Mood Disorders (Abnormal Psychology)

Seasonal affective disorder

Believed to be related to the changes in the levels of melatonin, seasonal affective disorder shares symptoms with MDD. It occurs typically during the fall and winter seasons.

Cushing's syndrome

Condition that causes oversecretion of cortisol; high levels of cortisol is linked heavily to depression

Expressed emotion (EE)

Defined as a family member's critical or hostile comments toward or emotional overinvolvement with the person with depression

True/False: Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder exhibit healthy cortisol regulation.

False: MDD and bipolar disorder exhibit cortisol dysregulation.

True/False: Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder don't have an impact in activation of emotion-relevant regions in the brain.

False: MDD and bipolar disorder make significant changes in the activation of emotion-relevant regions in the brain.

True/False: Both major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder show high activation in the striatum in response to reward.

False: Major depressive disorder exhibits low activation of the striatum in response to reward whereas bipolar disorder has a high activation; this could be possibly attributed to the hypomanic/manic states of bipolar disorder.

True/False: Extreme mania boosts creativity.

False; extreme mania has the opposite effect. Mania that is not extreme does, and is usually attributed to the symptoms of elated mood, increased energy, rapid thoughts, and a heightened ability to make connections among seemingly unrelated events.

True/False: Americans are less likely to describe a sad mood or suicidal thoughts than are people in the United States.

False; the opposite is true, and this can be attributed to different cultures.

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Five or more depressive symptoms, including sad mood or loss of pleasure for minimum of 2 weeks

DSM-5 Criteria for Manic and Hypomanic Episodes

Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation Unusual talkativeness; rapid speech Flight of ideas or subjective impression that thoughts are racing Decreased need for sleep Increased self-esteem; belief that one has special talents, powers, or abilities Distractibility; attention easily diverted Excessive involvement in activities that are likely to have painful consequences as reckless spending, sexual indiscretions, or unwise business investments For a manic episode, symptoms last 1 week, require hospitalization, or include psychosis; they also cause significant distress or functional impairment. For a hypomanic episode, symptoms last at least 4 days, clear changes in functioning are observable to others, but impairment is not marked; no psychotic symptoms are present.

Hypomania

Involves a change in functioning that does not cause serious problems; the afflicted person may feel more social, energized, productive, and sexually alluring

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)

Low mood and at least two other symptoms of depression at least half of the time for 2 years

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Mood symptoms in the week before menses

Rapid cycling

Not applicable to MDD, applicable to bipolar disorder; at least four episodes happen within the past year

DSM-5 Criteria for Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

Poor appetite or overeating Sleeping too much/too little Low energy Poor self-esteem Trouble concentrating or making decisions Feelings of hopelessness

Cyclothymia

Recurrent mood changes from high to low for at least 2 years, without hypomanic or depressive episodes

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent negative mood for at least 1 year beginning before age 10

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Shows diminished activity when major depressive disorder or mania is present

Hippocampus

Shows diminished activity when major depressive disorder or mania is present

Striatum

Shows diminished activity when major depressive order is present but exhibits elevated activity when mania is present

Amygdala

Shows elevated activity when major depressive disorder or mania is present

Anterior cingulate

Shows elevated activity when major depressive disorder or mania is present

DSM-5 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder

Sleeping too much/too little Psychomotor retardation or agitation Weight loss or change in appetite Loss of energy Feelings of worhtlessness or excessive guilt Difficulty concentrating, thinking, or making decisions Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

Mania

State of intense elation, irritability, or activation accompanied by other symptoms shown in the diagnostic criteria

How long do symptoms have to last for major depressive disorder?

Symptoms are present nearly every day, most of the day, for at least 2 weeks. They are distinct and more severe than a normative response to significant loss.

episodic disorder

Symptoms tend to be present for a period of time and then clear.

Flight of ideas

A rapid flow of thought, manifested by accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic; a symptom of mental illnesses, typically attributed to manic disorder

Mixed features

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder; at least three manic symptoms are present during a depressive episode, or at least three depressive symptoms are present during a depressive episode

With anxious distress

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder; at least two symptoms of anxiety are present

Mood-congruent psychotic features

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder; delusions or hallucinations with themes that do not match the valence of the depressive/manic episode

Seasonal pattern

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder; episodes happen regularly at a particular time of the year

Catatonia

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder; extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement

Peripartum onset

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder; onset during pregnancy or within 4 weeks postpartum

Suicide risk severity

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder; suicidal idealation, plans, or other risk indicators are present

Atypical features

Applicable to MDD and bipolar disorder; symptoms that are unusual for depressive or manic episodes are present (although the book doesn't say what)

Melancholic features

Applicalbe to MDD and the depressive episodes of bipolar disorder; lack of pleasure in any activity, inability to gain relief from positive events, and at least three other symptoms of depression, such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are worse in the morning, waking up at least 2 hours too early, loss of appetite/weight, psychomotor retardation or agitation, or guilt

Bipolar II disorder

At least one lifetime hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode

Bipolar I disorder

At least one lifetime manic episode

True/False: Dopamine plays a huge part in the reward system in the brain.

True: Dopamine is believed to guide individuals towards feelings of pleasure, motivation, and energy in the context of opportunities to obtain rewards.

True/False: Genetic contribution doesn't play as significant of a role for major depressive disorder as bipolar disorder.

True: Genetic contribution has a moderate impact on the hereditary of major depressive disorder while bipolar disorder is the most heritable out of all of the disorders.

True/False: Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder exhibit serotonin and dopamine receptor dysfunction.

True: MDD and bipolar disorder show dysfunction in serotonin and dopamine receptors.`

True/false: Women are twice as likely as men are to experience major depression and persistent depressive disorder.

True; which can be attributed to factors such as chronic stressors (poverty, caretaking) and traditional gender roles (worrying about body image).