Module 47 Questions

A person with very high self-esteem is likely to _____________ than a person with low self-esteem. a. be more shy b. have fewer sleepless nights c. give up when faced with a difficult task d. be more easily swayed by pressures to conform

b. have fewer sleepless nights

He proposed the social-cognitive perspective. a. Freud b. Maslow c. Rogers d. Bandura

d. Bandura

Your 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to: a. feel what the spotlight effect is like. b. commit the self-serving bias. c. focus on others. d. try out many possible selves.

d. try out many possible selves.

According to your textbook, several studies have shown that ____ percent of business managers and more than _____ percent of college professors rated their performance as superior to that of their average peer. a. 90; 90 b. 80; 90 c. 60; 90 d. 70; 90

a. 90; 90

Card players who attribute their wins to their own skill and their losses to bad luck best illustrate: a. a self-serving bias. b. reciprocal determinism. c. unconditional positive regard. d. the spotlight effect.

a. a self-serving bias.

Professor Halasa perceives shy, inhibited styles of behavior to be the interactive outcome of cultural expectations, autonomic nervous system reactivity, and unconscious thought processes. The professor's views best illustrate a(n) ________ approach. a. biopsychosocial b. trait c. humanistic d. evolutionary

a. biopsychosocial

If the self-serving bias is evident in the way an athlete explains her success or failure, she might: a. blame her failure on bad officiating. b. explain her success in terms of the other team's bad luck. c. blame her failure on her own abilities. d. explain the other team's success in terms of its superiority.

a. blame her failure on bad officiating.

Compared with those having high self-esteem, individuals with low self-esteem are likely to: a. feel anxious and lonely. b. express unconditional positive regard. c. show off to get attention. d. repress distressing memories.

a. feel anxious and lonely.

Amber imagines the self she wants to be—a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. She also imagines the self she fears becoming—a homeless person, lonely, and unemployed. These visions reflect the concept of: a. possible selves. b. the self-serving bias. c. reciprocal determinism. d. the spotlight effect.

a. possible selves.

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich termed this: a. the spotlight effect. b. reciprocal determinism. c. the false consensus effect. d. unrealistic optimism.

a. the spotlight effect.

When Tyree notices that he had spilled coffee on his new shirt, Tyree overestimated that other people at the meeting would notice. Tyree's reaction best illustrates: a. the spotlight effect. b. the self-reference phenomenon. c. reciprocal determinism. d. the Barnum effect.

a. the spotlight effect.

When a student perceives himself as less likely to develop drinking problems or drop out of school than his average classmate, he is illustrating: a. unrealistic optimism. b. the spotlight effect. c. the false consensus effect. d. the Barnum effect.

a. unrealistic optimism.

_____ emphasized the interaction among behavior, conscious cognitive processes, and social experiences in his personality theory called _____. a. Sigmund Freud; psychoanalysis b. Albert Bandura; social-cognitive theory c. Raymond Cattell; the five-factor model d. Carl Rogers; humanistic psychology

b. Albert Bandura; social-cognitive theory

Carl learns that he failed an exam. His self-esteem is temporarily lowered, and he is more likely to: a. be extra critical about his wife's cooking. b. Carl is likely to do all of these things. c. express some underlying racial prejudice. d. make disparaging comments about his mother-in-law.

b. Carl is likely to do all of these things.

There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences; that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a: a. developmental approach. b. biopsychosocial approach. c. psychoanalytic approach. d. deterministic approach.

b. biopsychosocial approach.

Researchers attempt to understand personality using biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. Analysis at the psychological level is especially likely to emphasize the importance of: a. reactive temperament. b. expectations and interpretations. c. ethnic background. d. erogenous zones.

b. expectations and interpretations.

In a study, researchers temporarily deflated the self-image of participants by telling them they did poorly on a test. The participants were more likely to: a. disparage themselves. b. express heightened racial prejudice. c. hide their racial prejudice. d. downplay their own intelligence.

b. express heightened racial prejudice.

People with high self-esteem are LESS likely than those with low self-esteem to: a. overestimate the accuracy of their beliefs. b. give in to conformity pressures. c. manifest self-serving bias. d. be persistent at difficult tasks.

b. give in to conformity pressures.

The _____________ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior. a. trait b. social-cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. humanistic

b. social-cognitive

According to the social-cognitive perspective, our _________________ is influenced by our biology, our social experiences, and our cognition and personality. a. development b. deterministic approach c. behavior d. biopsychosocial approach

c. behavior

If children's positive self-esteem is largely a consequence rather than a cause of their successful accomplishments, parents would be best advised to enable their children to: a. develop defensive self-esteem. b. recognize that positive self-esteem inhibits self-serving bias. c. effectively surmount challenges and achieve success. d. experience positive self-esteem regardless of how well or how poorly they perform.

c. effectively surmount challenges and achieve success.

When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may: a. retreat. b. seek out explanations for their errors. c. react violently. d. be less likely to criticize others.

c. react violently.

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates: a. unconditional positive regard. b. the self-reference phenomenon. c. reciprocal determinism. d. the spotlight effect.

c. reciprocal determinism.

James attributes his failing grade in chemistry to an unfair final exam. His attitude illustrates: a. an internal locus of control. b. reciprocal determinism. c. unconditional positive regard. d. a self-serving bias.

d. a self-serving bias.

According to Albert Bandura, reciprocal determinism involves multidirectional influences among: a. thoughts, emotions, and actions. b. self-concept, self-actualization, and self-transcendence. c. the id, ego, and superego. d. behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.

d. behaviors, internal personal factors, and environmental events.

People with high self-esteem have feelings of high self-worth and tend to: a. have more sleepless nights. b. succumb more often to pressure to conform. c. give up when faced with a difficult task. d. persist when faced with a difficult task.

d. persist when faced with a difficult task.

Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people, and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. But in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of: a. attributional style. b. linguistic determinism. c. social loafing. d. reciprocal determinism.

d. reciprocal determinism.

In Western psychology, the ___________ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality. a. unconscious b. human soul c. id d. self

d. self

Our subjective belief about our ability to meet the demands of a particular situation is called: a. displacement. b. sublimation. c. self-actualization. d. self-efficacy.

d. self-efficacy.

Your friend is giving a speech tomorrow and is worried because she just got an unflattering haircut. She is convinced everyone will stare at her bangs and discuss her unattractive hair. Her overestimation of people's reactions is known as: a. the self-serving bias. b. attributional style. c. the Barnum effect. d. the spotlight effect.

d. the spotlight effect.