Module 7 Biotechnology Problem Sets

DNA ligase bonds that: A. joins introns together. B. joins exons together. C. joins RNA Polymerase to the promoter. D. joins nucleotides together.

D. joins nucleotides together.

Which structure will restrict the growth of viruses? A. Vectors B. Phospholipids C. Plasmid D. Recombinant DNA E. Restriction enzymes

E. Restriction enzymes

Which of the following is not true regarding the process of gel electrophoresis used in DNA sequencing? A) As DNA fragments migrate through the gel, larger pieces move more quickly than smaller pieces. B) Once the fragments have been run in the gel, a laser is used to identify the various DNA fragments. C) As DNA fragments come off the gel, a graphic representation of the nucleotides in the pieces is displayed on a computer. D) Gel electrophoresis is used after DNA synthesis has been completed. E) An electrical field causes DNA fragments to move through the gel.

A) As DNA fragments migrate through the gel, larger pieces move more quickly than smaller pieces.

Which of the following is a problem associated with traditional vaccines as opposed to vaccines produced by transgenic organisms? A) Traditional vaccines may result in disease symptoms because they contain killed or weakened organisms. B) Traditional vaccines are always in short supply. C) Traditional vaccines must be given in larger quantity. D) Traditional vaccines can only be given after infection; they cannot prevent infection. E) Traditional vaccines are more expensive.

A) Traditional vaccines may result in disease symptoms because they contain killed or weakened organisms.

Which of the following is not presently possible through recombinant DNA technology? A) creation of unique animals for zoos B) animals that produce human hormones C) splicing of foreign genes into bacteria and animals D) analysis of the structure of DNA E) genetically modified foods

A) creation of unique animals for zoos

The production of vaccines using genetically engineered bacteria has a number of problems. These include all of the following except: A) finding bacteria that will take up genetically engineered plasmids. B) locating the desired gene in the genome of the disease causing organism. C) rapid evolution of disease causing microorganisms. D) cost. E) activation of the correct gene in the transgenic bacteria producing the vaccine.

A) finding bacteria that will take up genetically engineered plasmids.

Genetic engineering has resulted in plants with many new desired traits. These include all of the following except: A) plants with long, slender stems to resist wind. B) plants with larger leaves to maximize photosynthesis. C) resistance to herbicides. D) resistance to insects. E) resistance to drought conditions.

A) plants with long, slender stems to resist wind.

Which of the following substances is not used in DNA sequencing? A) restriction enzymes B) gel electrophoresis C) laser D) DNA polymerase E) primers

A) restriction enzymes

Which is a risk that must be assumed when we genetically engineer a living individual? A. All are risks associated with gene therapy. B. On which chromosome will the virus integrate the injected gene. C. The inserted gene may disrupt the normal genetics of the cell. D. Development of an allergic reaction to the viral vector. E. Cancer may be the result of the inserted gene.

A. All are risks associated with gene therapy.

_____________ is the transfer of recombinant DNA into an individual's body in an attempt to correct a genetic defect. A. Gene therapy B. Polymerase chain reaction C. In vitro fertilization D. Recombinant DNA E. DNA sequencing

A. Gene therapy

Once the genomic DNA is identified during the cloning of an animal, what is the next step? A. Remove the DNA from the donor cell. B. Implant the host cell in the surrogate mother. C. Select a host cell. D. Transfer the DNA to a host cell. E. Expose the cell to an electrical current.

A. Remove the DNA from the donor cell.

One of the main safety guidelines of DNA research is that ________. A. the host organisms can only survive under a narrow range of laboratory conditions B. the host organisms can only be purchased from certain laboratories C. the host organisms are all female D. the host organisms are all male E. there were no guidelines

A. the host organisms can only survive under a narrow range of laboratory conditions B. the host organisms can only be purchased from certain laboratories

In addition to embryonic stem cells, what other type of human tissue contains stem cells that show potential in the treatment of human diseases?

Adult stem cells are found in human umbilical cords.

Which of the following is not true regarding recombinant DNA technology? A) Through genetic engineering, it is possible to transfer genes from one organism into another. B) Humans have been using the techniques of recombinant DNA technology for the past 100 years. C) It is a type of applied science. D) DNA ligase is used to join pieces of DNA together. E) Restriction enzymes are used to cut plasmid DNA and human DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.

B) Humans have been using the techniques of recombinant DNA technology for the past 100

Which of the following is not considered a potential problem when using retroviruses as gene delivery vectors? A) Retroviruses must be rendered harmless before being used. B) Retroviruses splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the cells they infect. C) Retroviruses generally insert foreign DNA into a cell only when the cell is dividing. D) Retroviruses insert their genetic material randomly in the genome. E) Correct answer not given

B) Retroviruses splice their own RNA-based genetic code permanently into the DNA of the cells they infect.

What field of science compares the genomes of different organisms? A. Genetics B. Biology C. Genomics D. Ecology E. Geology

C. Genomics

Which of the following is the function of a primer? A) joins pieces of DNA together B) acts as the beginning site for production of a new strand of DNA C) adds nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA D) cuts DNA at known sites E) facilitates the production of multiple copies of a DNA segment

B) acts as the beginning site for production of a new strand of DNA

The first successful treatment of a genetic disorder by gene therapy was the curing of Ashanthi DeSilva who had severe combined immunodeficiency disease. Because the engineered cells do not live forever this child must supplement her treatment with regular doses of: A) bone marrow extract. B) adenosine deaminase. C) B lymphocytes. D) insulin. E) hemoglobin.

B) adenosine deaminase.

Which of the following is not a human protein produced presently by transgenic bacteria? A) growth hormone B) hemoglobin C) insulin D) factor VIII E) tissue plasminogen activator

B) hemoglobin

Which of the following human proteins, produced by transgenic bacteria, is used to treat diabetes? A) tissue Plasminogen Activator B) insulin C) factor VIII D) growth hormone E) erythropoietin

B) insulin

_______________ are the most genetically modified organisms that are used by scientists. A. Chickens B. Bacteria C. Goats D. Cows E. Mice

B. Bacteria

What is meant by the term recombinant DNA? A. DNA from bacteria and viruses. B. DNA from different species that are not normally found joined together in nature. C. DNA from restriction enzyme digestions. D. DNA that can synthesize RNA and proteins. E. B and C only.

B. DNA from different species that are not normally found joined together in nature.

Which animals were the first to be genetically modified? A. Pigs B. Mice C. Cows D. Monkeys E. Dogs

B. Mice

Which species is a potential source of organ transplantation to humans? A. Mice B. Pigs C. Dogs D. Cows E. Monkeys

B. Pigs

Which option BEST describes sticky ends? A. Sticky ends are DNA fragments that carry a higher charge than normal after they have been cleaved by restriction enzymes. B. Sticky ends are DNA fragments cleaved by a restriction enzyme so that one strand is longer than the other. C. Sticky ends are DNA fragments cleaved by a restriction enzyme so that both strands are the same length. D. Sticky ends are DNA fragments that attract a carbohydrate molecule to one end after being cleaved by a restriction enzyme.

B. Sticky ends are DNA fragments cleaved by a restriction enzyme so that one strand is longer than the other.

The genetic variation that exists among humans is mainly due to the differences that exist within their _______________. A. alleles B. parents C. cells D. cell membranes E. ribosomes

B. parents

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their: A. ability to bind to mRNA. B. size. C. solubility in water. D. solubility in the gel.

B. size.

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the attachment of nucleotides to a growing complimentary strand? A) plasmidase B) restriction enzyme C) DNA polymerase D) trangenase E) DNA ligases

C) DNA polymerase

Which of the following techniques is not used to transfer or retain foreign DNA in plants? A) Individual plant cells with desired DNA are used to regenerate entire plants. B) Recombinant DNA is shot into plant cells at a high velocity. C) Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are exposed to very high temperatures. D) Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are shocked with high voltage. E) Bacteria with genetically engineered plasmids are taken up by embryonic plant cells.

C) Plant cells in the presence of recombinant DNA are exposed to very high temperatures.

When DNA fragments from different sources are mixed together, they begin combining with each other due to: A) electrical currents present in the mixture. B) a change in temperature. C) complementary base pairing. D) the action of restriction enzymes. E) a change in pH.

C) complementary base pairing.

The first successful treatment of a human genetic disorder through gene therapy was with a disorder known as: A) acquired immune deficiency syndrome. B) diabetes mellitus. C) severe combined immunodeficiency disease. D) human dwarfism. E) hemophilia.

C) severe combined immunodeficiency disease.

All human beings share approximately ________% of their DNA with the rest of the human population. A. 1 B. 75 C. 99 D. 33 E. 58

C. 99

What biological product is being produced by genetically engineered golden rice? A. Increased carbohydrates B. Additional glucose C. B carotene D. Vitamin B E. Proteins

C. B carotene

______________ is the process by which an organism's genome is deliberately modified. A. Polymerase chain reaction B. Electrophoresis C. Genetic engineering D. Recombinant DNA E. DNA sequencing

C. Genetic engineering

A cloning vector is: A. used to carry foreign genes or DNA fragments. B. divided by the charge of the DNA. C. carries restriction enzymes to their restriction sites. D. only used in matching DNA samples.

C. carries restriction enzymes to their restriction sites.

Restriction enzymes: A. bind together strands of DNA. B. bind RNA fragments together. C. cut DNA at specific sites. D. stop transcription of genes

C. cut DNA at specific sites.

BamHI, HindIII, and EcoRI are all examples of: A. genes. B. DNA ligands. C. restriction enzymes. D. SNPs in the human genome.' E. exons.

C. restriction enzymes.

Golden rice is a transgenic crop plant that has been engineered to produce elevated levels of the pigment beta-carotene. These rice strains were developed to help prevent in children. A. tuberculosis B. malaria C. vitamin A deficiency D. protein deficiency E. hypertension

C. vitamin A deficiency

When was the human genome officially sequenced? A. 1953 B. 1975 C. 2001 D. 2003 E. 1989

D. 2003

Which of the following is not true regarding a plasmid? A) Plasmids contain genes needed for bacterial replication. B) A copy of a plasmid is produced by a bacterium every time the bacterium reproduces. C) Plasmids are currently used in recombinant DNA technology because foreign DNA can be incorporated into them. D) Plasmids are part of the main bacterial chromosome. E) A plasmid is a small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria.

D) Plasmids are part of the main bacterial chromosome.

A scientist is working in a lab sequencing DNA. After reading the results from a column of gel scanned in a fluoroscope, she determines that the sequence of bases in the newly synthesized DNA is AATTCCCGG. Which of the following would represent the sequence of bases on the complementary strand? A) UUTTCCCGG B) UUAAGGGCC C) GGCCAAATT D) TTAAGGGCC E) AATTCCCGG

D) TTAAGGGCC

One of the main problems associated with treating human diseases through gene therapy is: A) finding the correct form of the gene to be delivered. B) finding human cells that could potentially be genetically engineered. C) the inability to clone human cells. D) finding a delivery system that would target specific cell types. E) determining a disorder that could be cured through gene therapy.

D) finding a delivery system that would target specific cell types.

One of the first uses of transgenic bacteria involved their production of human: A) heart muscle. B) skin. C) blood vessels. D) hormones. E) plasmids.

D) hormones.

Which technique is used to mass produce copies of a section of DNA outside of a cell? A. DNA sequencing B. Electrophoresis C. Translation D. Polymerase chain reaction E. Transcription

D. Polymerase chain reaction

In nature, the purpose of restriction enzymes is to: A. Protect the bacterium from virus attack by not allowing the virus to attach to the cell wall. B. Protect the bacterium from the DNA of other organisms the bacterium infects. C. Protect the bacterium from replicating its DNA at the wrong time. D. Protect the bacterium from virus attack by cutting up foreign DNA.

D. Protect the bacterium from virus attack by cutting up foreign DNA.

The gel in a gel electrophoresis is: A. sucralose. B. pectrolose. C. pentarose. D. agarose. E. maltose.

D. agarose.

All restriction enzyme recognition sites: A. are never read the same forward and backward. B. end with CGT. C. begin with CGT. D. are read the same forward and backward.

D. are read the same forward and backward.

During ____________________ DNA fragments are separated based upon ____________________. A. DNA sequencing, color B. electrophoresis, color C. polymerase chain reaction, size D. electrophoresis, size E. genetic analysis, size

D. electrophoresis, size

During _________________ a researcher will remove the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and insert a nucleus from an adult animal. A. genetic testing B. germ cell nuclear transfer C. genetic transfer D. somatic cell nuclear transfer E. nuclear replication

D. somatic cell nuclear transfer

Bacteria are very important to the genetic engineering industry because: A) they reproduce very quickly. B) they cannot become transgenic organisms. C) they are identical in structure to viruses which are often used as vectors. D) they readily take up plasmids containing foreign genes. E) A and D

E) A and D

Which of the following is associated with recombinant DNA technology? A) DNA ligase B) plasmids C) restriction enzymes D) use of bacteria E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Pharmaceutical companies prefer to genetically engineer large animals with human genes because it may be possible to obtain large amounts of the resulting protein from the animals': A) fur B) blood C) bones D) meat E) milk

E) milk

Gene therapy is currently under investigation as a possible way to cure cystic fibrosis. How is the viral vector carrying the normal gene delivered to the affected cells? A) bacterial plasmid B) application to skin C) ingestion D) injection E) nasal spray

E) nasal spray

Which of the following genetically engineered vaccines is presently on the market? A) vaccine for influenza B) vaccine for HIV C) vaccine for human papilloma virus D) vaccine for malaria E) vaccine for hepatitis B

E) vaccine for hepatitis B

During genetic engineering small loops of DNA called __________ need to be shuffled from one organism to another. A. vectors B. phospholipids C. restriction enzymes D. recombinant DNA E. plasmids

E. plasmids

A challenge with scientific breakthroughs is that they are rarely accompanied by ___________. A. the people interested in them B. the desire to continue researching them C. the legislation necessary to support them D. the funding to continue the research E. the discovery of the tools needed to study them

E. the discovery of the tools needed to study them

In three-parent in vitro fertilization, why is a second female donor required for this procedure?

One female donates a viable haploid nucleus from an egg cell that contains defective mitochondria for repro- duction. Due to defective mitochondria, a second female donor is needed to donate an empty (enucleated) egg cell that contains healthy mitochondria. The haploid egg pronucleus from the first female donor is then inserted into the empty egg cell from the second female donor in order to produce a viable [haploid] egg cell that in turn can be fertilized by a haploid sperm cell.

In June 2007, a bill was presented to President George W. Bush that would allow the use of federal funding for embryonic stem cell research. What was the outcome of this legislative action?

President Bush vetoed the stem cell research bill. He stated that this bill was would support the deliberate destruction of human embryos. This was President Bush's second veto of embryonic stem cell research legislation since he took office in January 2001.

What is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?

Reproductive cloning involves cloning a person's DNA, and transplanting the embryo into a (surrogate) mother for the sole purpose of producing a new human being. Therapeutic cloning is the development of human blastocysts for the sole purpose of producing stem cell lines for therapeutic use in humans.

In what country is three-parent in vitro fertilization a legal medical procedure?

The United Kingdom will legalize TPIVF in October, 2015.

What is the current "bottleneck" in therapeutic cloning?

The current "bottleneck" is the low efficiency that occurs when stem cell lines are prepared from cloned blastocysts.

What is another name for therapeutic cloning?

Therapeutic cloning is also known as somatic cell nuclear transfer.

In February 2004, a team of South Korean scientists managed to generate more than thirty human blastocysts by therapeutic cloning. How many human embryonic stem cell lines were produced by this technique?

These scientists produced a single human embryonic stem cell line from these embryos.

What recommendation has been made on therapeutic cloning in a report by the U.S. President's Council on Bioethics in July 2002?

This council recommended that cloning for biomedical research be prohibited during a four-year moratorium.

Genetically engineering bacteria may be used to break down pollutants in the environment in a process known as a. bioremediation. b. replica plating. c. hybridization. d. transcription. e. polymorphism.

a. bioremediation.

Because it has no introns, researchers prefer to use __________ when working with human genes. a. cDNA b. cloned DNA c. hybridized DNA d. RFLPs e. viral DNA

a. cDNA

Probes for cloned genes use a. complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with radioactive isotopes. b. certain media with specific antibodies. c. specific enzymes. d. certain bacteria sensitive to the genes. e. all of these

a. complementary nucleotide sequences labeled with radioactive isotopes.

The human genome project seeks to a. identify the nucleotide sequence of all human genes. b. develop a complete DNA library for a human gene. c. develop genetic markers for all genetic diseases. d. catalog all the varieties of human alleles. e. identify all humans that possess genetic defects.

a. identify the nucleotide sequence of all human genes.

Small circular molecules of DNA in bacteria are called a. plasmids. b. desmids. c. pili. d. F particles. e. transferrins.

a. plasmids.

Restriction enzymes a. work at recognition sites. b. function only at "sticky ends." c. produce uniform lengths of DNA. d. function only in genetic laboratories. e. none of these

a. work at recognition sites.

Which of the following would represent a way to affect a cell without directly affecting its genes? a. Insert plasmids. b. Inhibit transcription of mRNA. c. Use bioremediation. d. Activate reverse transcription. e. Speed up the action of DNA polymerase.

b. Inhibit transcription of mRNA.

Vaccines produced by genetic engineering contain a. plasmids in solution. b. antigen produced by bacteria, c. weakened or killed microbes. d. antibodies. e. live viruses.

b. antigen produced by bacteria,

The "natural" use of restriction enzymes by bacteria is to a. integrate viral DNA. b. destroy viral DNA. c. repair "sticky ends." d. copy the bacterial genes. e. clone DNA.

b. destroy viral DNA.

The detection of nucleotides as they pass through an automated DNA sequencing machine is by a. radioactivity. b. laser flourescence. c. antibiotic resistance. d. electron microscopy. e. gel electrophoresis.

b. laser flourescence.

Which of the following methods of DNA amplification does NOT require cloning? a. reverse transcription b. polymerase chain reaction c. cloned DNA d. reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction e. polymerase chain reaction and cloned DNA

b. polymerase chain reaction

Enzymes used to cut DNA molecules in recombinant DNA research are a. ligases. b. restriction enzymes. c. transcriptases. d. DNA polymerases. e. replicases.

b. restriction enzymes.

Recombinant DNA research uses plasmids and which of the following as cloning vectors? a. E. coli b. viruses c. plants d. fungi e. any type of host cell

b. viruses

Which of the following enzymes joins the paired sticky ends of DNA fragments? a. reverse transcriptase b. restriction enzymes c. DNA ligase d. DNA polymerase

c. DNA ligase

The method used to determine which host cells pick up a desired plasmid is the use of a. fluorescent dyes. b. restriction enzymes. c. antibiotics. d. marker genes. e. a known series of nonsense nucleotides (introns).

c. antibiotics.

To determine the nucleotide sequence in DNA, scientists now use a. electron microscopy. b. antibiotic resistance. c. automated DNA sequencing. d. radioactive tracers. e. viruses.

c. automated DNA sequencing.

The use of RFLPs for "genetic fingerprinting" is based upon a. the type of gel used in electrophoresis. b. identical alleles at loci. c. differences of locations where enzymes make their cuts. d. differences between blood and semen DNA. e. bonding of DNA to RNA.

c. differences of locations where enzymes make their cuts.

RNA can manufacture DNA via the action of a. DNA polymerase. b. RNA polymerase. c. reverse transcriptase. d. ligase. e. restriction endonuclease

c. reverse transcriptase.

Genetically-engineered organisms that carry some foreign genes are said to be a. mutated. b. restricted. c. transgenic. d. cloned. e. replicated.

c. transgenic.

Which of the following statements about restriction fragment length polymorphism is false? a. RFLPs can be used as a genetic fingerprint. b. RFLPs are based upon variations in alleles at the same locus. c. RFLPs reflect the fact that molecular differences in alleles alter the site where restriction enzymes function. d. RFLPs can be used to distinguish between identical twins. e. RFLPs have greatly increased the number of sites involved in mapping the human genome.

d. RFLPs can be used to distinguish between identical twins.

Which statement is true? a. There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in humans. b. There is no danger involved in recombinant DNA research in bacteria. c. There is no danger in releasing recombinant organisms into the environment. d. Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible. e. It is safe to conduct recombinant DNA research in plants.

d. Stringent safety rules make the use of recombinant DNA research possible.

A collection of DNA fragments produced by restriction enzymes and incorporated into plasmids is called a. copied DNA. b. transcribed DNA. c. DNA amplification. d. a DNA library. e. plasmid DNA.

d. a DNA library.

Gene therapy a. has not yet been used successfully with mammals. b. is a surgical technique that separates chromosomes that have failed to segregate properly during meiosis II. c. has been used successfully to treat victims of Huntington's disorder by removing the dominant damaging autosomal allele and replacing it with a harmless one. d. offers the possibility of replacing defective alleles with normal ones. e. all of these

d. offers the possibility of replacing defective alleles with normal ones.

Recombinant DNA technology a. uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product. b. splices DNAs together. c. is possible only between closely related species. d. uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product and splices DNAs together. e. uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product and splices DNAs together, but is possible only between closely related species.

d. uses bacteria to make copies of the desired product and splices DNAs together.

Multiple copies of DNA can be produced by a. cloning a DNA library. b. genetic amplification. c. the use of reverse transcriptase. d. the action of DNA polymerase. e. all of these

e. all of these

New genetic combinations result from a. crossing over. b. sexual reproduction. c. mutations. d. exchange of genes between different species. e. all of these

e. all of these

Plasmids a. are self-reproducing circular molecules of DNA. b. are sites for inserting genes for amplification. c. may be transferred between different species of bacteria. d. may confer the ability to donate genetic material when bacteria conjugate. e. all of these

e. all of these

Recombinant DNA a. has occurred in sexually reproducing forms. b. can be produced with new biological techniques. c. occurs with viral infections of various forms of life. d. has produced changes that resulted in evolution. e. all of these

e. all of these

Restriction enzymes a. often produce staggered cuts in DNA that are useful in splicing genes. b. are like most enzymes in being very specific in their action. c. are natural defense mechanisms evolved in bacteria to guard against or counteract bacteriophages. d. are used along with ligase and plasmids to produce a DNA library. e. all of these

e. all of these

The fragments of chromosomes split by restriction enzymes a. have fused ends. b. have specific sequences of nucleotides. c. have sticky ends. d. form a circle. e. have specific sequences of nucleotides and sticky ends.

e. have specific sequences of nucleotides and sticky ends.

For polymerase chain reaction to occur, a. isolated DNA molecules must be primed. b. all DNA fragments must be identical. c. the DNA must be separated into single strands. d. a sticky end must be available for the ligase enzyme to function. e. isolated DNA molecules must be primed and the DNA must be separated into single strands.

e. isolated DNA molecules must be primed and the DNA must be separated into single strands.

What is the name given to bits of RNA that act like enzymes to cut up specific mRNA sequences before they can be translated? This question will be probably be on the final exam! a. restriction enzymes b. cloning vectors c. RNA ligase d. exons e. ribozymes

e. ribozymes

A tangelo is a combination a. orange and lemon. b. orange and tangerine. c. navel orange and tangerine. d. tangerine and cantaloupe. e. tangerine and grapefruit.

e. tangerine and grapefruit