Module 7 & 8
Boe Legg Walker has an E. coli infection that has resulted in severe diarrhea for 8 days now. Which of the following would MOST likely be observations? 1 - acidosis 2 - alkalosis 3 - increased respiration 4 - decreased respiration 5 - increased ADH secretion 6 - increased renin secretion 7 - increased urine osmolality
1,3,5,6,7
Which of the following would result in an increased filtration rate? (1) Increased glomerular capillary pressure (2) Decreased glomerular capillary pressure (3) Afferent constriction (4) Efferent dilation (5) Afferent dilation (6) Efferent constriction
1,5,6
Given these structures: (1) major calyx; (2) minor calyx; (3) renal papilla; (4) renal pelvis. Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in order as urine leaves the collecting duct and travels to the ureter.
3,2,1,4
A high level of sympathetic stimulation is MOST likely to cause which of the following effects on gastrointestinal function? A) Decrease in motility B) Increase in mucous secretion C) Decrease in stomach pH (more acidic) D) Increase in gastric acid secretion
A) Decrease in motility
The target tissue for cholecystokinin is the small intestine. A) FALSE B) TRUE
A) FALSE
How does omeprazole decrease the patients rate of HCL secretion and why is only one dose per day required? A) Omeprazole blocks the H+/K+ ATPase transporter and does so with a covalent bond so that it completely shuts off the transporter until new transporters are synthesized by the cell B) Omeprazole is a powerful histamine inhibitor and is able to stop the stimulation of parietal cells. C) Ompeprazole is an acetycholine agonist and is therefore able to stimulate more efficient regulation of stomach secretions. D) Omeprazole is a powerful somatostatin antagonist and is able to stop the actions of the D cells.
A) Omeprazole blocks the H+/K+ ATPase transporter and does so with a covalent bond so that it completely shuts off the transporter until new transporters are synthesized by the cell
The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach in exchange for K+ B) exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process. C) exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions. D) all of the above
A) active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach in exchange for K+
The _____________ cells of the stomach and small intestine secrete histamine and serotonin. A) endocrine B) mucous C) parietal D) chief
A) endocrine
Chylomicrons A) are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells. B) enter capillaries in the small intestine. C) help emulsify fats. D) are a rich source of carbohydrate. E) are synthesized in the lumen of the small intestines.
A) are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.
Bacteria in the colon carry out all of the following EXCEPT... A) digest most of the proteins we get in the diet. B) produce some of the gases found in flatus. C) synthesize vitamin K. D) form part of the feces. E) digest cellulose.
A) digest most of the proteins we get in the diet.
The chemical digestive process of carbohydrates begins in the A) mouth B) stomach C) small intestine D) large intestine
A) mouth
Glucose is mainly reabsorbed in the A) small intestine B) large intestine C) blood D) stomach
A) small intestine
____________ is the physiological process that moves a nutrient from the lumen to the circulating blood. A)Absorption B)Ingestion C)Secretion D)Digestion E)Compaction
Absorption
Urine formation involves 1 - filtration of the plasma. 2 - reabsorption from the filtrate. 3 - secretion into the filtrate.
All of the above
_________________is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12. A) Vitamin D B) Intrinsic Factor C) Vitamin C D) Calcium E) Secretin
B) Intrinsic Factor
Which of the following is the MOST likely abnormality that could lead to elevated gastrin levels in this patient? A) This patient could have overexpression of endocrine D cells which release somatotstatin B) This patient could have a tumor in the pancreas that pathologically secretes gastrin C) This patient could be experiencing a lot of stress and have excessive sympathetic activity working on their GI system D) This patient could be have a lack of parasympathetic control of the digestive systems.
B) This patient could have a tumor in the pancreas that pathologically secretes gastrin
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system? A) pancreas B) adrenal gland C) gall bladder D) liver
B) adrenal gland
Which of the following would stimulate gastric acid secretion? A) acidic chyme in duodenum B) gastrin C) pepsin D) secretin E) cholecystokinin
B) gastrin
Mastication is the process of chemically breaking down food into smaller particles A) TRUE B) FALSE
B) FALSE
Nutrient interconversion is an important function of the liver. A) FALSE B) TRUE
B) TRUE
The gastric phase of stomach secretion begins with the presence of food in the stomach. A) FALSE B) TRUE
B) TRUE
Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true? A) The pancreas assists the stomach in the production of acid. B) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes. C) The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones. D) The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum.
B) The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
When protein is broken down the end result is A) acetyl-CoA B) amino acids C) polypeptides D) peptidases
B) amino acids
Stress (stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system) would cause GI motility and secretions to be A) unchanged. B) decreased. C) increased
B) decreased.
Mixing in the digestive tract A) only happens in the stomach B) helps break food into smaller pieces C) is part of the propulsion function D) a and b only E) all of the above
B) helps break food into smaller pieces
Intrinsic factor A) produces and causes the release of hydrochloric acid B) helps reabsorb vitamin B12 C) is a hormone that increases gastric motility and secretion D) all of the above E) none of the above
B) helps reabsorb vitamin B12
Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the A) hepatic artery. B) hepatic portal vein. C) celiac trunk. D) hepatic vein. E) inferior vena cava.
B) hepatic portal vein.
Propulsion includes all of the following EXCEPT A) swallowing B) ingestion C) peristalsis D) mass movements E) none of the above
B) ingestion
Molecules pass out of the digestive tract by all but which of the following? A) diffusion B) osmosis C) endocytosis D) active transport
B) osmosis
Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive system? A) secretion B) protection C) absorption D) elimination
B) protection
Why are several digestive enzymes secreted as zymogens? A) because this saves one step in their synthesis B) so they act only in the lumen and do not digest the tissues that secrete them C) so they start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more quickly D) so they can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly E) Because gastric cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis
B) so they act only in the lumen and do not digest the tissues that secrete them
Pernicious anemia develops if there is a vitamin ________ deficiency. A)B12 B)D C)C D)B6
B12
The filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule through which structure?
Bowman's capsule
Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures?
Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that? (1) decreased gastric acid secretion (2) increased bile production (3) increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion (4) increased secretin and cholecystokinin A) 1, 2, 4 B) 1, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4 E) 1, 2, 3
C) 1, 2, 3, 4
__________ stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates HCl release from parietal cells. A) Secretin B) CCK C) Gastrin D) GIP
C) Gastrin
Which of these hormones stimulates stomach secretions? A) cholecystokinin B) insulin C) gastrin D) secretin
C) gastrin
Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive system? A) pancreas B) liver C) adrenal gland D) gall bladder
C) adrenal gland
Secretion of insulin from the pancreas is increased in response to A) increased histamine. B) increased cholecystokinin. C) increased gastric inhibitory peptide. D) increased glucagon.
C) increased gastric inhibitory peptide.
Which structure is NOT part of the digestive tract? A) oral cavity B)stomach C) larynx D) large intestine E) none of the above
C) larynx
Lipid digestion and absorption requires the coordinated actions of ______ and _____. A) hydrochloric acid and pepsin. B) bile and bicarbonate. C) lipase and bile. D) water and bile.
C) lipase and bile.
Damage to the liver would MOST hamper digestion of A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) lipids. D) disaccharides.
C) lipids
In which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur? A) duodenum and pancreas B) stomach and pancreas C) mouth and duodenum D) mouth and stomach
C) mouth and duodenum
The large intestine A) completes the chemical breakdown of proteins B) completes the reabsorption of glucose C) reabsorbs mainly water D) reabsorbs all fat-soluble vitamins E) b and d only
C) reabsorbs mainly water
The chemical digestive process of proteins begins in the A) mouth B) small intestine C) stomach D) large intestine
C) stomach
Cholesterol produced by the body is transported in the blood as A) medium-density. B) low-density. C) very low-density. D) high-density.
C) very low-density.
Peristalis consists of waves A) of contraction followed by a wave of relaxation both in front and behind the bolus B) of relaxation followed by waves of contraction both in front and behind the bolus C) wave of relaxation in front of the bolus followed by a wave of contraction behind the bolus D) wave of contraction in front of the bolus followed by a wave of relaxation behind the bolus
C) wave of relaxation in front of the bolus followed by a wave of contraction behind the bolus
Phil R. Awp works as a gas station attendant. Lately, he has been experiencing terrible heart burn (because of too much stomach acid). He recently received a prescription for a drug that is supposed to help. Which of the following drugs is MOST LIKELY going to help Phil? A) A drug that inhibits the release of Somatostatin B) A drug that stimulates the release of Gastrin C) A drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system D) A drug that inhibits Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells E) A drug that increases the muscle tone of the pyloric sphincter F) Actually any or all of the above should help
D) A drug that inhibits Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
Imagine a drug that could block carbonic anhydrase. Which of the following would be TRUE? A) Less CO2 would be exhaled at the lung B) Less stomach acid would be created C) Less HCO3- would be secreted by the exocrinie pancreas D) All of the above are actually TRUE
D) All of the above are actually TRUE
Somatostatin is produced in the stomach by A) goblet cells. B) G cells. C) parietal cells. D) D cells.
D) D cells.
Which is not a function of cholecystokinin? A) Increases contraction of the gallblader B) Inhibits gastric secretions. C) Decreases gastric motility D) Inhibits pancreatic secretions
D) Inhibits pancreatic secretions
Hydrochloric acid is produced by A) use of the bicarbonate buffer system B) using energy (ATP) C) incorporating carbon dioxide from the blood stream D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
The ENS A) has local control of the digestive tract B) contains more neurons than the spinal cord C) contains sensory, motor and interneurons D) all of the above E) none of the above
D) all of the above
The pancreas A) has both endocrine and exocrine tissues B) releases hormones to regulate blood sugar levels C) releases enzymatic secretions to assist in chemical breakdown of food D) all of the above
D) all of the above
Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretions would likely result in A) increased protein absorbtion in the illeum B) decreased insulin secretion following meals C) decreased bile synthesis and secretion D) an acidic chyme
D) an acidic chyme
Protection against atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with an A) elevated VLDL-cholesterol. B) elevated total cholesterol. C) elevated LDL-cholesterol. D) elevated HDL-cholesterol.
D) elevated HDL-cholesterol.
Damage to the liver would MOST hamper digestion of A) disaccharides. B) proteins. C) carbohydrates. D) lipids.
D) lipids.
LDL's are taken into a cell by the process of A) facilitated diffusion. B) simple diffusion. C) osmosis. D) receptor mediated endocytosis. E) HDL carrier molecules.
D) receptor mediated endocytosis.
Which structure does NOT have a submucosa plexus? A) large intestine B) small intestine C) pharynx D) stomach
D) stomach
Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed. 1 - goblet 2 - parietal 3 - D cells 4 - chief or zymogenic A) 2 B) 1,2 C) 4 D) 3 E) 2,4
E) 2,4
Arrange the following events in the correct order: (1) absorption of lipids (2) emulsification (3) micelle formation (4) digestion of lipids A) 3, 4, 2, 1 B) 2, 4, 1, 3 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 4, 1, 2, 3 E) 2, 4, 3, 1
E) 2, 4, 3, 1
Functions of the liver include A) production of many blood proteins. B) interconversion of nutrients. C) detoxification of harmful chemicals. D) bile production. E) All of these choices are correct.
E) All of these choices are correct.
The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone A) enterokinin. B) secretin. C) insulin. D) gastrin. E) cholecystokinin.
E) cholecystokinin.
Enzymes of the small intestine include A) secretin. B) bile. C) histamine. D) cholecystokinin. E) disaccharidases.
E) disaccharidases.
Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called A) monoglycerides. B) chylomicrons. C) lacteals. D) diglycerides. E) micelles.
E) micelles
What is NOT a function of secretion in the digestive system? A) lubrication B) buffering C) digestion D) liquefying E) none of the above
E) none of the above
(PAH) stands for para-aminohippuric acid. Analyze the image above and then choose which answer below is the MOST TRUE. PAH is likely reabsorbed. (True or flase)
False
Glucose is likely secreted and then becomes reabsorbed when the slope becomes steeper (True or False)
False
Where do aquaporins respond to ADH?
In principal cells in the collecting duct.
An increase in extracellular H+ concentration may result in ______ extracellular K+.
Increased
Jose Kanusee has been asked to sing the national anthem at the upcoming baseball game. He is nervous and he hyperventilates as he is waiting to sing. Which of the following is TRUE?
Jose's Blood pH is likely to be high
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is:
Osmosis
The kidney can also act as an endocrine gland responding to hormones. (True or False)
True
If extracellular fluid osmolality is 385 mOsm/kg, the kidneys will increase reabsorption of
Water
The movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule is opposed by
capsular pressure.
The stomach churns food into a pasty material called A)a bolus B)chyle C)chyme D)saliva E)cholecystokinin
chyme
Trypsin can activate A)endopeptidase. B)pepsinogen. C)lipase. D)chymotrypsinogen. E)angiotensinogen.
chymotrypsinogen.
Hypotension would induce __________ of afferent arterioles in the process of renal autoregulation.
dilation
The _____________________ of the stomach and intestine secrete histamine A)chief cells B)enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells C)G cells D)parietal cells
enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
The skeletal muscle that surrounds the urethra as it extends through the pelvic floor forms the
external urinary sphincter.
The Bowman's capsule
is where the glomerulus resides
The sensor in tubuloglomerular feedback is a group of cells called the
macula densa
The process of urination is called
micturition
Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder as the result of
peristaltic contractions.
Formation of filtrate depends on a
pressure gradient.
Plasma contains a much greater concentration of _____ than the glomerular filtrate creating an oncotic pressure.
protein
The majority of reabsorption in the kidney occurs in the
proximal convoluted tubule.
Which of these is not a general function of the kidneys?
regulation of vitamin A synthesis
Emphysema can lead to
respiratory acidosis.
Which condition may result from someone experiencing high altitude for a week, who is unaccustomed to doing so?
respiratory alkalosis
Once alkalosis has occurred, which of the following would you expect to happen?
retention of hydrogen ions by the kidney
Most glucose is absorbed in the epithelial cells of the small intestine by A)secondary active transport with Na+ B)simple diffusion C)phagocytosis D)passive diffusion
secondary active transport with Na+
When chyme enters the duodenum, ____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates. A)glucagon B)secretin C)cholecystokinin D)gastrin E)insulin
secretin
Why are several digestive enzymes secreted as zymogens? A)because gastric cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis B)because this saves one step in their synthesis C)so they act only in the lumen and do not digest the tissues that secrete them D)so they can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly E)so they start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more quickly
so they act only in the lumen and do not digest the tissues that secrete them
SGLT, a transport pump of the small intestine, can only absorb glucose by simultaneously transporting A) potassium. B) maltose. C) sodium. D) water. E) amino acids.
sodium
As a result of hyperventilation,
the plasma PCO2 level decreases.
As ADH production declines,
the urine volume increases.
The primary function of the large intestine is A)degrading toxins. B)water reabsorption. C)mineral reabsorption. D)hormone degradation.
water reabsorption
One of the primary functions of the large intestine is A) mineral absorption. B) degrading toxins. C) hormone degradation. D) water reabsorption.
water reabsorption.
For filtration to increase at the glomerulus: 1 - Glomerular capillary pressure must exceed both the colloidal and the Bowman's capsule pressure 2 - Bowman's Capsule pressure must be 20 mm Hg and colloidal pressure must be 35 mm Hg if the glomerular capillary pressure is 55 mm Hg 3 - An increase in Bowman's capsule pressure must occur 4 - A decrease in the plasma protein content would favor filtration from the glomerulus
1,4
How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
19% - 21%
If the following hypothetical conditions exist in the nephron, calculate the net filtration pressure. glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mmHg blood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mmHg capsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mmHg
50 mmHg
Phil R. Awp works as a gas station attendant. Lately, he has been experiencing terrible heart burn (because of too much stomach acid). He recently received a prescription for a drug that is supposed to help. Which of the following drugs is MOST LIKELY going to help Phil? A) A drug that inhibits Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells B) A drug that stimulates the release of Gastrin C) A drug that inhibits the release of Somatostatin D) A drug that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system E) Actually any or all of the above should help F) A drug that increases the muscle tone of the pyloric sphincter
A) A drug that inhibits Enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells
Cholecystokinin A) is a hormone that is released in the small intestine B) strongly increases gastric motility C) is stimulated by proteins D) a and c E) all of the above
A) is a hormone that is released in the small intestine
Which cell type produces and secretes intrinsic factor? A) parietal cells B) mucous cells C) endocrine cells D) chief cells
A) parietal cell
The liver A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats. B) produces several digestive enzymes. C) stores vitamin C. D) receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein. E) All of the above
A) produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
A person loses just water when he/she has diarrhea. A) FALSE B) TRUE
A) FALSE
The difference between chemical and mechanical digestion is the location of the food in the digestive tract. A) FALSE B) TRUE
A) FALSE
Both hormonal and neural mechanisms control the exocrine secretions of the pancreas. A) TRUE B) FALSE
A) TRUE
The liver is the largest internal organ. A) TRUE B) FALSE
A) TRUE
__________ is secreted from the ____________ and acts in the digestion of proteins and the activation of other digestive enzymes. A) Trypsin, pancreas B) Pepsin, small intestine C) Amylase, stomach D) Bile, liver
A) Trypsin, pancreas
Which of the following would be MOST beneficial in treating gastric ulcers? A) carboxypeptidase B) histamine blockers C) epinephrine D) gastric inhibitory peptide
B) histamine blockers
Vesicles include a phospholipid membrane, but very little protein. These vesicles would contain cholesterol and triglycerides. These vesicles would probably be at a higher concentration in the superior vena cava than the hepatic portal vein. These vesicles are synthesized by columnar cells in the small intestine. This sounds like ... A) HDLs B) Glycogen C) Chylomicrons D) Bile E) LDLs
C) Chylomicrons
Which secretion emulsifies lipids, making them available to lipases and aiding to their digestion? A) Bicarbonate ions B) Lingual lipase C) Bile salts D) Pancreatic lipase
C) Bile salts
Which of the following does not illustrate digestion? A) polysaccharides → disaccharides B) protein → amino acids C) CO2 and H2O → carbohydrates D) fat → fatty acids and glycerol E) disaccharides → monosaccharides
C) CO2 and H2O → carbohydrates
Pepsin is produced by _____ cells and is activated by _____. A) chief; carbonic anhydrase secreted by parietal cells B) parietal; HCl secreted by chief cells C) parietal; carbonic anhydrase secreted by chief cells D) chief; HCl secreted by parietal cells E) exocrine cells; carbonic anhydrase secreted by parietal cells
D) chief; HCl secreted by parietal cells
Which of the following structures does NOT contribute to an increased surface area in the small intestine? A) villi B) microvilli C) brush border D) lacteal E) circular folds F) none of the above. All contribute to an increased surface area.
D) lacteal
Which of the following is NOT a factor in stimulating secretion of bile? A) bile salts B) vagus nerve stimulation C) secretin and cholecystokinin D) sympathetic stimulation E) none of the above
D) sympathetic stimulation
With regard to protein absorption in the small intestine, which statement/s is/are correct: 1 - Some intact protein can be absorbed 2 - Sodium is directly involved in the absorption of amino acids 3 - Pepsin is the most important protease for protein digestion 4 - Single amino acids enter intestinal cells through the GLUT 5 receptor 5 - Pancreatic amylase is essential for protein digestion 6 - The stomach is the MOST important organ for carbohydrate digestion A) 3,5,6 B) 2,3 C) 1,3 D) 1,2 E) 1,4 F) 2,3,4,5,6 G) 1,2,3,5
D) 1,2
Diarrhea A) has an effect just on the digestive system B) can effect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems C) can effect the endocrine and nervous systems D) b and c E) none of the above
D) b and c
If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate? A) disaccharides B) glucose C) amino acids D) lipids E) monosaccharides
D) lipids
The enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates come from all of the following EXCEPT the A) pancreas. B) salivary glands. C) duodenum. D) liver.
D) liver.
The organ that stores excess glucose and releases it later into the blood is the A) small intestine. B)pancreas. C) spleen. D) liver.
D) liver.
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ____________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the _______________. A) stomach; small intestine B) small intestine; large intestine C) small intestine; liver D) small intestine; small intestine too E) stomach; large intestine
D) small intestine; small intestine too
Peristalsis consists of waves A) of relaxation followed by waves of contraction both in front and behind the bolus B) wave of contraction in front of the bolus followed by a wave of relaxation behind the bolus C) of contraction followed by a wave of relaxation both in front and behind the bolus D) wave of relaxation in front of the bolus followed by a wave of contraction behind the bolus
D) wave of relaxation in front of the bolus followed by a wave of contraction behind the bolus
Match the secretion with the correct cell type. A) hydrochloric acid = parietal cells B) bile = hepatocyte C) gastrin = endocrine cells D) mucus = goblet cells E) All of the above matches are correct F) None of the above matches are correct
E) All of the above matches are correct
In the duodenum A) secretion of hormones occurs B) chemical digestion continues C) absorption begins D) a and c only E) all of the above
E) all of the above
Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility? A) large amounts of fiber in the diet B) gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) C) vagal stimulation and gastrin D) chewing and swallowing food E) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
E) gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
Which of the following is NOT a chemical involved in the regulation of the digestive system? A) serotonin B) secretin C) gastrin D) histamine E) insulin
E) insulin
The pancreatic islets A) produce digestive enzymes. B) are exocrine glands. C) excrete mucus. D) are found in the wall of the stomach. E) are endocrine glands.
E) are endocrine glands.
A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is A) ribonuclease. B) enterogastrone. C) pancreatic lipase. D) amylase. E) chymotrypsin.
E) chymotrypsin.
Which is NOT a function of the digestive system? A) secretion B) absorption C) pH regulation D) chemical breakdown E) none of the above. All are functions of the digestive system.
E) none of the above. All are functions of the digestive system.
Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct? A) Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions. B) All of the above C) Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release a bicarbonate-rich solution. D) Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin. E) Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands. F) Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder.
F) Cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of the gallbladder.
PAH is likely secreted (True or False)
True
Which arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus?
afferent
The juxtaglomerular cells of the _____________ and the macula densa cells of the _____________ form the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
afferent arteriole, distal tubule
Which of these conditions reduces filtration pressure in the glomerulus?
constriction of the afferent arterioles
Glomerular filtration would be decreased by
decreased glomerular hydrostatic pressure.
Bacteria in the colon carry out all of the following EXCEPT... A)form part of the feces. B)digest most of the proteins we get in the diet. C)digest cellulose. D)produce some of the gases found in flatus. E)synthesize vitamin K.
digest most of the proteins we get in the diet.
The primary filter to exclude proteins from the filtrate is the
glomerular basement membrane
The presence of renin-secreting tumors may cause
hypertension, increased aldosterone secretion, increased renal sodium reabsorption.
The main function of hydrochloric acid in the stomach A) is to mechanically break down food B) is to buffer the food C) is to kill bacteria D) is to chemically break down food
is to chemically break down food
What cells produce renin?
juxtaglomerular cells
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron
Generally speaking, the vasa recta moves blood in a direction...
opposite to the flow of fluid in the loop of Henle
In response to alkalosis
the kidney excretes bicarbonate
Bile is produced by A)the spleen B)the gall bladder C)the blood (red blood cell breakdown) D)the liver
the liver
The movement of water and solutes from the nephron to the blood is called
tubular reabsorption.
The _____________ is a capillary network that travels alongside the nephron to allow for reabsorption and secretion between the blood and the nephron.
vasa recta, peritubular capillary
A 21-year-old girl develops post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. In this condition, the glomeruli are damaged by an acute inflammatory reaction. This inflammatory response damages the filtration barrier and the integrity of the capillary endothelium. Which of the following choices represent accurate descriptions of substances that might appear in urine in response to the glomerulonephritis? 1 - Because of the damage to the capillary endothelium, red blood cells could be found in the urine 2 - Because glucose is freely filtered by the normal glomerulus, damage to the filtration barrier would increase glucose filtration and therefore large amounts of glucose would always be found in the urine. 3 - Damage to the filtration barrier would not increase the rate of Na+ excretion in the urine 4 - Normally the urine contains essentially no protein because the filtration membranes prevent the filtration of plasma proteins. If there was damage to the filtration membrane, protein would appear in the urine.
1,3,4
Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions? A) vagus nerve B) hypoglossal nerve C) phrenic nerve D) glossopharyngeal nerve
A) vagus nerve
A 25-year-old woman enters the hospital with persistent diarrhea and abdominal pain. An upper gastointestinal radiologic series suggests the presence of a duodenal ulcer, which is confirmed by enodscopy. The patients basal rate of secretion of gastric HCl is about 12 mmole/hr (the normal range is 1 to 5 mmole/hr). The patients gastrin level is 1145 pg/ml (the normal range is 50 to 150 pg/ml). When the patient's gastric juice is removed via a tube during a 24 hour period, the diarrhea is corrected. The patient also has moderate steatorrhea (excess fat in the stool). After a test meal, the patient's gastrin level is immediately tested and does not increase any more than the already high 1145 pg/ml. In the average normal individual, the same meal produces a doubling of gastrin levels. Infusion of exogenous secretin results in a peak serum gastrin level that is three times the basal level! In normal individuals, infusion of secretin results in a reduction of gastrin. The patient's rate of HCL secretion can be brought to lower levels by treatment with a histamine receptor blocker called cimetidine. However, the dose of cimetidine required to do this is several times greater than that usually used for patients with duodenal ulcers. Administration of an acetycholine blocker enhances the effect of cimetidine but still requires large doses. A single daily dose of a H+, K+ ATPase blocker called omeprazole is effective in bringing HCL secretion to below normal levels. Why does the patient have a duodenal ulcer? A) The patient is likely suffering from a bacterial infection B) The amount of HCL leaving the stomach may be too great to be neutralized by pancreatic secretions C) The inhibition of H+. K+ ATPase is the likely cause of the ulcer D) The increased gastrin stimulates a large drop in HCO3- secretion
B) The amount of HCL leaving the stomach may be too great to be neutralized by pancreatic secretions
Emulsification A) occurs in the gallbladder. B) increases surface area for lipid digestion. C) involves enzymes. D) chemically digests lipids. E) converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets.
B) increases surface area for lipid digestion.
Which of the following is not part of the gastrointestinal tract? A) pharynx B) liver C) esophagus D) duodenum
B) liver
Which of the following GI tract layers is correctly matched? A) serosa - increased surface area B) muscularis - responsible for peristalsis C) submucosa - lamina propria D) serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels E) mucosa - controls peristalsis
B) muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called A) deglutition. B) peristalsis. C) mastication. D) segmentation.
B) peristalsis.
Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? A) activation of salivary amylase B) proper environment for functioning of pepsin C) lipid digestion D) enhanced carbohydrate digestion E) protein synthesis
B) proper environment for functioning of pepsin
The acidic chyme entering the duodenum initiates all of the following actions EXCEPT: A) the release of bicarbonate into bile B) the release of intrinsic factor C) the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas D) the release of secretin from the duodenum
B) the release of intrinsic factor
Which of the following would be MOST important for digestion of fat? A) Large intestine and water B) Gallbladder and bile C) Stomach and acid D) Parotid Gland and saliva
B) Gallbladder and bile
Victor Worrystudent experienced the pain of a duodenal ulcer during final examination week. What habits cause the ulcer? A) distress B) high intake of caffeine C) all of these D) eating large meals
C) all of these
In which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur? A) duodenum and pancreas B) mouth and stomach C) mouth and duodenum D) stomach and pancreas
C) mouth and duodenum
Which cell type secretes an alkaline mucus to neutralize the acid in the stomach? Question 7 options: A) endocrine cells B) parietal cells C) mucous cells D) chief cells
C) mucous cells
The portion of the digestive tract in which digestion begins is the A) stomach. B) duodenum. C) oral cavity. D) jejunum. E) esophagus.
C) oral cavity.
Which cell type produces and secretes hydrocholoric acid? A) chief cells B) endocrine cells C) parietal cells D) mucous cells
C) parietal cells
With regard to protein absorption in the small intestine, which statement/s is/are correct: 1 - Some intact protein can be absorbed 2 - Sodium is directly involved in the absorption of amino acids 3 - Pepsin is the most important protease for protein digestion 4 - Single amino acids enter intestinal cells through the GLUT 5 receptor 5 - Pancreatic amylase is essential for protein digestion 6 - The stomach is the MOST important organ for carbohydrate digestion A) 2,3 B) 2,3,4,5,6 C) 1,2 D) 1,2,3,5 E) 3,5,6 F) 1,4 G) 1,3
C) 1,2
The total time it normally takes food to travel the length of the digestive tract is A) 36-48 hours B) 12-24 hours C) 24-36 hours D) 6-12 hours
C) 24-36 hours
Most of the water absorbed in the digestive tract occurs A) in the stomach B) as secretion in the feces C) in the large intestine D) in the small intestine
D) in the small intestine
Control of pancreatic secretion A) has sympathetic stimulation of the vagus nerve B) secretin stimulates the pancrease to release secretions rich in digestive enzymes C) Cholecystokinin stimulates insulin release D) Secretions rich in bicarbonate ions are released in response to gastrin E) all of the above F) none of the above
F) none of the above
In renal compensation of acidosis,
H+ secretion increases; bicarbonate reabsorption increases.
The _______________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine.
Juxtamedullary
What percent of filtrate becomes urine?
Less than 1%
Which of the following statements about the filtration membrane is/are true:
The basement membrane is effective at preventing protein filtration
A 65-year-old man had a myocardial infarction (heart attack) 4 months ago, and now he complains of easy fatigability, shortness of breath, and swelling of his ankles. On physical examination, he is found to have distended (bulging) neck veins and pitting edema of the ankles (pitting means that if you push on the ankles the pit stays there, in other words, the ankles are really swollen). His breathing is rapid, and rales (sounds heard when the lungs are full of water) are heard at the bases of his lungs. His pulse rate is 90 beats/min, and his blood pressure is 110/70. Since his myocardial infarction, he has been taking a cardiac glycoside (ouabain) and a thiazide diuretic (thiazide diuretics act on the early portion of the distal tubule to inhibit NaCl reabsorption). A blood sample is obtained, and the following abnormalities are noted. Blood [Na+]= 130 mEq/L (Normal: 135 to 147 mEq/L) Blood [K+]= 3 mEq/L (Normal: 3.5 to 5 mEq/L) Blood [HCO3-] = 30 mEq/L (Normal: 22 to 28 mEq/L) Blood [creatinine] = 1.7 mg/dL (Normal: 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL) How would you characterize renal Na+ handling in this man?
The kidneys of this man would be avidly trying to retain Na+ due to increased activity of renin
What buffer system is not used by the body to resist change in the pH of a solution?
Tris buffer system
Creatinine is not secreted or reabsorbed. (True or False)
True
Glucose is likely reabsorbed 100% unless it reaches threshold and then is secreted as shown by the line becoming steeper. (True or False)
True
The primary function of the kidney is regulation of the body fluid composition. (true or false)
True
___________ is a non-salt molecule that contributes to the hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla.
Urea
What would increase the pressure in the glomerulus the MOST?
Vasodilation of the afferent arteriole at the same time you have vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole
Bile functions by A) neutralizes stomach acids B) stimulating hormones such as secretin and CCK C) emulsifies lipids D) a and b only E) a and c only F) b and c only G) all of the above
a and c only
High levels of bicarbonate ions in the urine indicate
a low level of H+ secretion into the urine.
Put in order the structures that filtrate passes to become urine and the pathway out of the body.
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, basement membrane, Bowman's capsule, nephron, collecting duct, calyces, ureter, bladder, urethral sphincters, urethral orifice
Which of the following is (are) true of the visceral layer of Bowman's capsule?
all of the above
A gastric pit A)are "tubes" formed in the stomach lining B)is another name for the stomach C)is the common term for the rugae D)are glands that secrete substances into the stomach
are "tubes" formed in the stomach lining
Micelles A)is the basic unit of the breakdown of lipids B)are small droplets of lipids surrounded by bile salts C)are the digestive enzymes surrounding lipids D)stimulate bile secretion
are small droplets of lipids surrounded by bile salts
Which of the following is TRUE?
as filtrate leaves the proximal convoluted tubule osmolarity is around 300 mOsm
The __________ limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water.
ascending
Acid chyme is buffered by _________________ secreted from the pancreas. A)mucus B)bicarbonate C)urea D)ammonia
bicarbonate
Acetazolamide is a diuretic that blocks the activity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This blockage prevents the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water. Normally, carbonic acid dissociates to form H+ and HCO3-, and the H+ are exchanged for Na+ from the urine. Blocking the formation of H+ in the cells of the nephron tubule blocks sodium reabsorption, thus inhibiting water reabsorption and producing the diuretic effect. With this information in mind, what effect does acetazolamide have on blood pH, urine pH, and respiratory rate?
blood pH decreases, urine pH increases, respiratory rate increases
Bicarbonate must be converted to ____ to move into tubule cells from the filtrate.
carbon dioxide
Inhibiting the actions of __________ would impair the ability of the kidney to regulate pH of the blood.
carbonic anhydrase
The respiratory system aids in acid/base balance by
changing the rate and depth of breathing
Which cell type produce pepsinogen? A) parietal cells B) chief cells C) mucous cells D) endocrine cells
chief cells
Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed. A) S cells B) mucus secreting C) chief or zymogenic D) D cells
chief or zymogenic
Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of A) histamine B) gastrin and gastric inhibitory peptide. C) somatomedin D) gastrin. E) cholecystokinin (CCK). F) pepsinogen
cholecystokinin (CCK)
The amount of filtrate produced per minute is called the
glomerular filtration rate.
Fenestrae and filtration slits are part of which structure?
glomerulus
The _____________ is a capillary network that produces a plasma filtrate that enters the urinary tubules.
glomerulus
Urine normally contains all of the following except
glucose
The duodenum A) is the middle part of the small intestine B) is about 2.5 meters long C) has an increased surface area due to circular folds and villi D) all of the above
has an increased surface area due to circular folds and villi
The liver A) secretes seretin and cholecystokinin to regulate functions in the small intestine B) has a function of transportation of toxic substances to the blood stream for detoxification C) produces and secrets about 6 L of bile each day D) helps regulate blood sugar levels
helps regulate blood sugar levels
Which of these lipoprotein molecules transports excess lipids from cells back to the liver? A) low-density lipoprotein (LDL) B) very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) C) high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Antihistamines would MOST limit the gastric secretion of A)mucus. B)pepsinogen. C)gastrin. D)hydrochloric acid.
hydrochloric acid
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by _______________ and can be compensated for by the production of a more ____________ urine.
hyperventilation, basic
Which of the following contribute to the formation of a hyperosmotic environment in the medulla of the kidney?
impermeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle to water & cotransport of Na+, K+, and Cl- out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
An increase in blood CO2 levels is followed by a(n) ____ in H+ ions and a(n) ____ in blood pH.
increase, decrease
An increase in blood carbon dioxide levels is followed by a (an) _______________ in H+ and a (an)_______________ in blood pH.
increase, decrease
A podocyte
is a cell that makes up part of the Bowman's capsule
The gallbladder A)is composed of smooth muscle and contracts in response to a hormone B)produces and secretes bile C)concentrates and releases hormones D)all of the above
is composed of smooth muscle and contracts in response to a hormone
Pepsinogen Question 10 options: A) is packed in granules and released by pinocytosis B) is a hormone that is released by the pancreas C) is packaged as an active enzyme D) is used to break down proteins E) all of the above
is used to break down proteins
The countercurrent multiplier system
maintains the solute concentration of the medullary interstitial fluid.
Chronic vomiting can lead to
metabolic alkalosis.
Depletion of extracellular K+ may induce
metabolic alkalosis.
Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contract with the food that is consumed? A)mucosa B)submucosa C)muscularis D)serosa
mucosa
Hydrochloric acid (HCL) is secreted by _____ cells. A)enteroendocrine or ECL B)regenerative or stem C)chief D)mucous E)parietal
parietal
Functions of the digestive system include all of the following except A) lipid emulsification. B) secretion of hormones into the blood stream. C) secretion of hormones into the duodenal lumen. D) absorption.
secretion of hormones into the duodenal lumen.
Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals (lymphatic system) of the small intestine? A)water, soluble vitamins B)triglycerides C)amino acids D)minerals E)glucose
triglycerides