Module 7- Psychology

Which of the following is an example of the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A burst of energy enables Hassan to run fast when he sees a skunk in his path.

What is a social role?

A socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment.

Asch

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

Coping

________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

Eustress

Which of the following statements is correct regarding social exchange theory?

People are motivated to maximize the costs of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the benefits.

What type of disorders include physical symptoms that can be produced or exacerbated by psychological factors? *

Psychophysiological disorders

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.

anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence

Beliefs and knowledge about certain things (Dustin believes baseball is better than football, for example) represent the ________ component of an attitude.

cognitive

Mandy grew up believing that everyone from California was "weird." But at school, Mandy's new roommate and best friend is from California, so she reasons that maybe Californians aren't all that bad. What best accounts for her attitude shift?

cognitive dissonance theory

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________.

confirmation bias

Amir was a first responder in an accident. His fight-or-flight response kicked in right away. This would result in the release of ________ and the short-term effect of ________.

cortisol; improving immune system functioning

There are three friends-Masako, Elida, and Renata-who notice that one of the boys in their class looks very sad one morning and is holding back tears. Each of the girls thinks the others will ask him what is wrong and be supportive and so none of them say a word. This failure to act because they thought others would is called ________.

diffusion of responsibility

"In order to want to help other people, you must first imagine yourself in their situation and feel their pain." This statement summarizes the ________ model of prosocial behavior.

empathy-altruism

Bill's company is developing a new product. There are indications that the product may be defective and could result in substantial liability for the company. Bill argues that the company's strong record of developing and marketing products suggests that they will pull through this time as well. The board members quickly decide to go ahead with the product despite its dangers. Their reasoning is an example of ________.

groupthink

Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias.

in-group

Consummate loves includes

intimacy, passion, and commitment.

In California, undocumented migrants are often blamed for high unemployment in the state, although statistics show that high unemployment is not related to the number of illegal migrants. In this example, illegal migrants are victims of ________: the act of blaming an out-group when the in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal.

scapegoating

Social psychologists are more likely to examine how external influences determine behavior. This is called ________; whereas personality psychologists are likely to promote the idea that internal factors determine behavior. This is called ________.

situationism; dispositionism

Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________.

social loafing

Evan was annoyed because Erika tagged him in a picture he found embarrassing. He untagged himself so that others wouldn't see, but Erika tagged him again. Erika broke one of the ________ of Facebook. *

social norms

What was the main takeaway of the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and tangible assistance are all examples of ________.

social support

Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because ________.

the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted

Jay heard that Ellen has a great sense of humor. Upon meeting her for the first time, Jay encourages Ellen to share jokes she has heard and to tell him about comedy films she has seen. Although Ellen does not see herself as especially funny, she obliges Jay, and he concludes that what he had heard about Ellen is true. Which of the following phenomenon is most closely reflected in exchange between Jay and Ellen?

the self-fulfilling prophecy

Thinking that members of a particular group are unfriendly, we may act toward them in a guarded manner. As a result, we may elicit a coldness that confirms our belief. This scenario captures the essence of ________.

the self-fulfilling prophecy

Under which of the following circumstances would a cost-benefit analysis be most likely to result in a person offering helpful assistance? *

when the costs of helping are low and the rewards are high.

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?

The immune system is weakened.

________ is the kind of stress that exceeds the optimal level, is no longer a positive force, and becomes excessive and debilitating.

Distress

Oleksiy is an adjunct professor in the Department of Fine Arts. He applied for a full-time job recently, which he did not get. He tries to put this situation in a positive light, reminding himself that he will have more time to produce artwork if he is not working a full-time job. He also reminds himself that some of his friends from grad school can't find work related to art in any way. Which type of coping approach is Oleksiy using?

Emotion focused