Module 4 exam review

Decreased level of oxygen

The health care provider is concerned that a client may be at risk for problems with cerebral blood flow. The most important data to assess would be:

sugar

Glucocorticoids

salt

mineralcorticoids

tonic-clonic seizure

muscle contraction and loss of consciousness

myoclonic seizure

muscles of the face, trunk, extremities contract

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a cerebral vessel ruptures and there is bleeding in the brain (hypertension)

sex

sex hormone

Alzheimer's disease

subtle onset of memory loss that is progressive

diabetes damages

the brain, vessels of the heart, nerve vessels (neuropathy)

regulate body functions

Hormones are chemical messengers that provide which function in the body?

Cellulitis

Infection of skin cells

Interneurons

Neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons are known as which of the following?

The ability to cross the cell membrane of target cells

Thyroid and steroid hormones, which exert their effect on target cells by way of nuclear receptors, have which of the following characteristics?

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

diabetes

disorder of carbohydrates type 1 or 2

absence seizure

disturbances in consciousness (can't drive for 6 months)

pedis

feet

Astrocytic

There are two main categories of glial tumors. One of the categories is:

macular degeneration

loss of central vision

Melanoma

-skin cancer -too much sun is the cause -cancerous tumor of melanocytes

Hyporthyroidism

-underactive thyroid gland -some thyroid hormone but not enough -weight gain, edema, fatigue, muscle weakness, hair loss, dry skin, constipation, cold intolerance, Hashimoto's thyroiditis -TSH increase and T3 and T4 decrease

Adrenal Gland Disorders

1. Cushing's Syndrome 2. Addison's Disease

a tonic-clonic seizure

A 26 year-old female is resting after a 1-minute episode during which she lost consciousness while her muscles contracted and extremities extended. This was followed by rhythmic contraction and relaxation of her extremities. On regaining consciousness, she found herself to have been incontinent of urine. What has the woman most likely experienced?

"I must avoid all candies and cookies, but can eat unlimited amounts of pasta and breads."

A client diagnosed with type 2 diabetes has been instructed about managing his condition with diet. The nurse determines further teaching is necessary when the client states:

"Thrombolytics may cause cerebral hemorrhage."

A client discharged from the hospital 5 days ago following a stroke has come to the emergency department with facial droop that progressed with hemiplegia and aphasia. The client's spouse is extremely upset because the physician stated that the client cannot receive thrombolytic medications to reestablish cerebral circulation and the spouse asks the nurse why. What is the nurse's most accurate response?

type 2 diabetes

-Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production. -insulin resistant -adult onset diabetes usually > than 40 years old

Hyperthyroidism

-TSH decrease and T3 and T4 increases -hypertension, fast, agitated, hyperactive reactions, lose weight

type 1 diabetes mellitus

-diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival -as a child or up to 40 -no to very little insulin that is produced

Cushing's syndrome

-hypersecretion of cortisol -too much sugar, salt, sex -buffalo hump neck

Maturity of the visual system at time of onset.

Amblyopia, or lazy eye, occurs at a time when visual deprivation or abnormal binocular interactions occur in visual infancy. Whether amblyopia is reversible depends on which factor?

FAST

Face, Arm, Speech, Time

Inattention

Following a head injury on the football field, the medical team is concerned because the athlete is showing this earliest sign of decreased level of consciousness?

petechiae

For which common manifestation of acute meningococcal meningitis should the school nurse be assessing students?

premotor cortex

More complex patterns of movements such as throwing a ball or picking up a fork, are controlled by which portion of the frontal lobe?

Thyroid hormones

T3, T4, free T4, and TSH

Decorticate posturing

The nurse is caring for a 31-year-old trauma victim admitted to the neurologic intensive care unit. While doing the initial assessment, the nurse finds that the client is flexing the arms, wrists, and fingers. There is adduction of the upper extremities with internal rotation and plantar flexion of the lower extremities. How would the nurse describe this in the notes?

-Flaccid paralysis of extremities -Pain -Loss of tendon reflexes

The nurse is caring for a client with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Which clinical manifestations are expected with this diagnosis? Select all that apply.

stupor

The nurse taking a report on a client coming into the emergency room plans care for a client with brain dysfunction based on which symptom?

Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia

What are the hallmark signs of diabetes mellitus?

Erythropoietin

When caring for a client with anemia and a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), the nurse recognizes which of these hormones will stimulate the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs?

Anterior pituitary gland

When discussing luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone with students, the instructor will emphasize that these hormones are under the control of:

has a prolonged absorption rate and provides a relatively constant concentration for 12-24 hours.

When educating a client about glargine, the nurse should explain that this medication:

Feedback

When sensors detect a change in a hormone level, the hormonal response is regulated by which mechanism that will return the level to within normal range?

Pressure from a sharp object

When testing nociceptive stimuli to elicit a withdrawal reflex in the body, what stimuli are commonly used?

A middle-aged overweight adult with a fasting plasma glucose level of 122 with follow-up OGTT of 189 mg/dL (10.49 mmol/L).

Which client would be considered to be exhibiting manifestations of "prediabetes"?

brain and spinal cord

Which components of the nervous system make up the central nervous system?

postictal state of seizure

after seizure urinate during this phase protect airway

skin shear

an internal force caused when surfaces slide across each other, causing a twisting and tearing of the underlying blood vessels; can lead to tissue ischemia and localized tissue death

eyes

are the target organ of hypertension and diabetes

clonic seizure

bilateral, symmetric, rhythmic muscle contractions

Parkinson's disease symptoms

bradykinesia (slow in movement), shuffling gait, pill rolling with hands, blank facial expression, resting tremors, muscle rigidity

exophthalmos

bulging eyes

ischemic stroke

clot forms in brain (blockage)

polyphagia

excessive hunger

polydipsia

excessive thirst

polyuria

excessive urination

TIA

transient ischemic attack (mini stroke) warning sign to a stroke, stroke like symptoms that resolve quickly

Tonic seizure

voluntary muscles of the legs and arms contract

Parkinson's disease

A degrative neurological disorder caused by atrophy in the substantia nigra (basal ganglia structure in the midbrain) leading to a lack of dopamine.

Microalbuminuria

A diabetic client was visiting the endocrinologist for annual checkup. The clients blood work reveals an increased of which lab result that reveals early signs of diabetic nephropathy.

Hypoglycemia

A man is brought into the emergency department by paramedics who state that the client passed out on the street. The man smells of alcohol, and when roused says he has not eaten since yesterday. He is wearing a medic alert bracelet that says he is a diabetic. What would the nurse suspect as a diagnosis?

Coma

A nurse on a neurology unit is assessing a female brain-injured client. The client is unresponsive to speech, and her pupils are dilated and do not react to light. She is breathing regularly but her respiratory rate is 45 breaths per minute. In response to a noxious stimulus, her arms and legs extend rigidly. What is her level of impairment?

encephalitis

A teenager, exposed to West Nile virus a few weeks ago while camping with friends, is admitted with headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. The teenager is also displaying some lethargy and disorientation. The nurse knows which medical diagnosis listed below may be associated with these clinical manifestations?

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A client reveals that, when in bed, changes in head position cause brief periods of vertigo, usually lasting less than 1 minute. Which condition is the client most likely experiencing?

Glycosylated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

A client tells the health care provider that he has been very compliant over the last 2 months in the management of his diabetes. The best diagnostic indicator that would support the client's response would be:

Placement of a shunt

A client's recent computed tomography (CT) scan has revealed the presence of hydrocephalus. Which treatment measure is most likely to resolve this health problem?

-The medication will be given by subcutaneous injection. -Interferon beta alters your immune response.

A client has started on interferon beta for treatment of multiple sclerosis. What should the nurse include in the teaching? Select all that apply.

vasogenic edema

A client in the intensive care unit who has a brain tumor has experienced a sharp decline. The care team suspects that water and protein have crossed the blood-brain barrier and been transferred from the vascular space into the client's interstitial space. Which diagnosis best captures this pathophysiology?

Addison's disease

-occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone -hypo (not enough) -not enough sugar, salt, sex

detached retina

-separation of the retina from the choroid in the back of the eye; can be caused by injury, tumor, or hemorrhage -looks like a curtain is closing -need to report to ER if happens

A young female client who has been trying to get pregnant

A client exhibiting problems with her thyroid has been scheduled for a radioactive scan. From the following list of clients, which would the nurse question as to whether this would be a safe procedure for this client?

Random blood glucose 85 mg/dL (4.72 mmol/L)

A woman in her 28th week of pregnancy tests positive for gestational diabetes mellitus and begins to follow a nutritional plan at home. What result at the follow-up visit indicates a successful outcome?

Atherosclerotic lesions in cerebral vessels

An older adult is brought to the emergency department after experiencing some confusion, slurred speech, and a weak arm. Now the client is back to acting normally. Suspecting a transient ischemic attack (TIA), the health care provider prescribes diagnostic testing looking for which cause of this episode?

protect the client from injury

As the nurse is performing a physical assessment of a client, the client begins to have seizure activity including loss of consciousness and limb jerking. The nurse's priority is to:

frontal lobe

During a late night study session, a pathophysiology student reaches out to turn the page of her textbook. Which component of her nervous system contains the highest level of control of her arm and hand action?

hyperglycemia

During periods of fasting and starvation, the glucocorticoid and other corticosteroid hormones are critical for survival because of their stimulation of gluconeogenesis by the liver. When the glucocorticoid hormones remain elevated for extended periods of time, what can occur?

The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the metabolic rate.

The nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism about the function of the thyroid. Which statement about the role of the thyroid gland is most accurate?

autoimmune

The nurse knows that type 1 diabetes mellitus results from destruction of the pancreatic beta cells by two mechanisms. The mechanism for type 1A diabetes is _______ destruction.

Glaucoma

The nursing student who is studying pathophysiology correctly identifies the condition that characteristically has an increase in the aqueous humor that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. What is this disease called?

Beta cells

The pancreas is an endocrine organ that is composed of the acini and the islets of Langerhans. The islets of Langerhans have alpha, beta, and delta cells as well as the PP cell. Which cells secrete insulin?

Stimulation tests

The physician suspects a client may be experiencing hypofunction of an endocrine organ. Select the most appropriate test to determine organ function.

60 mm Hg

The regulation of cerebral blood flow is accomplished through both autoregulation and local regulation. This allows for the brain to meet its metabolic needs. What is the low parameter for arterial blood pressure before cerebral blood flow becomes severely compromised?

Autocrine

The release of insulin from the pancreatic beta cells can inhibit further release of insulin from the same cells. This is an example of which type of hormone action?

Muscle position

The somatosensory system consists of three types of sensory neurons. The special somatic type of afferent sensory neurons has receptor that sense:

Pituitary

Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones?

myelinated fibers

Which is the primary component of white matter?

Fall Precautions

Which nursing intervention is the highest priority intervention for a nurse caring for a 26-year-old client diagnosed with benign paroxysmal positional vertigo?

Glucose

Which substance provides the majority of the fuel needs of the neurologic system?

presbyopia

Which visual deficit is a clinician justified in attributing to the normal aging process?

Vertigo

While assessing a client with suspected Ménière disease, the nurse would expect which clinical manifestation?

Following a meal that was high in carbohydrates, a person's blood glucose elevates, which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.

While discussing the regulation of hormone levels, the instructor gives an example of hormones regulated by feedback mechanisms. Which example of this regulation is best?

Sebum secreted by the sebaceous glands

While lecturing about frostbite, the instructor asks the students, "Which substance prevents undue evaporation from the stratum corneum during the cold winter weather which then helps conserve body heat?" The most correct student answer is:

Promotes glucose uptake and increase the synthesis of certain proteins involved in fat metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of lipids.

While reviewing the concept of nuclear receptors with a group of pathophysiology students, the instructor uses the example of clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus taking pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione medication. Because of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the drug has which effect on the clients' diabetes?

migraine headaches

food triggered-chocolate, stress, and menstrual cycle

tinea pedis

fungal infection of the foot; athlete's foot

tinea capitis

fungal infection of the scalp

Meniere's disease

gives the person vertigo, ringing of the ear

capitis

head

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

Conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)

otitis externa

inflammation of the outer ear

aphasia

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage. (expressive aphasia

atonic seizure

loss of muscle tone

Glaucoma

loss of outside vision but can see central

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar