module 3

regulates all nonhuman animal care in the US

animal welfare act of 1966

general principles that serve as big picture goals to guide ethical conduct for psychologists

apa ethical principles

10 specific guidelines that must be followed to ensure ethical conduct for psychologists

apa ethical standards

contains ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research

belmont report

part of the belmont report that mandates researchers to minimize harm and maximize benefits for research participants

beneficence

apa ethical principle that mandates protection from harm, based on the welfare and rights of humans and the welfare of animals

beneficence and nonmaleficence

a type of fraud that involves not disclosing when a researcher's perspective or situation may influence the outcome of a study

conflict of interest

when deception is used, debriefing (does/does not) have to occur at a study's termination

does

for vulnerable participants, respect is demonstrated by following stricter protocols in addition to obtaining ___ ___: a process of asking for willingness to participate that is less formal than informed consent

informed assent

process of providing individuals enough information about participation in a research study prior to the beginning of that study in order to allow them to make a voluntary choice to participate

informed consent

a factual document that contains the required informed consent information and may require a participant's signature

informed consent form

independent groups that review nonhuman animal research to ensure that the animals are being treated humanely

institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs)

independent groups that review human subject research to ensure ethical standards are met

institutional review boards (IRBs)

apa ethical principle that focuses on the importance of accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the work of psychologists

integrity

creations of the mind that are considered a product of an individual

intellectual property rights

part of the belmont report and apa ethical principles that instructs researchers to balance selection of participants and beneficiaries of research

justice

personal principles of right and wrong

morality

what was the first code of ethics for researchers?

nuremburg code

use of the words, ideas, processes, or results of others without properly citing the source

plagiarism

the practice of not disclosing personal or identifying information about a participant beyond what is necessary for carrying out the study

privacy and confidentiality

one of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. researchers should consider methods that minimize the number of animals used in the research while maximizing the information acquired

reduction

1. ___ ___ typically publish ethics codes to guide the actions of those who act in a discipline or industry 2. a ___ ___ ___ is needed to produce accurate knowledge while protecting participants

1. professional organizations 2. code of ethics

name 4 members of the IACUC

1. vet 2. scientist with experience in animal research 3. nonscientist 4. nonaffiliated person

The Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals recommends what three strategies for making ethical decisions regarding animal research?

1. replacement 2. refinement 3. reduction

name the 3 parts of the belmont report

1. respect for persons 2. beneficence 3. justice

provides 5 general principles and 10 standards to guide the roles and work of psychology with the goal of upholding human and animal rights

apa ethics code

a common strategy when using deception is to create a ___ ___: a description of what participants will be expected to do and/or what the goal of the research is. --(same/different) from the actual procedure/goals --(does/does not) provide enough information to enable participants to make an informed decision about participating

cover story --different --does

a type of fraud that involves altering research materials, processes, or results so the research recorded or presented is not a true representation of the research

falsification

even after individuals agree to participate in research, they may change their minds and opt out of the project at any point with no negative consequences

right to withdraw

1. IRBs review proposals based on the principles in the ___ ___ 2. they perform a risk-benefit analysis to ensure ___ 3. base membership and procedures on ___ ___ 4. name 4 members of an IRB 5. research (may/may not) be exempt from IRB approval if there aren't human participants 6. minimum risk is involved 7. study involves potential risk and/or vulnerable populations 8. name IRB's 3 responses 9. what is an issue that IRBs include in their review 10. IRBs (should/should not) prevent research bc of potential for controversy

1. belmont report 2. beneficence 3. federal regulations 4. a scientist, member of institution outside the sciences, member of community with no scientific expertise, and one advocate for vulnerable populations 5. may 6. expedited review 7. full review 8. approved, revisions required, and not approved 9. quality of methods 10. should not

name the 5 apa ethical principles.

1. beneficence and nonmaleficence 2. fidelity and responsibility 3. integrity 4. justice 5. respect for people's rights and dignity

1. if you formally sign your name up to participate in a study you (can/cannot) opt out. 2. you (do/do not) have to give a reason for your withdraw 3. if a participant feels uncomfortable after data collection, the researcher (does/does not) have to destroy those data and any of their records

1. can 2. do not 3. does

1. facebook study (did/did not) have informed consent & debriefing 2. they are a private company, so they (do/do not) have to adhere to "Common Rule" 3. what 2 violations did facebook make?

1. did not 2. do not 3. informed consent & right to withdraw

1. when the apa ethics office receives a complaint of ethical misconduct, it undertakes an investigation. depending on the results, what 5 things could happen? 2. what oversees research integrity activities for the federal government? 3. name 4 penalties for misconduct

1. dismiss charge; recommend supervision, education, training or tutorial, evaluation, or treatment; place the member on probation; declare a censure of the member; expel the researcher from membership in the apa 2. office of research integrity 3. correction or retraction of report; publication of the author's name, work, and summary of misconduct; supervision; disbarring or exclusion from access to resources or boards

1. describe the Tuskegee Syphilis study 2. name 4 reasons it was unethical.

1. examined progression of syphilis with 600 Black men 2. no informed consent, never given treatment, no withdraw option, death

name 5 things the informed consent usually provides

1. goal of the research 2. procedures 3. potential risks & benefits 4. right to withdraw 5. researchers' contact info

gene editing: 1. full and complete recipe for all the proteins in humans became known 2. allow scientists to quickly and accurately target specific locations on a DNA molecule where the recipe for a specific protein can be disabled, or where a new recipe can be spliced in to produce a different protein 3. what did He Jiankul do? 4. inherited disorder caused by a mutation in a person's gene that causes production of an abnormal proteins; death of brain cells that doesn't reveal itself until adulthood

1. human genome project 1990 2. CRISPR-Cas9 3. altered genes in twin girls whose dad had HIV 4. Huntingdon's disease

name the 3 apa ethical standards that researchers are more likely to encounter.

1. human relations 2. privacy & confidentiality 3. research & publication

adoption studies: 1. why were robert, eddy, and david separated at birth? 2. how were the families chosen? 3. what were 3 violated standards? 4. it (would/would not) be difficult to replicate this study today

1. investigate nature vs nurture 2. socioeconomic status 3. informed consent, deception/debriefing, IRB approval 4. would

1. describe the milgram obedience study 2. why was the milgram obedience study a series of demonstration instead of an experiment? 3. punish someone with volts every time they got one wrong when teaching a learner to memorize word pairs 4. how many obeyed the researcher and gave maximum shock? 5. what does the milgram obedience study demonstrate? 6. what did milgram argue in result of his study?

1. made people think they were shocking others and tested obedience to authority 2. experiments require manipulation of an IV 3. experiment 5 4. 65% 5. many people are willing to obey destructive orders that conflict with moral principles and commit acts they wouldn't otherwise carry out on their own initiative 6. once we have accepted the right of an authority to direct our actions, we relinquish responsibility to that person and allow them to define for us what is right & wrong

name the 10 apa ethical standards.

1. resolving ethical issues 2. competence 3. human relations 4. privacy and confidentiality 5. advertising and other public statements 6. record keeping and fees 7. education and training 8. research and publication 9. assessment 10. therapy

1. t or f? sometimes risk is unavoidable, but as long as you let people know it's okay 2. apa has (same/different) principles as belmont report 3. belmont report says no ___(bribery) 4. what is one difference between belmont report & apa standards? 5. what is the difference between fidelity/responsibility & integrity? 6. lying to participants about purpose 7. leaving something out about study

1. true 2. same 3. coercion 4. belmont=beneficence; apa=beneficence + nonmaleficence 5. f/r=relationships & conflicts of interest; integrity=info accuracy 6. commission 7. omission

following a study's completion, researchers provide participants correct information about the study's purpose and rationale

debriefing

when the information initially provided to participants in a research study is incomplete or inaccurate in order to prevent participants from knowing the true purpose of the study

deception

set of principles agreed upon by a group

ethics

a type of fraud that involves making up data or results and reporting them

fabrication

apa ethical principle that suggests that psychologists build trust, conduct their business professionally, cooperate with others, and provide responsible services

fidelity and responsibility

misinterpretation of facts; lying

fraud

one of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. researchers should use procedures that minimize harm and enhance the well-being of the animals used in research

refinement

one of three strategies recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals for ethical decision making in animal research. researchers should consider methods that avoid using vertebrate animals

replacement

there are enough details and transparency in all steps of the research process that other researchers could replicate the study on their own

replicability

apa ethical principle that emphasizes respect, dignity, and worth of individuals, independent of their differences, guaranteeing privacy & confidentiality

respect for people's rights and dignity

part of the belmont report that dictates researchers must treat individuals as autonomous agents and provide protection for those with diminished autonomy

respect for persons

procedure an institutional review board uses for deciding if the potential harm of a research study outweighs the benefits of the research outcome

risk-benefit analysis

when participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to what they think should be the answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

when participants try to guess the true purpose of a study, they may change their response to avoid sharing something they feel may make them look bad

social desirability

three strategies for making ethical decisions regarding animal research including replacement, refinement, and reduction

three r's

how can you code personal information?

use numbers such as "Respondent #246"