Module 9 (Hormonal/Glucose Regulation A)

After having a very stressful day in pathophysiology class, the student knows that which hormone (secreted by the adrenal cortex) will help decrease the effects of stress? Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid Dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal androgen Cortisol, a glucocorticoid Androstenedione, an adrenal androgen

Cortisol, a glucocorticoid

A nurse who works in the office of an endocrinologist is orienting a new staff member. Which teaching point should the nurse include in the orientation? "Sometimes hormones act locally on the area where they were produced, as in the case of endocrine actions." "It's uncommon for production of hormones to be far removed from the tissue where they ultimately exert their effect." "The regulation of homeostasis requires that hormones be absent from the body when their effect is not needed." "A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes."

"A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes."

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) performs which role in the functioning of the endocrine system? Acting as a high-affinity receptor on the surface of target cells Mediating hormone synthesis by non-vesicle-mediated pathways Acting as a second messenger to mediate hormone action on target cells Inactivating hormones to prevent excess accumulation

Acting as a second messenger to mediate hormone action on target cells

The nurse is assessing a client with thyrotoxicosis and the nurse is explaining how the thyroid gland is stimulated to release thyroid hormones. The nurse should describe what process? Direct neural stimulation Action of releasing hormones from hypothalamus Homeostatic receptors on surface of gland Steady-state continuous release

Action of releasing hormones from hypothalamus

When hormones act locally rather than being secreted into the bloodstream, their actions are termed: Autocratic and paracratic Autocrine and paracrine Preventers and inhibitors Localized and influential

Autocrine and paracrine

The nurse is planning to collect a 24-hour urine sample for hormone assay. In which situation does the nurse collaborate with the health care provider to find an alternate type of testing? Client has hypothyroidism. Client has anemia. Client has anuria. Client has diabetes.

Client has anuria.

The vesicle-mediated pathway has a role in synthesis and release of which hormones? Select all that apply. Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Dopamine Follicle-stimulating hormone Testosterone

Follicle-stimulating hormone Antidiuretic hormone Dopamine

An adult client presents to the emergency department after an episode of syncope. Blood pressure is low and the pulse is thready and rapid. The client frequently voids large amounts of pale, clear urine. Lung sounds are clear and skin turgor is inelastic. Which endocrine disorder is the likely cause of these manifestations? Diabetes insipidus Hyperparathyroidism Gigantism Myxedema

Diabetes insipidus

A nurse examines the laboratory values of a client in heart failure. Which value indicates a compensatory hormone mechanism? Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone Decreased red blood cell count Elevated serum pH Decreased hematocrit

Elevated atrial natriuretic hormone

What is the role of glucagon in initiating the breakdown of glycogen? Second messenger First messenger Intracellular catalyst Receptor antagonist

First messenger

The anatomy instructor is presenting a lecture on hormone synthesis. The instructor determines that instruction was effective when students identify the site of prohormone to hormone conversion as the: Cell nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Golgi complex

Golgi complex

Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland? Growth hormone (GH) Oxytocin Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Norepinephrine

Growth hormone (GH)

Which statement best explains the function of hormone receptors? Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response. Hormone receptors produce antibodies to block certain hormones from entering the cell. Hormone receptors are located within the red blood cells and carry hormones to the target cells. Hormone receptors respond to decreasing hormone levels by producing a decrease in receptor numbers.

Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the hormonal signal into a cellular response.

When hypofunction of an endocrine organ is suspected, which type of diagnostic test can be administered to measure and assess target gland response? Antibody binding Hormone stimulation Agglutination 24-hour urine

Hormone stimulation

Select the most appropriate statement that describes the function of hormones. Hormones respond to cellular and systematic interactions. Hormones have little involvement in cellular and systematic responses. Hormones initiate reactions of cellular and systematic responses. Hormones function as modulators of cellular and systematic responses.

Hormones function as modulators of cellular and systematic responses.

A health care provider is assessing a client for a potential endocrine disorder. Assessment findings identify abnormalities with emotion, pain, and body temperature. Which mechanism of endocrine control will require further laboratory/diagnostic assessment? Cerebral cortex Cerebellum Anterior pituitary Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Release and synthesis of anterior pituitary hormones are mainly regulated by which part of the body? Adrenal gland Thymus gland Cell receptors Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

Which gland acts as a signal relaying bridge between multiple body systems and the pituitary gland? Thyroid Parathyroid Posterior pituitary Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus

An infant whose mother had myxedema during the pregnancy has failed to meet standards for growth and is developmentally delayed. Which hormonal imbalance is this child exhibiting? Calcium insufficiency Dopamine insufficiency Hypothyroidism Hypoglycemia

Hypothyroidism

An adult client is scheduled for testing of a suspected growth hormone (GH)-secreting tumor. Which result from the glucose suppression test would confirm the condition? Decreased GH levels Increased GH secretion Hypoglycemia Hyperinsulinemia

Increased GH secretion

The nurse is discussing positive feedback mechanisms. Which example best explains this mechanism? Decreased cortisone levels increase blood levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Decreased thyroid hormone (TH) increases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Increased estradiol production causes increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production. Increased glucose levels in the blood decreases growth hormone (GH) levels.

Increased estradiol production causes increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) production.

While teaching a science class, the instructor mentions that both autocrine and paracrine hormonal actions occur without entering the bloodstream. A student asks, "What cells do paracrine actions affect?" Which response is correct? Target Stored Self Local

Local

What is the most common mechanism of hormone control? Negative feedback Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis Hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell feedback Positive feedback

Negative feedback

Which hormone will elicit a more rapid response than the others? Norepinephrine Adrenocorticotropic hormone Insulin Prolactin

Norepinephrine

Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones? Pancreas Hypothalamus Thyroid Pituitary

Pituitary

Which structure controls the functions of the greatest number of target glands and cells? Thyroid gland Pancreas Pituitary gland Adrenal cortex

Pituitary gland

A client receives steroids for several months to treat an inflammatory condition. Which action by the primary health care provider indicates an understanding of the negative feedback mechanism when the client no longer needs the medication? Instructing the client to stop taking the medication Measuring urine catecholamine levels before stopping the drug Scheduling a positron emission tomography scan a week after stopping the drug Prescribing a tapering dose of the medication over weeks

Prescribing a tapering dose of the medication over weeks

As part of maintaining homeostasis, why are hormones, secreted by endocrine cells, continuously inactivated? Prevent accumulation Free receptor sites Absorb metabolic waste Stimulate production

Prevent accumulation

A client with a history of brain tumors that resulted in partial removal of the pituitary gland years ago expresses concern to the health care provider about whether she will be able to breast-feed her infant. Which physiologic function of the pituitary gland facilitates breast milk production? Oxytocin Growth hormone (GH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Prolactin

Prolactin

While reviewing the concept of nuclear receptors with a group of pathophysiology students, the instructor uses the example of clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus taking pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione medication. Because of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the drug has which effect on the clients' diabetes? Increases the clients' metabolic rate, thereby giving them more energy, which results in weight loss. Promotes glucose uptake and increase the synthesis of certain proteins involved in fat metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of lipids. Helps the body burn fats more effectively, thereby preventing any cardiovascular problems like myocardial infarction. This medicine increases insulin resistance in muscle and fat and increases the amount of glucose produced by the liver.

Promotes glucose uptake and increase the synthesis of certain proteins involved in fat metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of lipids.

Several hormones, including growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), are bound to and carried by which substance? Proteins Prohormones Cholesterol Target cells

Proteins

A 21-year-old female is suspected of having inadequate function of her hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system. Her care provider is planning to inject thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and then measure her levels of TSH. Which diagnostic test is being performed? Radioimmunoassay (RIA) test Stimulation test Metabolite excretion test Suppression test

Stimulation test

A client has received an injection containing thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and is now being assessed for serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Which type of diagnostic testing is this client undergoing? Suppression testing Stimulation testing Autoantibody testing Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

Stimulation testing

The nurse is caring for a client with decreased serum protein levels secondary to liver failure. When administering medications that are highly protein bound, the nurse anticipates the resulting drug level will respond in which of these ways? The drug level will be elevated as lack of protein allows more free drug to circulate. The drug level will increase because low protein levels prevent the drug from being inactivated. The drug level will decrease because low protein levels displace the drug from the binding protein. The drug level will decrease as less protein in the blood stream must bind the additional drug.

The drug level will be elevated as lack of protein allows more free drug to circulate.

When describing to a client newly diagnosed with diabetes how insulin is regulated, the nurse will draw upon her knowledge of which hormonal regulation mechanism? The cytokine-interleukin regulatory mechanism The angiotensin I to angiotensin II to aldosterone system The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system Basal metabolic rate

The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

Which statement about immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) testing for measuring plasma hormone levels is most accurate? These tests are very specific since they utilize two antibodies instead of one. A 24-hour urine test will be required along with blood tests to calculate specific results. This bioassay test uses an intact animal or a portion of tissue from an animal to calculate specificity and sensitivity. This testing procedure uses antibody-coated plates to produce colored reaction.

These tests are very specific since they utilize two antibodies instead of one.

The nurse administers a glucocorticoid medication to a client with pneumonia. Which of these does the nurse teach the client is the purpose of the medication? To decrease stress of illness To decrease appetite To regulate glucose metabolism To decrease airway inflammation

To decrease airway inflammation

Sometimes the measurement of hormones is done through a urine sample. What is an advantage of measuring hormone levels through a urine sample rather than a blood sample? Urine has more accurate measurements of hormones. There are more hormone metabolites in urine than in blood. Blood sampling has more pure hormone than urine does. Urine samples are easily obtained.

Urine samples are easily obtained.

Which hormones cross cell membranes to connect to nuclear receptors? Select all that apply. Glucocorticoids Thyroid hormones Glucagon Vitamin D Parathyroid hormone

Vitamin D Thyroid hormones Glucocorticoids

Which physiologic process best exemplifies a positive feedback mechanism? release of parathyroid hormone in response to decreased serum calcium levels regulation of blood glucose levels by insulin release of antidiuretic hormone when sodium levels are higher than normal increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breastfeeding

increase in prolactin secretion that occurs with more frequent breastfeeding

A middle-aged female client has been diagnosed with a thyroid condition. The nurse educates the client about the prescription and needed follow-up lab work, which will help regulate the dosage. The client asks, "Why do I not return to the clinic for weeks, since I am starting the medication tomorrow morning?" The nurse bases the answer on the knowledge that thyroid hormones: may take days for the full effect to occur, based on the mechanism of action. cause many side effects, and the clinic wants the client to be on the medication for several weeks so that all the effects can be reported. can cause weight loss, so the clinic wants to see how much weight the client loses at the return visit. will begin working right away, and the clinic wants to see how the body is responding to the drug.

may take days for the full effect to occur, based on the mechanism of action.

A client reports multiple nonspecific concerns, and the health care provider has ordered a positron emission tomography (PET). For which is the client being evaluated? the pancreas response to an insulin injection bone density tumors located on the endocrine glands radioactivity of the thyroid gland

tumors located on the endocrine glands

A client exhibiting problems with her thyroid has been scheduled for a radioactive scan. From the following list of clients, which would the nurse question as to whether this would be a safe procedure for this client? A middle-aged male client with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus An adult client having an episode of wheezing from allergies An older adult client who has a history of aortic stenosis A young female client who has been trying to get pregnant

A young female client who has been trying to get pregnant

When discussing luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone with students, the instructor will emphasize that these hormones are under the control of: Thyroid gland Posterior adrenal cortex Pancreas Anterior pituitary gland

Anterior pituitary gland

The number of hormone receptors on a cell may be altered for any of several reasons. The most appropriate response would be: Altered hormone levels will not induce changes in the activity of the genes that regulate receptor synthesis. Sustained levels of excess hormone often bring about a decrease in receptor numbers by up-regulation. Antibodies may destroy or block the receptor proteins. Decreased hormone levels often produce an increase in receptor numbers by means of a process called down-regulation.

Antibodies may destroy or block the receptor proteins.

A client has developed a tumor of the posterior pituitary gland. The client is at risk for problems with secretions of: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and vasopressin Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and dopamine Somatostatin and prolactin

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

To prevent the accumulation of hormones in our bodies, the hormones are constantly being metabolized and excreted. Where are adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones excreted? Bile and lungs Feces and urine Bile and urine Cell metabolites and lungs

Bile and urine

Following a meal, a client's blood glucose level has increased. In addition, the client's pancreas has increased the amount of insulin produced and released. Which phenomenon has occurred? Adjustment of insulin requirements based on time the meal was consumed Hypothalamic-pituitary control of hormone levels. Hormone production and release via the positive feedback cycle. Increased hormone level according to a negative feedback mechanism

Increased hormone level according to a negative feedback mechanism

A client undergoing an evaluation of hormone levels asks, "What regulates the hormone levels?" Which response by the nurse would be considered most accurate? The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system Exogenous forms of hormones The positive feedback loop The hypophysial portal system

The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system

The nurse is teaching a client who has been newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism about the function of the thyroid. Which statement about the role of the thyroid gland is most accurate? The thyroid gland promotes development of secondary sex characteristics. The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the metabolic rate. The thyroid gland is responsible for regulating serum calcium levels. The thyroid gland releases neurotransmitters when the "flight or flight" mechanism is stimulated.

The thyroid gland is responsible for increasing the metabolic rate.