Module 6

Which is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body?

the femur

What is intramembranous ossification?

the formation of bone from fibrous membranes

Which of the following best describes the process shown in the figure?

the formation of bone in a membrane

Which of the following bones is NOT part of pectoral girdle?

the humerus

Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones?

the maxilla

A fracture of which structure is commonly referred to as "breaking your hip"?

the neck of the femur

Which bone or pair of bones forms the superior portion of the cranium?

the parietal bones

How are the male and female pelvises different?

the pelvic inlet is heart shaped in the male

What structures develop as a result of gravity acting on the skeleton after birth?

the secondary curvatures

Which of the following is NOT a facial bone?

the spheniod bone

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the orbit?

the temporal bone

Which joint allows a side-to-side movement called lateral excursion?

the temporomandibular joint

Which forearm bone(s) contribute(s) most heavily to the elbow joint?

the ulna

Which of the following bones do NOT contain a paired paranasal sinus?

the zygomatic bones

During cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it is important to place the compression hands over the sternal body but not over the xiphoid process so that _________.

there is little risk of physically damaging the heart

Which of the following best describes all of the joints in this figure?

they are immovable

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the parietal bones?

they form the base of the skull

To what region of the vertebral column does this vertebra belong?

thoracic

A Pott's fracture could result in damage to all of the following except ____________.

tibial condyle

What bone-associated structures in panel C are indicated by the arrow?

trabeculae

What part of this vertebra is indicated by the letter B?

transverse process

Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment?

trochanter

Despite having an actual articulation with the humerus, the hinge-like action at the elbow is NOT dependent on the radius.

true

Flat bones consist of spongy bone sandwiched between compact bone. Is this statement true or false?

true

The collagen in the osteoid bone matrix makes the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing flexibility. Is this statement true or false?

true

The main role of the axial skeleton is to protect and support vital organs. Is this statement true or false?

true

Which of the following is a characteristic of the bone material at D but NOT of the material at B?

vascularity

Name the bone feature identified by the letter D.

vertebral foramen

How many lumbar vertebrae are there in a typical adult skeleton?

5

Which of the following pairings of letter to bone is INCORRECT?

A; parietal

Which of the following statements is true?

After 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.

Which of the following areas/bones would absorb the impact of walking when a foot first touches the ground during a normal stride?

D

Which of the following is the only bone that normally moves in relation to the others?

D

Which of the labeled parts of the bone is composed primarily of compact bone?

D

Which of the following statements is correct?

If a joint can exhibit extension, abduction, and rotation, then it is triaxial.

Which of these terms best categorizes the joints in the figure?

cartilaginous joints

The blood vessels and nerve in the figure are found within which type of space?

central (haversain) canal

What element of intervertebral disc fibrocartilage gives it its ability to resist stretching?

collagen fibers

Which of the following are correctly matched?

compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin

Which of these important processes is found on the highlighted bone?

coronoid process

Which of these bones aligns with the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms to form the four distal tarsals?

cuboid

The main reason the hip joint is stable is because of the __________.

deep socket of the joint and strong capsular ligaments

Which of the following is a bone marking of the humerus?

deltoid tuberosity

Since a Colles' fracture can occur when a falling person attempts to break the fall with outstretched hands, an X ray will typically show that, at the site of the fracture, the hand is displaced in a ____________ direction.

dorsal

Which of the following terms describes the range of movement of the illustrated joint?

dyarthrotic

Which bone-forming process is shown in the figure?

endochondral ossification

Because of its large bony connection to the thoracic bones, the pectoral girdle is very stable. Is this statement true or false?

false

Each of the 12 ribs articulates with one vertebrae. Is this statement true or false?

false

The most important factor in joint stability is the depth of the articular surface.

false

What material is found in C and D that is not found in A and B?

fibrocartilage

Using the structural classification, what type of joint is a suture?

fibrous joint

All three joints in the figure are classified as __________.

fibrous joints

What joint's actions may take place at the elbow from its current position?

flex and pronate

Which movement decreases the angle between articulating bones?

flexion

What is the most specific term you could apply to the rib at D?

floating rib

Name the foramen at letter C.

foramen magnum

Osteoblasts __________.

form new bone

What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture?

formation of a hematoma

If a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent ________.

forward sliding of the tibia on the femur

Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________

hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

Sprains indicate damage to what joint component?

ligaments

The arrows in B and C point to structures that can both be described as __________.

ligaments

Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light?

osteoporosis

Synovial joints are classified into six main categories based on __________.

shape pf articular surfaces

Which joint has sacrificed stability to provide great freedom of movement?

shoulder

Which of the following are correctly paired?

synchondrosis; a plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones

Which of the following represents a structural classification for joints that are separated by a joint cavity?

synovial

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

osteon

Identify the bone(s) that form(s) the majority of the hard palate and a keystone bone of the face.

A

Identify the group of bones known as the phalanges.

A

On which bone is the greater sciatic notch located?

A

Which joint in the figure is capable of multiaxial movement?

A

Which letter represents the cervical curvature?

A

Which of the joints will eventually develop into a synostosis?

A

Which of these curvatures on the spine are NOT present at birth but develop later?

A and C

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located?

B

Which joint moves only by a uniaxial movement around its own axis?

B

Which letter represents the lateral epicondyle?

B

Which structure in the figure is the primary area of degeneration in osteoarthritis?

B

Which of the following is one difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?

Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs wedged between adjacent structures, while tendon sheaths are elongated fibrous sacs that wrap around tendons.

What part of the femur articulates with the patella?

D

What part of this bone articulates with the ulna?

D

Pregnant women may experience an exaggerated lordosis, or swayback. Which curvature is affected during pregnancy?

C

Which of the designated bones articulates with both the vomer and the nasal bones?

C

Which step in the figure contains compact bone?

D

Which of the following statements is true?

Endochondral ossification converts hyaline cartilage "bone" models into true bones (i.e., hyaline cartilage serves as a template for bone formation).

Which of the following is a hinge joint?

F

Which of the following is true regarding the structure indicated by the arrow in Figure A?

It becomes ossified late in adult development.

Why is the rib at B considered a true rib?

It passes from the vertebral column to the sternum via its own costal cartilage

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Long bones include all limb bones except the patella

Name the highlighted bone(s).

Mandible

Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT?

Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts.

Which of the following pairings is correct?

Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption

Which of the following statements is true?

Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption.

Which statement about the knee is INCORRECT?

The deep cups created by the tibial condyles help to stabilize the joint.

Which of the following is true about the shoulder joint?

The glenohumeral joint is more mobile, making it less stable.

Which of the following statements is true?

The ilium is the most proximal bone in the lower appendicular skeleton.

Old age affects many parts of the skeleton. Which of the following is NOT associated with old age?

The mandible continues to grow and thicken

Which statement is NOT true about the osteon?

The osteon absorbs stress in all directions equally.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

The pelvic outlet is narrower in a female than in a male.

Which of the following statements is true?

The radius is the lateral bone in the forearm.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the future actions of the vessels in the medullary cavity and the vessels in the epiphyses of the bone?

They will grow and encourage bone formation until the epiphyseal plate eventually ossifies.

Which event has to precede all others during endochondral ossification?

a cartilage model is formed

Which of the following is NOT an example of a fibrous joint?

a symphisis

Which of the following diseases would most likely be associated with a disorder at A?

achondroplasia

Which of the following is the major component of the part of the bone labeled E?

adipose tissue

Which of the following refers to a joint that is slightly movable?

amphiarthrosis

What would be the physical sign that a bone CANNOT continue longitudinal growth?

an epiphyseal line

Which of the following persons is the least likely to develop "flat feet" as an adult?

an olympic sprinter

The structures in the figure collectively form which structural unit of bone?

an osteon

Which of the following is a feature of synovial joints?

bone ends covered with hyaline cartilage

The __________ is the only bone in the body that does NOT directly articulate with any other bone

hyoid bone

Which of the following ligaments prevents the tibia from sliding forward in the knee joint?

anterior cruciate ligament

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter C?

appostitional growth

Structures C and D collectively form which of the following?

articular capsule

To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone's ________.

articular tubercle

Which structure is seen at the arrow?

bone collar

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter D?

bone resorption

Which of the following bones are part of the axial skeleton?

bones of the face

During bone growth, which event is most significant at the surface indicated by the letter B?

calcification of the cartilage matrix

Which hormone is NOT matched with its appropriate function?

calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels

Which of the following substances is NOT a component of the osteoid material secreted by the cells indicated by the arrow in panel A?

calcium

A joint held together by fibrocartilage would be classified as a __________ joint.

cartilaginous

Which of the following is NOT a functional classification for joints?

cartilaginous

Which type of movement does NOT occur at the shoulder joint?

gliding

Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling?

glucagon

Bones do NOT have a role in __________.

glycogen production

What is the bone feature at A?

greater trochanter

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________.

growth hormone

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________.

hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling

When you hit your elbow and say that you hit your "funny bone," you have actually hit a nerve that runs across the bone surface. Over which bone can this nerve be found?

humerus

The area where blood vessels are penetrating the center of the bone used to be occupied by which tissue?

hyaline cartilage

The structure indicated by the arrow is composed primarily of what tissue?

hyaline cartilage

What material makes up most of the structure at A?

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is NOT a distinguishing feature of a synovial joint?

hyaline cartilage connecting two bones of the joint

Fetal vertebrae develop through endochondral ossification from a preexisting __________ model. Fracture repair of these same bones involves the formation of __________ callus.

hyaline cartilage; a fibrocartilage

There are several components to a functional osteon. Changes to which of the following components would make the bones less strong overall and cause the bones to bend under a person's body weight?

hydroxyapatite

What feature is indicated by the letter A?

illiac fossa

Since mastoid infections may spread to the brain, surgical removal of the mastoid process was once considered to be the best way to prevent brain inflammation. Unfortunately, this also had the side-effect of causing ____________.

impaired head and neck movements

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________.

interstitial growth

Which of the following disorders is only associated with the type of bone shown in the figure?

lack of formation of certain skull bones and the clavicle (cleidocranial dysostosis)

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the cell at A?

lamellae

Which of the following best describes the surface of the structure at D?

loose connective tissue

Which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body, relative to the other regions?

lumbar

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

lumbar vertebrae; short, flat spinous processes

Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer?

lyme disease

During late pregnancy, women may exhibit temporary lordosis. This is advantageous because temporary lordosis _________.

makes it easier for a woman to maintain her balance

What portion of the sternum is identified by the letter A?

manubrium

Which of the following bones are indicated by letters A, B, and D (in order)?

maxilla, zygomatic, and occipital

A cleft palate arises when the right and left _____________ bones fail to fuse medially during fetal development.

maxillae

Most facial bones articulate with the __________.

maxillary bone

Which of the following most directly controls bone remodeling?

mechanical stress and hormones

Which of the following features of the humerus is NOT designated by a letter label?

medial epicondyle

The arch that runs front to back on the inside of the foot is the __________.

medial longitudinal arch

Which of the following are correctly paired?

multiaxial movement; movement in all three planes and around all three axes

The vomer and ethmoid bones form part of the __________.

nasal septum

The thumb joint indicated by D mediates which of the following special movements?

opposition

When you bring any of your fingers in contact with your thumb, this movement is called __________.

opposition

Which of the following are correctly matched?

osteoarthritis; chronic degenerative joint disease

Classify the cells seen at the arrow in A.

osteoblasts

An imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density.

osteoclasts

What type of cell is shown at A?

osteocyte

Which of the following cells are NOT matched with its appropriate function?

osteocytes; produce new bone cells.

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at C with its primary component?

periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue

Which type of movement is unique to the forearm?

pronation

Dysplasia of the hip may occur due to congenital malformation of the __________.

pubis

Only one component bone of the right coxal bone articulates with this same bone component on the other side of the body. Which of the following bone components fits this description?

pubis

If a herniated disc in the lumbar region is treated by surgically removing the intervertebral disc and doing a bone graft between the adjoining vertebrae, one of the consequences might be _________.

reduced flexibility of the spine in the lower back

Which of the following structures is common only to the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebrae?

rib facets

Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely upon this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins.

ribosomes

The feature at letter C articulates with which bone?

scapula

Which of the following is correctly matched?

scoliosis; abnormal lateral curvature

Which type of cartilage is NOT properly matched with its function?

skeletal cartilage; reinforce airways

People who work at computer keyboards all day repeatedly flex their wrists and fingers and therefore become susceptible to carpal tunnel syndrome, a condition in which inflammation of tissue causes tingling and pain. Which one of the following treatments will be least likely to reduce the pain?

squeezing tennis balls in both hands in order to strengthen the wrist and finger muscles

Which of the following pairs is MISMATCHED?

sternum: long bone

Which of the following best describes the joint labeled B in the figure?

synarthrotic

The highlighted bone articulates with which other bone(s) of the skull?

temporal bone

Which of the following is a bony articulation for the scapula?

the acromion

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to joint stability?

the amount of synocial fluid in the joint cavity

Which of the following bones does NOT fit with the other listed bones?

the clavicle

What factor would account for a strong synovial joint?

the deepest articular surface

The arrow in the figure is pointing to which of the following structures?

the epiphyseal plate

What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone?

the epiphyseal plate