Module 8 ZOOLOGY Cell cycle, mitosis, and cancer

centrosome

A structure present in eukaryotic cells that functions as a microtubule organizing center important in cell division

120

According to this karyotype of the banteng, how many sister chromatids does it have?

e

BRCA1, BRCA2, and p53 are all examples of tumor suppressors. If the gene encoding one of these proteins is mutated a. cytokinesis will not occur b. cell cycle control is normal, as tumor suppressors are harmful to the cell c. an individual has a 100% chance of getting breast cancer d. normal cells undergo apoptosis e. cells can go past a cell cycle checkpoint even if the cells are damaged.

d

Cancer cells... a. do not undergo cytokinesis b. do not divide at all, even when a growth factor is present c. cannot carry out DNA replication d. do not respond correctly to cell cycle controls and divide uncontrollably e. cannot make ATP because they have no mitochondria

b

Cell signaling in yeast and animals utilizes a signal transduction pathway. Which of the following is the correct order of stages in a signal transduction pathway? a. transduction, reception, response b. reception, transduction, response c. reception, translation, replication d. response, transduction, reception e. transcription, translation, replication

a

Cohesions degrade at which stage of mitosis? a. anaphase b. telophase c. cytokinesis d. prophase e. metaphase

e

How does the HPV E6 protein increase the risk for cancer? a. it acts as a growth factor b. no choice is correct c. it promotes apoptosis d. it silences telomerase e. it binds to p53 and targets it for destruction by the cell

d

In eukaryotic cell division, when do microfilaments shorten? a. metaphase b. prophase c. anaphase d. telophase/cytokinesis

a

Tasmanian devils are 2n=14. A tasmanian devil somatic cell starts to divide. In metaphase of mitosis, there are BLANK chromosomes and BLANK sister chromatids in the cell. a. 14, 28 b. 28, 0 c. 14, 14 d. 28, 28 e. 28, 56

a

Tasmanian devils are 2n=14. After the somatic cell of a Tasmanian devil divides by mitosis/cytokinesis, how many chromosomes are in each of the daughter cells? a. 14 b. 28 c. 0 d. 7 e. 3.5

a

The G2 checkpoint is important because it ensures... a. that DNA was replicated accurately in the S phase b. that DNA polymerase is ready to start replicating DNA c. that DNA is not damaged before the S phase starts and that a growth factor is present d. that tumor suppressors are shut off e. that all kinetochore microtubules are attached to kinetochores

b

The banteng is a species of wild cattle found in Southeast Asia. The karyotype of a banteng is shown below. Based on this karyotype you know that a banteng is... a. n=60 b. 2n=60 c. 2n=30 d. 30n=2 e. 2n=120

a, d

The figure below is a metaphase chromosome. The arrows in the figure are pointing to... a. sister chromatids b. kinetochores c. centrosomes d. identical DNA molecules that will be separated from each other during Anaphase of mitosis e. centromeres

anchorage dependence

The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division.

f

What is the correct order of the cell cycle/mitosis based on the diagram below? a. B,E,A,D,C b. E,A,C,D,B c. A,B,C,D,E d. C,D,A,E,B e. A,C,E,B,D f. D,A,E,B,C

b

When does DNA replication occur? a. in a resting, G0 cell b. in the S phase of the cell cycle c. it the M phase of the cell cycle d. in the g2 phase of the cell cycle e. in the g1 phase of the cell cycle

b

Where are the 3 cell cycle checkpoints found? a. prophase, metaphase, telophase b. G1, G2, M c. G1, S, G2 d. the beginning of G1, the end of G1, the end of G2 e. S, G2, G0

a, d

Which of the following would have the potential to shut down telomerase production in a cancer cell? (select all correct choices) a. methylation of the telomerase gene b. infection of the cell with HPV c. a gain of function point mutation in the telomerase gene d. RNA inhibition of telomerase

prophase

Which stage of mitosis is occurring according to the following description. Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope degrades, mitotic spindle forms, kinetochore microtubules connect to kinetochores

telophase (/cytokinesis)

Which stage of mitosis is occurring according to the following description. chromosomes de-condense, nuclear envelope reforms, cleavage furrow forms, parent cell splits into two daughter cells.

metaphase

Which stage of mitosis is occurring according to the following description. chromosomes line up on metaphase plate

anaphase

Which stage of mitosis is occurring according to the following description. kinetochore microtubules shorten, non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen, sister chromatids pulled apart, cell lengthens

kinetochore

a protein structure attached to the centromere that can bind microtubules

growth factor

a protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for normal cells to start dividing

centromere

a region of DNA where a chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid.

telomerase

an enzymes that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in some eukaryotic cells and in cancer cells

karyotype

an individual's collection of chromosomes

oncogenes

cancer-causing genes

binary fission

division of prokaryotic cells

mitosis

division of somatic cells

gene amplification

method in which a proto-oncogene can become an oncogene by an increase in the number of copies of a gene which can result in an increase in the amount of protein encoded by that gene

point mutation

method in which a proto-oncogene can become an oncogene by the alteration of a single base pair of DNA or a small segment of DNA which can lead to an altered protein

translocation

method in which a proto-oncogene can become an oncogene when a chromosome breaks and a portion of the chromosome reattaches to a different chromosome, sometimes putting a gene under different "controls"

proto-oncogenes

normal versions of oncogenes, which code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division

meisosis

production of gametes

apoptosis

programmed cell death

tumor suppressors

proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

contact inhibition

the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they become too crowded