Module 4: Problem Set- Patho

What is an inotrope?

An inotropic influence is one that increases the strength of the muscular contraction

What are the natural and drug therapy anticoagulants?

Antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, warfarin, heparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban

what can CAD cause

CAD leads to myocardial ischemia and angina, myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiac arrhythmias, conduction defects, heart failure, and sudden death

what is cardiac contractility?

Cardiac contractility is the ability of the heart to change its force of contraction without changing it resting (diastolic) length

what are xanthomas?

Cholesterol deposits along the skin and tendons in extremely elevated hyperlipidemia

what are the five types of lipoproteins? Which one is the goof and bad cholesterol?

Chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL is good LDL is bad cholesterol

what are the current stages of hypertension?

Currently, normal blood pressure is defined as less than 120/80. Elevated blood pressure is < 130/80; hypertension stage 1 is < 140/90; and hypertension stage 2 is > 140/90.

What are the most common causes of inherited disorders of hyper-coagulability?

Factor V gene and prothrombin gene

What is vitamin K needed to synthesize?

Factors II, VII, IX, prothrombin, and protein C

How can anemias be classified according to size and color?

Normochromic= normal color hypochromic= decresed color Red cells can also vary in size; normocytic= normal size microcytic= small cells macrocytic= large cells

Hemodynamic or blood flow is affected. by what factors?

Pressure, resistance, flow, radius, blood viscosity, compliance, wall tension

What is peripheral vascular resistance?

The collective resistance of all the vessels in the peripheral circulation

What is cardiac output?

The efficiency of the heart's pump is measured by the cardiac output. The cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute. It is the product of the stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR). CO = SV x HR.

Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. The intrinsic pathway begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes, considered the slower process. The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds and begins with the release of tissue thromboplastin from the sub-endothelial cells. Both pathways converge to activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both methods are needed for successful hemostasis.

what is mean arterial pressure?

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average pressure in the arterial system during ventricular contraction and relaxation. It is a good indicator of tissue perfusion. MAP= CO x PVR

What is the function of blood?

To transport materials to and from the body's cells

What are the three stages of hemostasis?

Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation

what is neutropenia and what are people who have it at risk for?

a decrease in the number of neutrophils to less than 1000 /µL; they are at risk for infections

What is afterload?

afterload is the pressure the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta.

what causes coronary artery disease (CAD)?

atherosclerosis

what are the major risk factors of CAD?

cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure, elevated serum total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, low serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, diabetes, advancing age, abdominal obesity, and physical inactivity

what is atherosclerosis and what is it a major risk factor of?

hardening of the arteries hyperlipidemia

What causes cardiogenic shock?

myocardial infarction, myocardial contusion, sustained arrhythmias, or cardiac surgery

What is preload?

preload is the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been filled and represents the volume work of the heart.

what are acquired or secondary factors of hypercoagulability?

prolonged bed rest and immobility, myocardial infarction, cancer, hyperestrogenic states, oral contraceptives, smoking, and obesity

where does lipoprotein synthesis take place?

small intestine and the liver

what are the 2 different ways heart failure can be defined

systolic vs diastolic failure and right vs left heart failure

What is cardiogenic shock?

the heart fails to pump blood sufficiently to meet the body's needs

what is thrombocytopenia?

the term to describe a reduction in platelet number, of less than 150,00/µL

what is thrombocytosis?

thrombocytosis is define as an elevated platelet count above 450,00/µL