenzy that took in an atmosphere of intense debate among architects themselves

What were the progression of Western cultural movements?

Art Nouveau, Symbolism, and Post-Impressionism

Geogia O'Keeffe

Artist. From her first exhibit on, her work was burdened by its identification with her gender. Alfred Stieglitz (her husband) showed a group of her abstract charcoal drawings at his 291 gallery in 1916, calling them an example of "feminine intuition" and for the remainder of her career, her work was described solely in terms of its "female" imagery. Her flower paintings-large-scale close-ups if petals, stamens, and pistils-were especially susceptible to Freudian interpretation, for many viewers found them erotically charged. She complained that no one read flower paintings by male artists in this way—Demuth and Hartley both did many floral still lifes. Her struggle for recognition of her painting on its own terms was intensified by her closeness to Stieglitz. Her painting "Red Hills and Bones" is an example of the many paintings of the New Mexican landscape that so moved her

Where did the first self-conscious expression of the Harlem Renaissance take place?

At a dinner party hosted by Charles S. Johnson of the National Urban League. At the party, young writers from Harlem were introduced to New York's white literary establishment

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocausts. He was a painter and worked with water colors, but he was determined "unfit for painting". He served in WWI as a dispatch runner. By 1933 he was the Chancellor of Germany and leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI).

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis. Freud's thinking offered a new, hidden, dimension to the problem of interpretation, and by the 1920s his model was embraced, by the Surrealists in particular, as a way to explore previously uncharted territories of the human mind.

William Faulkner

Author. He asks his readers to abandon the traditional literary categories of space, time, and causality, but in compensation he teaches them the humility required of compassion and empathy. In his novels, he celebrates the many strengths of his fellow Southerners, while exposing with almost pitiless precision of the price their history of racism, denial, and guilt has extracted from them. His work inspired the next generation of Southern fiction writers- Eudora Welty, Flannery O'Connor, William Styron, and Walker Percy. "As I Lay Dying" and "The Sound and the Fury"

Joseph Conrad

Author. He wrote many novels and stories that are largely based on his experiences at sea, and although he didn't speak English fluently until his 20s-and never spoke the language without an accent-he is considered by many to be one of the greatest prose stylists in the English language. Wrote "Heart of Darkness"

What did Barr and Johnson think of Frank Lloyd Wright to represent the International Style?

Barr insisted that Wright be included in the exhibition. Johnson regarded Wright as old-fashioned, of no serious worth, and stylistically inconsistent with the International Style

"Mahana no atua (Day of the God) by Gauguin

Based on idealized recollections of his escape to Tahiti, the canvas consists of three zones

Hart Crane

Believed like both of them that the modern poet must, in his own words, "absorb the machine". For him, the symbol of the machine aesthetic was the Brooklyn Bridge. He worked on a long epic poem that attempted to encapsulate, for modernity, the America that Walt Whitman had celebrated in the last half of the 19th century. Called "The Bridge". The bridge was anything but new, yet it was precisely his intention to "make it new" in the poem, to reinvent it as the gateway to modernity itself. Painter Joseph Stella had painted "the Voice of the City of New York Interpreted". Stella conceived it as a kind of altarpiece to the machine age, and for a while, Crane considered using the painting as the frontispiece to his poem. But he settled on three photographs of the bridge by his neighbor, the photographer Walker Evans

Cecil Rhodes

Born in 1853, played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism. In 1880, he founded the DeBeers Mining Company. Rhodes's Kimberly mine was the largest artificial crater on earth, and he controlled as much as 80% of the world's diamonds. The diamond mines required huge amounts of labor, and native Africans supplied it

Duke Ellington

Born in Chicago middle class. moved to Harlem in 1923 and began playing at the Cotton Club. Composer, pianist and band leader. Most influential figures in jazz. "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)"

Alain Leroy Locke

Born on September 13, 1885, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was heralded as the "Father of the Harlem Renaissance" for his publication in 1925 of "The New Negro"—an anthology of poetry, essays, plays, music and portraiture by white and black artists. He was convinced that a new era was dawning for black Americans, and wrote a powerful introduction to a new anthology. Argued that Harlem was the center of this new arena of creative expression

Johannes Brahms

Brahms at first seems more conservative than Mahler. For one thing, he was absolutely dedicated to building on the Classical example of Beethoven and Mozart, and he reached even further back into Western musical tradition to the examples of Bach, Handel, and even Palestrina. So his works are rich in musical allusions.

Who were the Allied Powers in WWI?

Britain, France, United States, and the Soviet Union

What did Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin, and famous director, D,W, Griffith do?

Bucked the studio system and formed their own finance and distribution company, United Artists

Luis Bunnel

Bunuel was a huge fan of Eisenstein and montage, and he used the technique to create a dream logic of fades-from hairy armpit to sea urchin for example. Bunuel made "L'Age d'or (The Golden Age)" which was one of the first French sound films

What did Symbolists hope to convey?

By describing transitory feelings of people through symbolic language and images, they hoped to convey the essential mystery of life

Hoe did Gustav Eiffel solve the main challenge he faced when constructing the Eiffel Tower?

By designing three levels of wrought-iron piers to provide efficient wind resistance

How does Symbolism distinguish itself from naturalism?

By downplaying the need to convey meaning through direct and accurate representation

Joseph Goebbels

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht. Had inaugurated a program to "synchronize culture"—that is, to align German culture with Nazi ideals. To that end, he enlisted German university students to lead the way, and on April 6, 1933, the German Student Association proclaimed a nationwide "Action against the Un-German Spirit." They demanded, in 12 "theses" (a direct reference to Martin Luther's revolutionary theses), the establishment of a "pure" national culture as opposed to the spread of what they called "Jewish intellectualism." Then, on the night of May 10, in most university towns, the students staged a national march, "Action against the Un-German Spirit," culminating in the burning of more than 25,000 volumes of "un-German" books

Hollywood

City in the Los Angeles area of California where, by the 1920s, nearly 90 percent of all films in the world were produced. The Motion Picture Patents Company, run by Thomas Edison, which controlled the rights to virtually all the relevant technology-sought to monopolize the industry. Producers Jesse Lasky and Sam Goldfish (later Goldwyn) hired Cecil DeMille to make the first feature-length American movie, "The Squaw Man". Other Jewish immigrant independent filmmakers followed, sensing the creation of a real community

The Paris Exposition Universelle of 1889

Commemorated imperial supremacy of France and England in particular, and this showcased national pride. Modern technology, showcasing inventions that would bring utilitarian and quality of life delight. Introduced a new aesthetic that was free of historical association

What helped Duke Ellington get famous while playing at the Cotton Club?

Commercial radio was seven years old when he started playing at the Cotton Club which helped his fame and he was widely imitated throughout the 1930s by bands who toured the country. Included bands led by clarinetist Benny Goodman, aka "The King of Swing"; trumpeter Harry James; trombonist Glenn Miller; trombonist Tommy Dorset; pianist Count Basie; and clarinetist Artie Shaw. These bands also featured coalist and they introduced the country to Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Perry Como, Sarah Vaughan, Billie Holiday, Peggy Lee, Doris Day, Rosemary Clooney, and Ella Fitzgerald

"Classic Landscape" by Charles Sheeler

Commissioned to photograph the Ford Motor Company's new River Rouge Plant near Detroit, the world's largest industrial complex, employing more than 75,000 workers to produce a new Model A, successor to the Model T. Depicts an area of the plant where cement was made from by-products of the manufacturing process. The silos in the middle distance stored the cement until it could be shipped for sale. For him, they evoke the Classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome-which inspired the title

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs. (my favorite architect besides Zaha Hadid)

Georges Seurat

Considered the founder of Neo-Impressionism. "A Sunday Afternoon on La Grande Jatte". Determined that colors could be mixed, as he put it, in "gay, calm, or sad" combinations imparting a cheerful tone, as could warm and luminous colors of red, orange, and yellow. Horizontal lines that balance light and dark, warmth and coolness, create a sense of calm. Lines reaching in a downward direction and the dark, cool hues of green, blue, and violet evoke sadness. Like a Symbolist poem, his painting "suggests" more than it portrays. "Les Poseuses (The Models)"

The Robie House

Created by Frank Lloyd Wright. He had employed many of the same principles that guided architects of the International Style-open interior spaces, steel-frame construction, concrete cantilevers that extended over porches to connect exterior and interior space, a raised first floor to provide for privacy, and walls consisting entirely out of windows. His inspiration was nature-his sense of place-not the machine.

Phillip Johnson

Curator of architecture at the Museum of Modern Art in New York

"The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music" by Niezsche

Dedicated to composer Richard Wagner. He challenges Socrates' appeal for rationality in human affairs and outlined the turbulent conflict between what he called the "Apollonian" and the "Dionysian" forces at work in Greek art and in the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles. The Apollonian leads to the art of sculpture, the beautiful illusion of the ideal form, while the Dionysian expresses itself in music and dance, with their ability to excite the senses, Apollonian and Dionysian tendencies usually run parallel to each other, but when they join together, they generate Athenian dramatic tragedies, with the Dionysian "spirit of music" in the chorus supplemented by Apollonian dialogue. A call to bring the Dionysian back into art and life, something he sees occurring in the operas of Wagner, whose "Gesamtkunstwerk" brings together sing, music, dance, theater, and art

Edvard Munch

Deeply immersed in the writings of both Fyodor Dostoyevsky and Friedrich Nietzsche. Their writings captured the sense of extreme isolation that seemed the inevitable fate of people of genius in the material world of bourgeois European culture. Equally moved by the paintings of Gauguin and Van Gogh, Munch expressed his debt to his artistic heroes in "The Scream". From Gauguin he took a sensuous curvilinear patterning of color and form. From Van Gogh's work, he took the Dutch artist's intense brushwork and color, as well as his disorienting perspective. His depiction of the horrifying anxiety of modern life in unmatched in the work of any previous painter. There is good reason to believe that the color of the scene was prompted by the 1883 eruption of the Indonesian volcano Krakatoa, which could be heard for 1,500 miles around, and the ashes which circled the globe, creating brilliant red sunsets for many months afterward

Georges Seurat's "A Sunday on La Grande Jatte"

Depicts a Sunday crowd of Parisians enjoying the weather on the island of La Grand Jatte.

Victor Horta

Developed an interior and exterior building styles that shows this organic design quality that the Art Nouveau was praised for and that was adopted by some visual artists like Gustav Klimt and then incorporated into the design of everyday city landscape like Metro stations. Incorporated the Art Nouveau into architecture. Used floral patterns and designs resembling the tendrils and shoots of young plants to decorate his ironwork, walls, and floor tiles of the house

Robert Wiene

Director of "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari"

Alfred H. Barr Jr

Director of the Museum of Modern Art in New York

Progression of Western cultural movements: Art Nouveau, Symbolism, and Post-Impressionism

Doubts about human rationality and about positivism.

Who introduced swing to Jazz culture?

Duke Ellington

What circumstances following WWI in Germany made it perfect for Hitler to come into power?

Economic depression coupled with humiliating terms for peace really crippled Germany through the 20s and 30s. Debts worked German banks to close. There was a point where 1/3 of the labor force was unemployed

Why was economic wealth at stake while countries were trying to gain control over Africa?

Economic wealth was also at stake, for the exploitable resources of the African continent made Europe wealthy. France extracted phosphates from Morocco; Belgium acquired gems, ivory, and rubber from the Congo; and England obtained diamonds from South Africa. Europe's African colonies became primarily focused on producing large quantities of raw materials-a commodity-based export economy that left Africans in dire poverty. In 1866, an African shepherd found a massive diamond of 83.5 carats, quickly dubbed the Star of Africa, on the Orange River

Edwin S. Porter

Employee of Edison who began making early films for the Edison Company. Director of "The Great Train Robbery". This film is considered by many to be the first narrative film (1903)

What motivated Europe for control over Africa?

Europe were motivated by economic and strategic self-interest-that is, the control of natural resources and trade routes-and the fates of India and Egypt are cases in point. Fierce nationalism, and a Europe-centered belief in the superiority of Western culture (as well as the white race), also fueled their efforts. The imperialist philosophy emphasized the humanitarian desire to "improve the lot" of indigenous peoples everywhere. By the last quarter of the century, the African continent was the focal point of imperialist competition

Who coined the phrase "Jazz Age"?

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Who introduced Ernest Hemingway to his editor at Scribner's?

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Mussolini of Italy and Hitler of Germany were both leaders of Fascists regimes. What are the regimes characteristics?

Fear of democracy, which is messy and chaotic. Fear of property owners outside of a narrow few. Entrenched in Social Darwinism; if you protect the weak, humanity won't evolve (prompts eugenics, genocide, welfare cuts, domination over colonial peoples)

Article 231 "The War Guilt Clause"

Forced Germany to: disarm, to make territorial concessions (stripped of 25,000 sq miles and 7 million people), to pay reparations to certain countries~required Germany to pay an equivalent of 132 billion gold marks in gold, commodities, ships, securities or other forms (roughly equivalent to US $442 billion)

By the end of the 1920s, who were the five major American cinema studios

Fox, MGM, Paramount, RKO, and Warner

Who was the American chosen to represent the International Style?

Frank Lloyd Wright

Paul Cezanne

French postimpressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism) by stressing the structural components latent in nature. His color is not symbolic, but is used instead to structure the space of the canvas. He remained an Impressionist and he continued to paint what he called "optics". A representation of nature as a series of patches of color that tend to flatten the surface of his paintings. His painting "The Gulf of Marseilles, Seen from l'Estaque".

Who did Alfred Stieglitz marry?

Georgia O'Keeffe

Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher who dismissed reason, democracy, and progress as empty ideas. "The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music". Democracy to him was a pretense, no more than a guarantee of mediocrity. He called for a society led by Ubermensch or "a higher man" a hero of singular vision and courage who could produce a new "master" or morality. For in empowering the individual in an industrial society, they left open the possibility of catastrophic evil being unleashed upon the world in a way that would be difficult to stop. Adolf Hitler would misconstrue Nietzsche's ideas to justify his notion of a master race of Germans, leading to the mass genocide and a world war that killed more than 50 million people. He also argued that God was dead and that conventional morality was life-denying rather than life-affirming

How did WWII begin?

Germany invaded Poland on Sept 1, 1939.

Who were the Axis Powers in WWII?

Germany, Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria

What was on the 'Darker side' of progress and nationalism?

Growing hostilities between nations, animosity toward European empires, new development of war technology, new political theories of anarchism, facism, communism, attempt to replace old regimes with new, equally abusive regimes

Who built the Eiffel Tower?

Gustave Eiffel

How did the Harlem Renaissance start?

Had been inaugurated by the mass migration of blacks out of the south and into the north after the outbreak of WWI. In 1914, nearly 90% of all Afircan Americans lived in the South, ¾ of them in the rural south. But lured by a huge demand for labor in the North once the war began, and impoverished after a boll weevil infestation ruined the cotton crop, blacks flooded into the North.

Ezra Pond

Had invoked the necessity of newness when he translated from the Chinese the "Ta Hsio" or "Great Digest". The saying "make it new" has originated in the 17th century BCE, when King Tang, had written the phrase on his bathtub. With that phrase he invokes tradition-centuries of Chinese tradition-in order to underscore the necessity of continual cultural renewal. His short poem is driven by the rhythmic repetition not only of the phrase ("make it new") but "day by day", the diurnal cycle. It underscores the labor of the repetitive, often tedious, rhythm of writing and rewriting, each successive line in the making of the poem being a revision of what has come before. A "translation," an act of renewal as he transforms the original Chinese into English. The lesson is, for him, a simple one: in each new context, each new place, tradition is itself renewed. His "make it new" mantra soon became something of a rallying cry for the new American poetry.

What is Fascism born out of?

Hate, fear, and fear mongering

"The Master Builder" by Ibsen

He began a series of four interrelated plays that explored the lives of powerful men who came to recognize their failures and shortcomings. Culminating with "When We Dead Awaken," they abandon the realism of his earlier work and explore the dreams and fantasy world of their protagonists. They focus on the subjective experience, and often the irrational impulses that rules human behavior, signaled a new emphasis on introspection, and the realization that human behavior was difficult, if not impossible, to quantify

"Confession of Faith" by Cecil Rhodes

He clearly articulated the imperialist's faith in their ability to dominate the world. Such thinking would later characterize the demented ambitions of Adolf Hitler in Germany

"Hedda Gabler" by Ibsen

He explored the world of a neurotic woman at the edge of insanity, who successfully schemes to sabotage an academic rival to her husband

Alfred Stieglitz

He had proposed that modern art-and his own photography in particular-should concern itself with revealing the underlying geometries of the world. Hosted Matisee's first one-person show outside France. He had been the first in the USA to exhibit Picasso. He photographed the picture "The Steerage" (the picture for this slide).

Did Charles Darwin mean for his use of the word "race" to imply the color of one's skin?

He meant nothing of the kind. He offered a theory of conscience that had a distinctly more ethical viewpoint. He contended that our ancestors, living in small tribal communities, and competing with one another ruthlessly, came to recognize the advantages of altruistic behavior to successful propagation of the tribe. Over generations, the tribe whose members exhibited selfless behavior that benefited the whole group would tend to survive and prosper over tribes whose members pursued more selfish and individualistic goals

"Ghosts" by Ibsen

He took on the problematic issues of children born out of wedlock, venereal disease, infidelity, and incest

William Carlos Williams

He was a physician. Was immediately attracted to imagism when Pound defined it in the pages of a magazine. His own work has been labeled as "Radical Imagism" for concentrating on the stark presentation of commonplace objects to the exclusion of inner realities. His aesthetic depends upon elevating the commonplace and the everyday into the realm of poetry, thus transforming them, making them new. "The Red Wheelbarrow" poem: The first line of each stanza of his poem raises expectations which the second lines debunks in two syllables

Henrik Ibsen

He was a playwright. Naturalist who saw the world through an intensely acute and realistic lens. Brought realism to the stage- his plays attacked hypocrisy around him. He presented the hidden truths of the European society as no one had ever dared. He revealed the pernicious truths behind that seemingly upright façade of contemporary European society, truths that many of his critics clearly wished he kept secret. His emphasis on realistic dramas with complex moral questions would become central to the world of drama (and eventually film). He reflected the Symbolist aesthetic that in the last decade came to dominate the European imagination

Auguste Rodin

He was thought of a realist. He depended on the play of light upon surfaces for the energy of his works. Based his sculptures on direct observation. He had always been attentive to the movement of the human body, and he allowed his models- who were often dancers- to wander around the studio, striking poses at their will. "The Kiss" and "Monument to Balzac"

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec

His favorite subjects were gamblers, prostitutes, and circus performers. Although generally considered a Post-impressionist, he is hard to categorize. He influenced the Art Nouveau movement with his posters and lithographs, and he influenced the Symbolists. "At the Moulin Rouge"

"The Sun Also Rises" by Hemingway

His first novel. It was an immediate success. In the book, it is safe to say that the only thing separating Hemingway from his character-aside from his own sexual self-esteem-was that Hemingway worked hard on his writing

What did Siegfried Bing build at the 1900 Exposition Universelle?

His own pavilion, entitled, "L'art Nouveau Bing"

"Judith I" by Kilmt

His painting suggests that behind the façade of social decorum, and underneath the fine dresses worn by modern women, lies the earthy, elemental spirit of the heroic Judith

Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater

House at Bear Run in Pennsylvania. Designed it after its owner, Edgar Kaufmann, owner of the largest men's clothing store in the country. He opened a quarry on the site to extract local stone and built a three-level house literally over the stream, its enormous cantilevered decks echoing the surrounding cliffs. Fallingwater for him had to be in harmony with its site, not some white industrial construction plopped into the landscape. His stunning and original design suggest a distinctly American sensitivity to place.

What was one of the main challenges Gustav Eiffel faced when constructing the Eiffel Tower?

How to protect the tower from the wind

Michel Eugene Chevreul

In 1839 he writes The Law of Simultaneous Color Contrast. Interested in yarn dies, he defines many color relationships as we understand them today. "Principle of Harmony and Contrast of Colors". Had established the value of employing red, yellow, and blue as primary colors through which most other colors can be mixed, and orange, green, and violet as secondary colors produced by the mixing of two primaries.

Armstrong's "Hotter Than That"

In the third chorus he sings in nonsense syllables, a method known as scat. This is followed by another standard form of jazz band performance, a call-and-response chorus between Armstrong and the guitarist Lonnie Johnson, the two musicians imitating one another as closely as possible on their two different instruments

Faulkner's "The Sound and the Fury"

In this novel is probably the most daring use of stream-of-consciousness in modern fiction: the representation of the mental workings of the intellectually and developmentally disabled Benjy Compson

How did the cinema system work?

In this system, studio magnates owned and controlled a "stable" of actors, writers, and directors who were contracted to work exclusively for the studio. These companies produced predictable product—Westerns, horror pictures, romances, and so forth—featuring stars whom the public adored

Who influenced German Expressionism?

Influenced directly by the Expressionist painting of Ernst Kirchner, Franz Marc, and Wassily Kandinsky

What is on the 'Lighter Side' of progress and nationalism?

Invention

Who did Pond's "Make it New" phrase influence?

It especially influenced his friends, the poets, William Carlos Williams, E.E. Cummings, and Hart Crane. These poets were also attracted to the Imagist principle of verbal simplicity. Their language should reflect, in Williams's words, "the American idiom," just as the Harlem Renaissance writers sought to capture black American vernacular in their work.

What did Symbolism favor?

It favored suggesting the presence of meaning in order to express the inexpressible. Detached as it was from tangible reality, it was taking a first step towards abstraction

What is fascism?

It is a form of radical Nationalism. Nationalism holds that a nation should govern itself, free from unwanted outside interference, and is linked to the concept of self determination (right to choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference). Nationalism is further oriented towards developing and maintaining a national identity based on shared characteristics such as culture, language, race, religion, political goals or a belief in a common ancestry. Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve the nation's culture, often the 'mythical' or ideal notion of the nation's culture

What is the decoration on the Chrysler's Building?

It was self-consciously Art Deco, a term coined in the 1960s after the 1925 Art Decoratifs exhibition in Paris to describe a style that was known at the time as Art Moderne, noted for its highly stylized forms and exotic materials (stainless steel)

Who did Hitler blame for Germany's problems?

Jews, Marxists, Boigiouse Liberals, Social Deviants, Homosexuals, Trans individuals, and artists from any discipline who created art of the modernist genre

What band did Louis Armstrong play for?

Joe Oliver's Creole Jazz Band. The pianist and composer Lil Hardin was the pianist and arranger for Oliver's band, and she and Armstrong were married in 1924. Armstrong left the band to play on his own

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Why was Stephane Mallarme immediately enraptured by?

Loie Fuller

After WWI how did Germany long to be 'whole' again?

Longed for a sense of order and cultural preeminence; economic strength. Longed to be 'whole' geographically as well as emotionally (Germany had been stripped of the Alsace-Lorraine as part of reparations).

Ernest Hemingway

Lost Generation writer, spent much of his life in France. Died in Ketchum, Idaho, USA. He tried to enlist but was judged unfit for service because of his poor eyesight. He volunteered to serve as an ambulance driver from the American Red Cross. He was stationed on the Italian Front where he was almost immediately wounded in the legs from mortar fire. For him, the use of a stripped-down, concrete language became a means of survival. In the concrete he could not be betrayed, either by his own emotions or by his belief in the sincerity of someone else's. He preferred the wilder settings of untamed nature, particularly the lakes and rivers of upper Michigan. He was striving for something as immediately real as the feeling of wet grass on his hands, something to hold onto in the unauthentic world that had led to a Great War that still seemed unresolved. His books include but are not limited to: "A Farewell to Arms," and "Big Two-Hearted River"

Why did Isadora Duncan not like the restraints of academic dancing?

Mainly ballet she didn't like. Because of the formality and unnaturalist of it

les Mardistes

Mallarme's friends and associates-the international cast of artists and intellectuals who met on Tuesdays

in 1919, who were three of the biggest American film stars?

Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, and Charlie Chaplin

What are some examples of 'degenerate art' according to Hitler?

Modernism, Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism

What theme is most common in Cezanne's paintings?

Mont Sainte-Victoire, the mountain overlooking his native Aix-en-Provence in the South of France

Jazz Age

Name for the 1920s, because of the popularity of jazz-a new type of American music that combined African rhythms, blues, and ragtime

Where did Jazz originate?

New Orleans, Louisiana in the 1890s

"Noa Noa" by Gauguin

Noa means "fragrant" or "perfumed". It is a fictionalized version of his travels and bears little resemblance to the details of his journey that he recorded honestly in his letters. "Noa Noa" was not meant to be true so much as sensational, with his liaison with a 13 year old Tahitian girl, Tehamana, offered to him by her family. He presents himself as primal, and his paintings as visionary glimpses into primal forces of nature

When was the actual fighting of WWI halted?

November 11th, 1918

What were the two sides of the debate over the International Style?

On one side were the traditionalists whose decorative style was epitomized by the Woolworth Building. On the other side of the debate were those who advocated an austere, clean modernism that revealed its plain geometries. This new architecture would come to be known as the International Style, after Alfred H. Barr Jr., and Phillip Johnson curated another show, in 1932, two years before the "Machine Art" exhibition, called the "International Exhibition of Modern Architecture" Had an accompanying catalog, "The International Style: Architecture since 1922"

Mahler's Symphony No. 1

Originally called "Titian" after Nietzsche's observation in "The Birth of Tragedy" He introduces the movement with a solo double bass playing the march at a high range, one that challenges all double bass players to this day. The melody soon shifts to a minor mode in the variation of the "Frere Jacques" tune. This is followed in turn by so-called klezmer music

Chrysler's Building

Owned by Walter Chrysler. He informed his architect, William van Alen, that he expected it to be the tallest building in the world. Van Alen's former partner, H. Craig Severance, had already broken ground for the Bank of Manhattan Trust Building at 40 Wall Street (today the Trump Building), and the two entered a fierce competition. When Severance's building was completed before Van Alen's it was at 71 stories and 927' tall, the tallest structure in the world. When Van Alen was done, the Chrysler Building was 77 stories and 1,046' tall. He had constructed a spire inside the building. The first six floors of the crowning spire were reserved for Walter Chrysler's private use. The Chrysler Building is a monument to the technology and the spirit of the new technology it inspired

Charles Demuth

Painter. It was his wit that most attracted Williams to his, and his clear-eyed view of what constituted the new American landscape. Some examples of his paintings are "My Egypt", "Aucassin and Nicolette". Another one of his paintings, "Incense of a New Church," with the title, the painting becomes deeply ironic-and funny-commentary on the American worship of machine and manufacture

"A Doll's House" by Ibsen

Play that was a sensation for its scathing depiction of Victorian marriage, with its oppression of women and cruelty of men. Europeans were outraged. To admit that a woman might reject her familial duties to satisfy her own needs was unthinkable

"The Great Gatsby" by F. Scott Fitzgerald

Portrayed the Jazz Age as if it seemed to rise out of the opposite of it's certain truth, the tragedy of war-not only WWI but also the still-lingering effects of the American Civil War. For him, these wars were direct reflections of the crassly and tragically materialistic culture of the day. For Gatsby, the American Dream-the idea that no matter one's social class or circumstances of birth, life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone-in all its shallowness. As corrupted by the crass materialism of the day as Gatsby's dream is, it remains the quintessential American dream, the dream of a new world in which the imagination is free to create itself anew as well. From Fitzgerald's point of view, Gatsby had simply been born too late for his dream to have been realized—that is both his tragedy and his greatness.

What are the 3 variants of Fascism?

Racist (notions of 'purity'), "Statism" (the imperial myth; the desire to recreate the 'lost empire'; or an imagined "Golden Age"), and Christian (The crusades of the middle ages had a fascist flavor to them; linked with a messianic promise)

Post-Impression painting

Rather than creating Impressionist works that captured the optical effects of light and atmosphere and the fleeting qualities of sensory experience, they sought to capture something transcendent in their act of vision, something that captured the essence of their subject. This is similar to the goal of Symbolist artists. The Post-Impressionists saw themselves as inventing the future of painting, creating art that would reflect the kind of sharply etched innovation that defined modernity

Georg Grosz's "The Pillars of Society"

Refers to 3 major divisions of society: military, clergy and middle class. Standing at the bar, sword in one hand and a beer in the other, is a middle class National Socialist (swastika on tie). Behind him, is a Social Democrat (with an open skull, as they all seem to have) holding pamphlet with "Socialism is Work" printed on it. Clergyman (eyes closed) praising what he doesn't actually see...Turning a blind eye to the violence going on behind him. Journalist has a chamber pot on his head. Implies chaos, doom, brainless politicians

Jacob Lawrence

Regionalist painter that learned his art in Harlem during the 1920s and used simple flat colorful shapes to tell stories of hopelessness. At 23 years old, he had created a series of 60 paintings narrating the history of the Great Migration. Among the paintings are images or race riots, including the East St. Louis riots of 1917, the bombing of black homes, overcrowded housing, and tuberculosis outbreaks, but her also saw the same kind of hope and aspiration as Douglas, as is evident in his illustration of three girls writing on a chalkboard at school

Loie Fuller

She was an American dance sensation. She was dazzling audiences at the Folies-Bergere with a juxtaposition of colored lighting and dances marked by long, flowing, transparent fabrics swirling around her body. Henri de Toulsouse-Lautrec executed a series of 60 lithographs of her dancing, each hand-colored in order to capture the full effect of her inventive show

William S. Hart

Silent film actor who made 65 movies, most of them westerns. He became well known for his portrayal of the American cowboy. The stock characters and situations - the fight in the saloon, the faithful horse, the dude who goes west, the sheriff who cleans up the town, the showdown, the trip west in a covered wagon -- that are now clichés of western movies were first introduced to film audiences by Hart. Many of the actors who appeared in his films had lived the experiences of the western frontier.

"La Mer" by Debussy

Some have made the point that his music is more Symbolist than Impressionist in nature because of the subtle but important difference between the words "impression" and "suggestion". "Impression" is a received image and "suggestion" is a created effect. If "La Mer" were Impressionist, it would recreate the way in which the composer literally viewed the sea. But it is Symbolist, suggesting the way that he feels about the sea, expressing the profound mysteries of its unseen depths

Louis Comfort Tiffany

Son of the founder of the famous New York jewelry house. Known for his decorative stained glass and metal work

Gustav Klimt

Sought to liberate art from the confines of conventional morality, believing that human life was driven by sexual desire. His paintings seek to explore not only the sexual instincts of his sitters and models, but his own-and the viewers

How did Surrealists react to film?

Surrealists had an entirely different agenda. They saw film's potential to fragment rather than create sense. Through skillful editing of startling images and effects, film became a new tool for exploring the subconscious

Stephane Mallarme

Symbolist poet. Because he believed that a poem was somehow hindered by the writer's words and syntax-and that poetry might be freed of the necessity of words- it is not surprising that in his own works what is said is less important than how the poem evokes feelings. Their mysterious suggestions and overtones take precedence over the logic of grammar, replaced by a sensual web of free association. "L' Apres-midi d'un faune"

How is Cezanne self-exiling from Paris a characteristic of a Symbolist?

Symbolists valued the comparative quiet of the countryside over the turmoil of cities, The belief that silence allowed for contemplation of the essence of things and that solitude further enhanced this introspection provided the Symbolist with a reason to escape, an urge to retreat from the hectic pace of modern life

What did Siegfried Bing realize?

That he could take advantage of the materialistic desires of the middle class by selling them a fashionable "art nouveau"

What contemporary trends was Art Nouveau associated with?

The Arts and Crafts Movement in England to Symbolism, which endeavored to elevate feelings, imagination, and the power of dreams as creative inspiration

Upon coming to power, Hitler set put into motion a 'response' to modernity and art. What was the response?

The Entartete Kunst (degenerate art) exhibits. These exhibits were very popular. German citizens were encouraged to attend. Rooms were deliberately chaotic and paintings were hung unframed or thrown on the wall. Insults about the art were written on the walls

Skyscrapers in New York (some not around anymore)

The Singer Building (1902), Metropolitan Life Tower (1909), the Woolworth Building (1913), the Shelton Towers (1924), the Chrysler Building (1930), the Empire State Building (1931), and the RCA Building (1933)

Woolworth Building

The architect was Cass Gilbert. It has a neo-Gothic façade. Gilbert's building represented the height of absurdity, and "Woolworth Gothic" became synonymous with bad taste, but many buildings continued to emulate the Woolworth's emphasis on decorative styling

When did war on the Pacific Front begin in WWII?

The attack on Pearl Harbor in December of 1941

Storeyville

The bands that played around 1910 to 1920 in the red-light district of New Orleans, the legendary Storyville, quickly established a standard practice. When Storeyville was shut down in 1917 (on orders from the US Navy, whose sailors' discipline they believe was threatened by its presence), many of the bands that had played in the district joined the Great Migration and headed North

Positivism

The belief that the scientific approach could explain and solve problems of the individual society

Freud's "The Interpretation of Dreams"

The dream, he suggested, worked on two levels: its "manifest content"—what it literally represents—and its true "latent content"—what it really means. In this "latent content" lay the workings of the unconscious mind, the wishes, desires, and drives, many of which are sexual, and over which the conscious mind exercises its authority.

What inspired Langston Hughes's poetry?

The jazz rhythms he was hearing be played by African American bands in the clubs where he worked as a busboy and dishwasher

Rene Clair

The most widely known of early French sound directors. Sous les toits de Paris (1930), Le Million (1930), and À nous, la liberté (1931) found an international audience. Imaginatively used camera movements, stretches of silence, and sonic puns. "Entr'acte"

Stieglitz's gallery "An American Place"

The name was primarily intended to reflect the gallery's emphasis on American art, but also defined that art as possessing, as indeed Frank Lloyd Wright's architecture did, a distinct sense of place

Countee's "Heritage"

The poem is both typical and something of an anomaly in Cullen's work. He longed to write poetry that succeeded not by force of his race but by virtue of its place in the tradition of English verse. In its form, the poem is completely traditional: rhymed couplets and iambic tetrameter (the first foot in each line is truncated—that is, the short syllable of the iambic foot has been dropped, leaving only the long syllable). But in its subject matter—Cullen's sense of his own uncivilized Africanness—its concerns are entirely racial. Criticized for its romantic depiction of Africa, his poem remains a powerful statement of Du Bois's sense of African-American double-consciousness. This theme of "doubleness" was underscored when the poem appeared in "Survey Graphic". There it was illustrated by photographs of African statues and masks, reproduced from the collection of the Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia

"L' Apres-midi d'un faune" by Mallarme

The poetry is suggestive, not definitive, creating a mood, an impression, an atmosphere, more than a clear image

What started the scramble for control over Africa?

The scramble for control of the continent had begun with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1896, and, by the 1880s, Britain's seizure of control of Egypt as a whole. Then to further "protect" Egypt, it advanced into Sudan. Beyond Africa's key strategic placement, its vast land area and untapped natural resources proved an irresistible lure for European nations

What was the skyscraper a symbol of?

The skyscraper was a grand advertisement, a symbol of corporate power and prestige that changed the skyline of NY and became a symbol for the city around the world

Barr's and Johnson's Exhibition "Machine Art"

The subject of enormous press coverage when it opened in 1934, the exhibit featured springs, propellers, ball bearings, kitchen appliances, laboratory glass and porcelain (including boiling flasks made from Pyrex, a new durable material that would transform modern kitchenware), and machine parts displayed on pedestals. Crowds thronged to the museum to see the 402 items Barr and Johnson had chosen. All of these objects were defined by their simple geometric forms, symmetry, balance, and proportion-in short a new, machine-inspired Classicism

What are the primary characteristics of Jazz?

The syncopated rhythm and the blue note

pointilles

Tiny dots of color and the building blocks of the pointillist style of painting

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment. Sealed on July 28th, 1919

Greta Garbo

United States film actress (born in Sweden) known for her reclusiveness "handsome actress". In "Fresh and the Devil" she executed a combination of mature, adult sexuality and melancholy sadness. She also did movies "Love" and "A Woman of Affairs"

By the end of the 1920s, who were the three smaller American cinema studios

Universal, Columbia, and United Artists

Marsden Hartley

Was most influenced by the example of Paul Cezanne. He was particularly drawn to the American Southwest. Although Hartley's painterly and curvilinear forms seem far removed from the machine-age art of Demuth and Sheeler, Hartley's work was as formally balanced and orderly as any Classical composition. His painting, "New Mexico Landscape," is a completely natural landscape, rising to a central mountain balanced by two smaller mountains on each side

Why did the center of film decide to be in Los Angeles?

Weather played a role in why they chose there for the movie industry and not Chicago or NYC, 350 days a year of sunshine, perfect for the slow film speeds of the day

"Autobiography" by Williams Carlos Williams

Williams recalls a story that, he said, "marks the exact point in the transition that took place, in the world at that time," in the conception of the modern in American art. The object lesson was plain and simple. Painting was not about copying reality, not about "merely reflecting something already there, inertly," in Williams's words, but to make it new, in the new twentieth-century American landscape. He explained, by recognizing that a picture was "a matter of pigments upon a piece of cloth stretched on a frame. ... It is in the taking of that step over from feeling to the imaginative object, on the cloth, on the page, that defined the term, the modern term—a work of art."

How did Frank Lloyd Wright feel about International Style?

Wright despised both the International Style and Phillip Johnson. But he was included because he was a former student of Louis Sullivan and because Europeans considered him the leader of modern architecture. What he had done, was to open up the interior of the building, to destroy the boxlike features that traditionally defined a room. Abhorred the uniformity that the International Style promoted

What International characteristics does Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater have?

Wright's use of local stone is typical of his unique interpretation of International Style, which resulted in his Prairie Houses. International Style architecture has open interior spaces, thanks to steel-frame construction. Fallingwater has no surface ornamentation added. Its beauty comes from its geometric shapes and lines. One of the walls is entirely made of steel and glass, which is typical of International Style architecture. International Style architecture uses reinforced concrete that allows cantilevering or projecting parts into space without supports below

Paramount, the Famous Players distributor, soon began block-booking its entire yearly output of 50-100 feature film, so that if theaters wanted to show the enormously popular Pickford films, they were forced to watch the films featuring less-well-known stars as well. When theaters resisted this arrangement, what did Zukor do?

Zukor borrowed $10 million from the Wall Street investment banking firm of Kuhn Loeb and bought them, thus gaining control of the entire process of moviemaking, from production to exhibition. Other studios followed suit-Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Fox, and Universal all copied Zukor

Claude Monet

a French painter who used a impressionism called "super-realism," capture overall impression of the thing they were painting. He bought the tract of land adjacent to the river across the railroad tracks from his property in Giverny, the small village on the Seine where he had retreated to in 1883 to escape the urbanization of Paris. It included a pond, which he proceeded to expand, planting it with water lilies and a Japanese bridge. He began to paint the ensemble repeatedly. His friend and neighbor Georges Clemenceau, Prime Minister of France, encouraged him to paint a series of mural-sized versions of paintings, which he agreed to donate to the state. He worked on them continuously for the rest of this life, managing to ignore, as best as he could, the horrors of WWI The paintings verge on abstraction, as if the objective world is about to evaporate into a field of color and paint. "Water Lilies"

Siegfried Bing

a German art dealer in Paris, who was prominent in the introduction of Japanese art and artworks to the West and the development of the Art Nouveau style in the late nineteenth century; art nouveau pavillion at 1900 World's Fair.

call-and-response

a form of music in which a caller, or soloist, raises the song, and the community chorus responds to it

Klezmer music

a type of music of Eastern-European Jewish origin characterized by its oompah, oompah bass sound and the shrill sound of a clarinet

Tom Mix

an American film actor and the star of many early Western movies. Hollywood's first Western star.

Mary Pickford

an actress known as "America's Sweetheart". One of the most important early stars. Starred in feature films such as "The Poor Little Rich Girl" and "Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm". She worked for Adolph Zukor's Famous Players-Lasky Corporation

Gee's Bend Quilts

an indigenous grassroots approach to textile design had been flourishing since the late 19th century, although it would remain completely unknown until William Arnett rediscovered the community and its continuing quilt-making tradition in the late 1990s. In "Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt" Arnett describes the quilts in terms that evoke jazz, that other vernacular form of African-American expression that rose to prominence in the Harlem Renaissance. The quilts take on the shapes and rhythms of the improvisational rural architecture of Gee's Bend itself. Jessie T. Pettway's "Bars and Strong-pieced Columns" quilt

National Urban League

an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities. The league was dedicated to promoting civil right and helping black Americans address the economic and social problems they encountered as they resettled in the North

How did Europeans tend to regard cinema?

as a high art, not necessarily as the crassly commercial product aimed at a low-brow popular audience that characterized most American movies

Hitler's campaign against 'degenerate art'

called it 'un-German'. Said it was Jewish or communist in nature. Deemed it unpure; morally suspect. Esoteric, and not in a good way. He said art requires explanation and therefore it is elitist. Also said art should be easy to understand and needs to express a clear ideology.

What is significant in the colors in Van Gogh's paintings?

color in his paintings became symbolic, charged with feelings. For many viewers and critics, his paintings are the most personally expressive in the history of art, offering unvarnished insights into the painter's unstable psychological state

By the early 1920s, most of the genres that characterized Hollywood production through the 1950s had come into existence. What were these?

comedy; fantasy; adventure; the crime or gangster film; the coming-of-age film; the so-called woman's film, combining romance and family life; romantic drama; the horror film; war films; and the Western chief among them—all, that is, except the musical, which awaited the advent of sound.

Siegfried Kracauer

film theorist. first published "From Caligari to Hitler." Hypothesis- a nation's films reveal its character. "From Caligari to Hitler" was written in the US after he had fled Germany in 1933. It remains one of the most seminal arguments concerning the mass appeal of commercial film and what that appeal reveals about its audience and society as a whole

Why did the rise of the bourgeois middle class prove unsettling?

for its values seemed crassly materialistic, self-centered, and hypocritical

How is Symbolism a revolt against reason?

for to describe the world as it appears is to ignore the subjective experience of human beings-everything from belief and faith to intuition, the creative impulse and the dream world. Symbolism represented a sort of return to spirituality, but without formalized religion, and especially its attendant moral rules. Symbolists practiced a kind of religion of the self, freed of social constraint. What further distinguishes that self from the Romantic self is that it does not meekly seek the truth, even subjective truth-it attempts to create it

What did Alain Leroy Locke argue about each ethnic group in America?

had its own identity, which it was entitled to protect and promote, and this claim to cultural identity need not conflict with the claim to American citizenship

How was Georgia O'Keeffe celebrated?

in 1946, became the first woman to have a one-person retrospective of her work at the Museum of Modern Art. In 1970, when she was 83, the Whitney Museum of American Art staged the largest retrospective of her work to date, introducing it to a new generation of admirers just at the moment that the feminist movement in the United States was taking hold. Finally, in July 1997, 11 years after her death, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum opened its doors in Santa Fe, New Mexico, with a permanent collection of more than 130 O'Keeffe paintings, drawings, and sculptures.

Francis Galton

interested in link between heredity and intelligence; founder of the eugenics movement. He advocated human intervention in evolution, through selective breeding. His theory of eugenics focused on eliminating undesirable and less fit members of society by encouraging the proliferation of intelligent and physically fit humans. His theory emphasized eliminating "inferior: humans through increased breeding of the most fit members of society by means of such state intervention as tax as other incentives. Later his theories mutated into dark ideologies that developed in Nazism in the 20th century

Mahler's Symphony No. 3

is a Dionysian procession, and in the fourth movement is vocal, based on a song written by Nietzsche, the so-called "Drunken Song" from "Thus Spoke Zarathustra"

Entr'acte

is the intermission between parts of a stage production

subtractive process

mixing all colors together creates black, the absence of color

what did Frank Lloyd Wright believe that each house should reflect?

not just its region but also its owner's individuality

Charles Sheeler

painter and photographer. His paintings clearly evidences the impact of photography.

Who are some examples of Post-impression artists?

painters include Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat, and Vincent van Gogh

impasto

painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible

What are the Principles of International Style that were closely related to machines?

pure forms ("architecture as volume rather than mass") without "arbitrary applied ornament" (a slap at Louis Sullivan's Chicago School of architecture), and with severe, flat surfaces in its place

Red Summer

refers to the race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities in the United States during the summer and early autumn of 1919. In most instances, whites attacked African Americans.

Empire Building

refers to the tendency of countries and nations to acquire resources, land, and economic influence outside of their borders in order to expand their size, power, and wealth can be taken away from them so that the Conqueror can be enriched following the belief that a nation can prevent war by arming itself

What was one of the most important and controversial provisions in the Treaty of Versailles?

required "Germany to accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war

chromatic scales

scales that move in half-steps through all the black and white keys on a keyboard

What two studio bands did Louis Armstrong form?

the Hot Five and the Hot Seven

The Holocaust

the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler

What skyscraper did Stieglitz move into?

the Shelton Towers. In the skyscraper, he believed he had discovered the underlying geometry of modernity itself

Who worked for DeBeers Mining Company?

the peoples of southern Africa were diffused and reunited around a diamond mine in the South African Central Plateau, before dispersing, presumably with enough money to buy Western weapons to deal with their enemies. Laborers lived in closed compounds designed to control theft, but were actually closer to prisons. Workers left the compound each morning and returned to it each evening after work, when they were searched for diamonds hidden on their persons.

Prohibition

the period from 1920 to 1933 when the sale of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States by a constitutional amendment

What did the Revolution of 1789 initiate?

this tidal wave of change and advancement that culminates with the displays of the exposition

What did Social Darwinism seem to overturn?

traditional Judeo-Christian and Enlightenment ethics, especially those pertaining to compassion and the sacredness of human life. It seemed to embrace moral relativism, the belief that ethical positions are determined not by universal truths but by social, political, or cultural conditions and to support the superior evolutionary "fitness" and superiority of the Aryan (interpreted to mean Anglo-Saxon) race

Gustav Mahler

was an avid student of Nietzsche's and the influence of the "The Birth of Tragedy". Composed Symphony No. 3 and Symphony No. 1. "The Two Blue Eyes of My Beloved".

additive process

when all primary colors of light are mixed, they create white, which has all the colors in it. This is illustrated when light refracting through the moisture in the air becomes a rainbow

Countee Cullen

wrote "Any Human to Another," "Heritage," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance