Module 6- U.S. History

American Bible Society

organized in 1816 to distribute Bibles to frontier families

Match the individuals to their contributions to the abolitionist cause

publisher of The Liberator, which promoted militant abolitionism -William Lloyd Garrison brilliant orator whose rallies helped create a mass constituency in the heart of the North, in both rural areas and small towns -Theodore Weld author of An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, which called on blacks to mobilize and warned whites they would be punished for their sinful ways -David Walker

Identify the statements that describe the Oneida community.

-The founder, John Humphrey Noyes, ruled like a dictator over the community. -Members wanted to create a "holy family" of equals by doing away with private property and traditional marriage.

What does it reveal about the free black population?

-The largest number of free blacks remained in the South. -The entire black population in the North was free.

Read the following primary source excerpt titled "Slavery and the Bible" (1850) from an essay in the influential southern magazine De Bow's Review. Identify the passage(s) in which the author argues that the Bible does not in any place expressly denounce slavery.

"yet no one of them condemns it in the slightest degree. Would this have been the case had it been wrong in itself? Would not some of the host of sacred writers have spoken of this alleged crime, in such terms as to show, in a manner not to be misunderstood, that God wished all men to be equal?" "We find, that both the Old and New Testaments speak of slavery—that they do not condemn the relation, but, on the contrary, expressly allow it or create it"

Abolitionists pioneered the use of modern methods and technology to gain support and finance their cause. Which of the following are examples of their revolutionary approaches to fighting slavery?

-Abolitionists seized upon the recently developed steam printing press to produce millions of copies of pamphlets, newspapers, petitions, novels, and broadsides. -They developed charity fairs or "bazaars," where women sold clothing and embroidery, luxury goods, and works of art to raise funds.

What do these images reveal about the abolitionist movement by the 1850s?

-Although free society was deeply segregated, blacks and whites worked together to further the abolitionist cause. -Both men and women engaged in abolitionist efforts.

Slaves developed a distinct version of Christianity that offered solace in the face of hardship and hope for liberation from bondage. Identify the statements that describe the religious life of slaves.

-Although it was illegal for slaves to gather without a white person present, every plantation appeared to have its own black preacher who would hold church services exclusively for the slave population. -Slave religion was a mix of African tradition and Christian beliefs practiced for the most part in secret.

How does Grimké explain that the discussion of wrongs of slavery opened the way for the discussion of other rights?

-By studying slavery, she realized women lacked basic freedoms as well.

Identify the justifications used by white Americans for the practice of slavery. Correct Answer(s)

-Christianity -Slavery is the best condition for all labor -blatant racism

Identify the statements that describe the Old South.

-In 1860, the South produced less than 10 percent of the nation's manufactured goods. -Southern railroads tended to be short lines designed to bring cotton to ports rather than integrate the South into a larger national network.

After abolition in the North, slavery had become the "peculiar institution" of the South. Identify the statements that describe this "peculiar institution" in the antebellum American South.

-In the South as a whole, slaves made up one-third of the total population, and in the cotton-producing states of the Lower South, around half. -The Old South was the largest and most powerful slave-holding society in the modern world. -The slave economy in the South revolved around the region's monopoly on cotton, which was referred to as "white gold."

Identify the statements that are true about the American Colonization Society, both its creation and its impact.

-Its goal was the resettlement of black Americans in Africa after gradual emancipation. -The Colonization Society inspired free black persons to fight for their rights as Americans.

Identify the statements that describe the Second Middle Passage.

-Many commercial districts in southern cities contained the offices of slave traders, complete with signs reading "Negro Sales" or "Negroes Bought Here." -Slave trading within the United States between 1820 and 1860 was a visible, established business. -Virginia played a key role in the Second Middle Passage.

Gender roles for enslaved men and women differed markedly from those of free, white men and women. Identify the following statements that correctly describe how the nineteenth-century's "cult of domesticity" did not apply to slave women.

-Since black men could not provide economically for their families, black women could not perform the complementary duties of homemaking. -Slave women were expected to work in the fields with men.

Read the passage below from "Slavery and the Bible," an essay from De Bow's Review (1850). ... Abraham, the chosen servant of God, had his bond servants, whose condition was similar to, or worse than, that of our slaves. He considered them as his property, to be bought and sold as any other property which he owned.... We find, that both the Old and New Testaments speak of slavery—that they do not condemn the relation, but, on the contrary, expressly allow it or create it; and they give commands and exhortations, which are based upon its legality and propriety. It can not, then, be wrong. What arguments does De Bow make in attempt to demonstrate that the Bible sanctions slavery?

-Slavery appears in both the New and Old Testaments of the Bible. -If the servant of God, Abraham, had slaves, then slavery is not morally wrong.

Review the following video with author Eric Foner titled, "The Difference in American Slavery." Then identify which of the following statements are true about what set the American practice of slavery apart from other slave-keeping practices, both ancient and modern.

-Slavery in the American South was unique in that it was tied to large-scale agricultural output. -Slavery in the American South was unique in that the differentiating factor between free and enslaved people was physical: skin color.

The table on the left illustrates how many slaves there were in the antebellum South. The table on the right indicates not population, but the relative proportions of yeoman farmers who owned fewer than twenty slaves per family, and the elite planters who owned more than 100. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the information provided by these tables?

-The members of the elite planter class were outnumbered by their slaves on the plantation as well as in society at large. -In the year 1850, there were almost ten times as many slaves in the South as there were slaveholders. -The elite planter class was a small proportion of antebellum society.

What does the map below suggest about utopian communities in the early nineteenth century?

-There was a correlation between the locations of New Englander settlements and the locations of utopian communities. -Reform movements took many different forms.

How have religious reformers made a difference in American society?

-They amplified the debate for abolition, using Christian principles to attack slavery. -They spearheaded the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. -They created the Social Gospel that sought to improve the lives of working people and immigrants.

On the eve of the Civil War, nearly half a million free blacks lived in the United States, the majority of them in the South. Identify the statements that describe the restrictions under which free blacks lived.

-They could not strike a white person, even in self-defense. -They were prohibited from owning dogs, firearms, or liquor. -They were not allowed to testify in court against whites.

Which of the following statements describe the abolitionist use of moral suasion?

-They used the public sphere as their arena to spread ideas of the sinful nature of slavery. -They would stand outside established institutions and critique the institution of slavery.

The most widespread expression of hostility to slavery as an institution was "day-to-day resistance" or "silent sabotage." Identify examples of the forms of "day-to-day resistance" that the slaves performed.

-breaking tools, doing poor work, abusing animals -leaving gates open and removing rails from fences

According to the map below, in which of the following regions were slave populations primarily concentrated around 1860?

-the South Carolina coast -along the Mississippi River

Slaveowners employed a variety of means in their attempts to maintain order and discipline among their human property and persuade them to labor productively. Identify the methods used to control slaves and force them to work for their masters.

-the threat of sale -whipping slaves and other physical punishments -prohibiting relations between house servants and field hands to prevent collaboration against the master

Paternalism

A moral position developed during the first half of the nineteenth century which claimed that slaves were deprived of liberty for their own "good." Such a rationalization was adopted by some slave owners to justify slavery.

Sabbatarianism

A movement to make mandatory church attendance / and or restrict businesses from being open on Sunday.

moral suasion

A strategy to persuade American's that slavery was evil.

Slavery in the American South and the West Indies differed considerably. Identify the demographic differences in slavery in these regions.

American South: -The number of male and female slaves were about the same. -Marriage among slaves in this region was much more common, leading to a greater possibility of creating family life. West Indies: -The number of male slaves outnumbered the female slaves.

Around 100 reform communities were established in the decades before the Civil War. Match each statement to the community it correctly describes.

Brook Farm: -In this Massachusetts community, transcendentalists sought to prove that manual and intellectual labor could coexist. New Harmony: -This community lasted only a few years, but was highly influential to the labor movement, educational reformers, and women's rights advocates. The Shakers: -Members of this community cultivated "virgin purity" and believed that the sexes were spiritually equal because God had a dual, male-female personality. Oneida: -Members of this community believed in "complex marriage," or that all of the men and women in the community were united as a "holy family" of equals.

Sylvester Graham

Early advocate of dietary reform in United States most notable for his emphasis on vegetarianism, and the temperance movement, as well as sexual and dietary habits; father of graham crackers

In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the gag rule, which prohibited southern congressmen from speaking out against the petitions.

False

North American slave culture drew very little on African heritage. This was due to the fact that so many American slaves were American born and heavily influenced by white Christianity, political beliefs, and music.

False

John Harvey Kellogg

In 1878 this physician marketed Granola, a wheat-oat-corn mixture advertised as healthier than the standard breakfast of sausage, eggs, and potatoes. In the next three decades he would also introduce wheat flakes, shredded wheat, and corn flakes.

Of the utopian movements listed on the map below, which was most successful, judging from the number of communities planted?

Shaker

Complete the passage about a prominent utopian community during the nineteenth century.

The Shakers were the most successful of the religious "utopian" communities. Though they rejected accumulation of private property, they were able to support their community through the sale of furniture, vegetable and flower seeds, and commercially bred cattle.

Utopian Communities

The Shakers, oneidans, owenties, Brook Farm

Christian Post millennialism

The belief that Jesus will only return after Heaven has been recreated on earth.

perfectionism

The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact by eliminated.

Resistance to slavery occasionally moved beyond individual and group acts of defiance to outright rebellions. Match the rebellions to their corresponding events.

The leader of this rebellion was accused of supposedly organizing a rebellion in South Carolina but was caught before it came to fruition. -Denmark Vesey's conspiracy This was the last large-scale slave rebellion in the South. -Nat Turner's Rebellion Some 500 men and women armed with sugarcane knives, axes, and guns marched toward the city, destroying property until they were stopped by the military. -New Orleans

While there were no traditional gender roles when it came to slaves' forced labor, in their private lives slaves did take on traditional gender roles, with women caring for the home and men providing for the family.

True

Second Great Awakening

a 19th century religious movement in which individual responsibility for seeking salvation was emphasized, along with the need for personal and social improvement

Private Property

root of sin

In some ways, gender roles under slavery differed markedly from those in the larger society. Why did the nineteenth-century's "cult of domesticity" not apply to slave women?

slave women were expected to work in fields with the men, not take care of the home life

The largest plantations were concentrated in coastal South Carolina and which geographic feature?

the Mississippi River