Module 4

Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude:

"Patricia recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."

A person who has agoraphobia is most likely to

avoid being outside his or her house

Naseeb disagrees with his classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Naseeb is MOST likely to conform to his classmates' opinion if he

believes that the rest of the class is unanimous in their opinion.

The treatment of depression with ECT and medication best illustrates

biomedical therapy

The most likely people to be diagnosed with ADHD are

children

The level of obedience in the Milgram experiments was highest when the "teacher" was ________ the experimenter.

close to

Although Ethan is actually doing very well in college, he feels depressed and academically incompetent. His therapist has instructed him to explain in writing how his good grades resulted from his own hard work and personal abilities. This therapeutic procedure is most characteristic of ________ therapy.

cognitive

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

Aaron Beck has used gentle questioning intended to reveal depressed clients' irrational thinking. His therapeutic approach best illustrates

cognitive therapy

ADHD is most clearly characterized by

distractibility

Norby, an 18-year-old college freshman, has missed almost all his classes during the past month. He spends most of his time in his bedroom, frequently not even bothering to get dressed or eat meals. He thinks his whole life has been a failure and blames himself for being a social misfit. Norby is most likely suffering from

major depressive disorder

The experiments on conformity conducted by Asch showed that approximately of _____ participants conformed to the group behavior.

one third

Mental health workers are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it is

personally distressful

Margarita has offered her neighbor to watch her children because when Margarita was sick last year, her neighbor watched Margarita's two young girls for several days. Margarita's behavior is an example of

reciprocity norm

Research has shown that depression can result in the

reduction of new neutrons in the hippocampus

To a psychoanalyst, a patient's hesitation to free associate is most likely a sign of

resistance

The repeated association of pleasant relaxing states with stimuli that arouse fear is a central feature of

systematic desensitization

Manuel is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when he is with other people that he often misses his college classes just to avoid social interactions. Manuel appears to suffer from

social phobia

After giving in to his friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she could not resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience best illustrates

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Describe the experiment on obedience conducted by Stanley Milgram. Please also include the main findings of the experiment.

Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment on obedience to authority. The volunteered participant would be paired with another person. They would draw to find out who is the "teacher" and "learner" in the situation. The draw was fixed to make sure that the participate was chosen to be the "teacher". Milgram was interested in researching how far people would go in obeying an instructan if it involved harming a person. The learner and teacher were then placed in two different rooms. The learner was hooked onto a machine that would send volts out to the body which was controlled by the teacher. The teacher was told to send a shock whenever the learner made a mistake. The learner was given questions to answer, and with the experiment the learner would purposely answer some of them wrong. The findings were: 1) That ordinary people tended to follow orders given by authority 2) People tended to listen to authority if they were familiar or recognized them for being good, as in morally good.

Principles derived from psychologists' understanding of classical conditioning have most directly influenced the development of

behavior therapies

Idira, a third-grade teacher, frequently suffers from trembling, heart palpitations and worries about her family, finances, and the future. Her behavior is most indicative of

generalized anxiety disorder

Alexa is reporting that she hears voices in her head that no one else can hear. These symptoms are an example of

hallucinations

A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates

the fundamental attribution error

Mr. Phillips has recently begun to express feelings of hostility and resentment toward his therapist, who is consistently friendly, caring, and helpful. A psychoanalyst would most likely consider Mr. Phillips's hostility to be an example of

transference

free association involves the

uncensored reporting of any thoughts that come to mind.