Module 7 ARH1000 Vocab

Greenbelt

A band of continuous parks, farmland, or natural areas.

International Style:

A new style of architecture that arose in Europe between 1910 and 1930. Expressed the function of each building, it's underlying structure and a logical, often symmetrical plan. It rejected decorative ornamentation and eclecticism, as well as traditional stone and wood construction and it broke with the idea of a building as a mass.

Colonnade

A row of columns spanned or connected by beams.

Roman Arch:

A semicircle made from wedge-shaped stones fitted together with joints at right angles to the curve.

Arcades

A series of arches supported by columns.

Romanesque

A style of architecture used during the Middle Ages for churches. To carry the great weight of the stone ceilings, inner columns and outer walls had to be thick, with small window openings. Romanesque churches, cathedrals and monasteries are characterized with the Roman elements such as columns arches and barrel valut as well as thick walls.

Organic Architecture:

A term developed by Frank Lloyd Wright determining form by way of the nature of materials. Form and function are one.

Trusses

A triangular framework used to span, reinforce, or support.

Clerestory

Above the roof of the side aisles, the upper exterior wall called the clerestory contained windows that illuminated the interior of the nave.

Dome

An arch rotated 360 degrees on its vertical axis creates a dome or a hemispherical vault built up from a circular or polygonal base.

Barrel Vault:

An invention of a semicircular arch which when extended in depth to crate a tunnel-like structure.

Plans

Architectural drawings include plans, in which the structure is laid out in terms of the relationships among spaces as seen from above without the roof.

Indigenous Architecture:

Architecture designed to compliment, rather than compete with regional climates.

Apse

At one or both ends of the basilica, the Romans built a semicircular space called an apse in which they placed a statue of their emperor.

Planned Community:

Concentrating people in specific communities capable of meeting all their basic daily needs, including stores, schools, services, and job opportunities.

Penentives

Curving triangular sections that carry the enormous weight from the circular base of the upper dome downward to a square formed by supporting walls.

Geodesic dome:

Designed by Buckminster Fuller. The strength of the polyhedrons makes it possible to enclose more space with less material than any other structural system. It can be erected from lightweight, inexpensive standardized parts in a very short time. The strength of the geodesic dome makes it possible to enclose more space with less materials than other structural system. The structure can be covered with a variety of materials to make the space weatherproof.

Perspective Renderings:

Give pictorial rather than schematic views of finished buildings as they will appear on their site.

Buttresses

Gothic builders accomplished the substantial sideways thrust created by the pointed arch through the use of elaborate supports called buttresses at right angles to the outer walls.

Flying Buttresses:

In the most developed High Gothic cathedrals the outward force of the arched vault is carried to large buttresses by stone half-arches called flying buttresses.

Elevations

Individual exterior walls are drawn to scale as if seen straight on, indicating the exact proportions of such elements as wall heights and window placements.

Cornice

The ornamented band at the top acts a a capital stopping the vertical thrust of piers located between the office windows.

Eclecticism

The practice of borrowing and combining from diverse styles dominated architecture from the late 18thc to the mid-20thc.

Urban Design:

Involves designing developments, subdivisions, new communities, or sections of existing towns and cities so they will be efficient, healthy, and pleasing environments.

Vault

Is a curving ceiling or roof structure traditionally made of bricks or blocks of stone tightly fitted to form a unified shell.

Architecture

Is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings of practical, aesthetic, and symbolic purposes.

Dry Masonry

No mortor is used. The weight of the stones holds the structure up.

Landscape Architecture:

Refers to design processes aimed at guiding changes in outdoor spaces; the term applies to everything from landscape architecture to the planning of cities and regions.

Environmental design:

Refers to the processes aimed at guiding changes in outdoor spaces; the term applies to everything from landscape architecture to the planning of cities and regions. Designers work with planners who work with planners, who draw up guidelines and master plans based on studies of present and projected social, economic, and physical needs. Designers help establish and work within zoning laws that determine land use and population density through open-space requirements.

Sections:

Slices or cross sections are drawn showing details along an imaginary vertical plane passing through the proposed structure.

Dressed Masonry

Stones that are cut or shaped to fit together.

Groin Vault:

The Romans perfected the round arch and developed the groin vault formed by the intersection of two barrel vaults.

Balloon Frame:

The availability of cheap wood in the United States led to the balloon frame innovation in wood construction for houses and other small structures. Thought to be fragile as a balloon by those unwilling to use the new method; the method made it possible to settle the Western frontier, employs trusses supporting each other.

Basilica

The center area of the church sheltered an oblong space with a high wooden roof supported by outer walls and by 2 or more inner rows of piers.

Nave

The central area became nave and the narrower outer areas became the side aisles.

Keystone

The final stone that is set in place at the top of the arch. When it is set in place, a continuous arch with loadbearing capacity is created.

Latin Cross:

Two small wings on either side at the apse end of the building, were first used for storing accessories in the basilica. These additions were later enlarged providing church buildings with the characteristic Latin cross floor plan.

Revival:

Used to describe architecture that is closely dependent on 1 particular historic style.

Gothic Pointed Arch:

Valuts based on the pointed arch made it possible to build wider naves. It sends its weight more directly downward.

Post-And-Beam Construction:

Vertical posts or columns support horizontal beams and carry the weight of the entire structure to the ground. The strength to weight ratio depends on how long the beam can be.

Curtain Walls:

Walls made of glass that support no load bearing weight.

Cantilever

When a beam or slab is extended a substantial distance beyond a supporting column or wall, the overhanging portion is called a cantilever.

Masonry

When stonework is massed in a consistent pattern it is referred to as masonry