Module 6 Test
Pronoun
A word that replaces a specific noun such as it,, his, them, yours, myself, or which. Points out a specific noun or refers to an unspecified person or object such as everybody or each
Acknowledging Sources
Any ideas, information, or language you borrow from a source either print, online, etc, must be acknowledged by including an in text citation and an entry in your list of works cited.
Possessions 2
Be sure to include the apostrophe and to place it befor the -s so that the reader does not mistakenly think that the noun is plural
Secondary Sources
Books, articles, published or recorded interviews, websites, lectures and other print and non print materials in addition to your own ideas, insights, and field research
Two or more authors with the same last name
When citing works by authors with the same last name, include each authors first name in the signal phrase or first initial in the parenthetical citation
Adverb
A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb
Compound -ly
A compound with an -ly adverb preceding an adjective or a participle is always left as two words example: Brilliantly clever scheme and rapidly growing business
Dashes
A dash breaks the rhythm or interrupts the meaning of a sentence, setting off information with greater emphasis than another punctuation mark could supply. Writers often use dashes to substitute for other punctuation in quick notes and letters to friends. In many kinds of published writing, dashes are used sparingly but often to good effect
Nonrestrictive word group
A group of words set off by commas that provides nonessential information and could be eliminated without changing the meaning of the noun or pronoun it modifies
Participial phrase
A group of words that begins with a present participle such as dancing, freezing; or a past participle such as danced, frozen; and modifies a noun or a pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
A pronoun that does not refer to a particular person or object such as all, anybody, anywhere, each, enough, every, everyone, everything, one, somebody, something, either, more, most, neither, none, and nobody
Personal pronoun
A pronoun that refers to a specific person or object and changes form depending on its function in a sentence such as I, me, my, we, us, and out
Indirect quotation
A restatement of a speaker's or writer's ideas without quoting directly or using quotation marks
Indirect quotation
A restatement of a speakers or writers ideas without quoting directly or using quotation marks
Direct quotation
A speakers or writers exact words which are enclosed in quotation marks
Participle
A verb form showing present tense "dancing, freezing" or past tense "danced, frozen" that can also act as an adjective
Participle
A verb from showing present tense (Dancing, freezing) or past tense (danced, frozen) that can also act as an adjective
Preposition
A word (such as between, in, or of) that indicates the relation between a word in a sentence and its object
Compound word
A word formed from two or more words that function together as a unit
Dependent clause
A word group that has a subject and a predicate but cannot stand by itself as a sentence it must be connected to an independent clause.
Dependent clause
A word group that has a subject and a predicate but cannot stand by itself as a sentence, it must be connected to an independent clause
Modifying phrase
A word group that serves as an adjective or adverb
Idependent clause
A word group with a subject and a predicate that can stand alone as a separate sentence
Independent clause
A word group with a subject and a predicate that can stand alone as a separate sentence
Subordinating conjunction
A word or phrase such as although or because, the introduces a dependent clause and relates it to an independent clause
Conjunctive adverb
A word or phrase such as finally, however, or therefore that tells how the ideas in two sentences or independent clauses are connected.
Conjunctive adverb
A word or phrase such as finally, however, or therefore that tells how the ideas in two sentences or independent clauses that are connected
Coordinating conjunction
A word that joins comparable and equally important sentence elements. For, and, or, but, nor, yet, or so.
Coordinating conjuction
A word that joins comparable and equally important sentence elements: for, and, or, but, nor, yet, or so
Adjective
A word that modifies a nou or a pronoun adding information about it
Adjusting the Punctuation within Quotations
Although punctuation within a quotation should reproduce the original, some adaptations may be necessary. Use single quotation marks for quotations within the quotations
Compound adjective
An adjective formed from two or more words that function as a unit
Article
An adjective that precedes a noun and identifies a definite reference to something specific (the) or an indefinite reference to something less specific (a or an)
Interjection
An exclamatory word that indicates strong feeling or attempts to command attention
Cliche
An overused expression that has lost its original freshness, such as hard as a rock
Adjective Capitaliztion
Capitalize adjectives derived from proper nouns
Capitalization
Capitalize proper nouns, the first word in a sentence or a quotation that is a sentence and the main words in a title
Capitalize proper nouns
Capitalize specific names of people, groups, place,streets, events, historical periods, monuments, holidays, days, months, and directions that refer to a specific geographic areas
Titles and subtitles
Capitalize the first and last words in a title and subtitle plus all other words except for articles, coordinating conjunctions and prepositions.
Complete sentence capitalization
If a complete sentence appears within parentheses and it's not part of a larger sentence, capitalize the first word
Short Works
Enclose titles of short works in quotation marks Short works include articles, chapters, essays, short stories, short poems , episodes in a television program, and songs. Place the quotation marks around the exact title of the work mentioned. Titles of longer works such as books, magazines, and newspapers are italicized.
Singular noun
Even if a singular noun ends in S, add an apostrophe and -s
Hyphens
Hyphens are used to form select compound words and to break words at the end of a line. Use a hyphen to join compound adjectives that precede nouns
Unknown author citation
If the author's name is unknown, use a shortened version of the title, beginning with the word by which the title is alphabetized in the works cited list.
Quotation ending in question mark or exclamation point
If the quotation ends with a question mark or an exclamation point, retain the original punctuation
Possessions 4
If the second S makes the word hard to pronounce, it is acceptable to add only an apostrophe
Numbers in succession
If two numbers occur in succession use a combination of spelled out words and numerals for clarity. EX eight 45-cent stamps or ten 3-year-olds
Two or more works by the same author citation
If you cite more than one work by the same author, include a shortened version of the title.
Quotation Marks
In a research paper following MLA style, the closing quotation mark should follow the last quoted word but the period at the end of the sentence should follow the parentheses closing the citation.
Possessions 3
Indicate shared or joint possession by adding -'s to the final noun in a list; indicate individual possession by adding -'s to each noun
Slang
Informal language that tends to change rapidly
Italics
Italicize titles of long or self-contained work. Titles of books, movies, tv, and radio programs, long musical compositions, plays, comic strips, and works of art are italicized.
Synthesizing Sources
Making connections among information and ideas from texts and from your own experience.
Italicize
Names of planes, ships, and other vehicles; foreign words not commonly used in English land ,on occasion, words that need special emphasis.
Closing quotation 3
Omit the closing quotation mark if a quotation mark if a quotation continues in the next paragraph
Closing quotation
Place a question mark or exclamation point inside the closing quotation mark if it is part of the quotation or outside if it is part of your own sentence
Numbers
Spell out select types of numbers in most non scientific college writing. Spell out whole numbers one through ninety-nine. Depending on the type of writing you do and the conventions of your field, you may decide to spell out onl numerals up to ten. Choose a rule and follow it consistently
Closing quotation 2
Supply a closing quotation mark at the end of a paragraph to show that a new quotation begins in the next paragraph
Not italicized
The Bible and its divisions. Titles of short works or works contained i other works are not italicized but are placed i quotation marks.
Possessive form
The form that shows that a thing belongs to someone or to something
Common noun
The general name of a person, place or thing
Subject
The part of a clause that identifies who or what is being discussed
Predicate
The part of a clause that includes a complete verb and describes the action or state of the subject
Antecedent
The word or words that a pronoun replaces and to which it refers
More than one author citation
To cite a source by two or three authors, include all the authors last names. To cite a source with four or more authors, model your in text citation on the entry in your works cited list. Use either all the authors names or just the first authors name followed by et al (stands for "and others")
Coordinate adjectives
Two or more adjectives that modify a noun equally and independently example The large red hat
Possessions
Use an apostrophe to show the possessive form of a noun.
Numbers over 100
Use numerals for numbers over a hundred, in fractions and percentages with abbreviations and symbols in dates and addresses, and for page numbers and sections of books.
Quote within Quote
Use single quotation marks inside double quotation marks to show a quotation within a quotation
Hyphens 2
When a compound adjective precedes a noun, the hyphen clarifies that the compound functions as a unit
Common noun capitalization
When a reference is general, use a common noun uncapitalized rather than a proper one that is capitalized. Do not capitalize general names of institutions, seasons, compass directions or words that you simply want to emphasize. Common nouns such as street and river are capitalized only when they are part of a proper noun: Main Street, the Mississippi River.
One author citation
When citing most works with a single author, include the author's name (usually the last name is enough) and the page number on which the cited material appears.
Hyphens 3
When two different prefixes or initial words go with the same second word, use a hyphen and a space at the end of the first prefix or word. Some compound adjectives are nearly always hyphenated, before or after a noun, including those beginning with all- or self- check a dictionary if you are not sure whether a hyphen is needed.
Signal Phrases
When you cite a source for the first time in signal phrase, use the authors full name. After that, use just the last name. Examples of signal phrases are: According to Smith, Peter Claims, and As Olmos asserts
Avoiding Grammatical Tangles
When you incorporate quotations into your writing and especially when you omit words from the quotations, you run the risk of creating ungrammatical sentences.
Formal Quotation
When you introduce a formal quotation with an independent clause you can instead follow the introduction with a colon
Direct address
Words that are spoken directly to someone else who is named
Short quotations
Writers often incorporate short quotations and quotations introduced by that into their sentences; neither needs an initial capital letter. When a phrase such as she said interrupts a quotation, capitalize the first word in the quotation but not the first word after the phrase unless it begins a new sentence. If you quote from a poem, capitalize words exactly as the poet does.
