Morzenti Entire 1st Semester part 1

Two things that changed life in Greece

(1) Dorians and Mycenaeans alike began to identify less with the culture of their ancestors and more with the local area where they lived. (2) By the end of the period, the method of governing areas had changed from tribal to clan control to more formal governments - the city-states.

What Philosophers based their Philosophy on:

(1) The universe (land, sky, and sea) is put together in an orderly way, and subject to absolute and unchanging laws. (2) People can understand these laws through logic and reason.

The Three Goals of Pericles

(1) To strengthen Athenian democracy. (2) To hold and strengthen the empire. (3) To glorify Athens.

Eleanor of Aquitaine

(1122-1204) She was the most celebrated woman of the [medieval] age. Troubadours flocked to her court in the French duchy of Aquitaine. Later, as queen of England, Eleanor was the mother of two kings, Richard the Lion-Hearted and John. Richard himself composed romantic songs and poems.

Leonardo da Vinci

(1452-1519) Was a painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist. A true "Renaissance man," he was interested in how things worked. He studied how a muscle moves and how veins are arranged in a leaf. He filled notebooks with observations and sketches. Then he incorporated his findings in his art. Among his many masterpieces, Leonardo painted one of the best-known portraits in the world, the Mona Lisa. The woman in the portrait seems so real that many writers have tried to explain the thoughts behind her smile. The realism of Renaissance art is seen in a portrait such as the Mona Lisa, which is an expression of the subject's unique features and personality. The Mona Lisa (1504-1506) is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, who, at 16, married Francesco del Giocondo, a wealthy merchant of Florence who commissioned the portrait. Mona Lisa is a shortened form of Madonna Lisa (Madam, or My Lady, Lisa). Renaissance artists showed individuals as they really looked. Leonardo also produced a famous religious painting, The Last Supper. It shows the personalities of Jesus' disciples through facial expressions. Da Vinci's notebooks - and life - are mysterious. Some 3,500 pages closely covered with writings and drawings survive. His writing is clear and easy to read, but only if you look at it in a mirror. No one knows why he wrote backwards. Leonardo planned scholarly works and great feats of engineering that were never completed. Only 17 of his paintings survive. And yet the work that Leonardo did produce is so amazing that it confirms his genius. He filled his notebooks with observations and sketches of new inventions. One of the drawings from his notebooks shows a design for a spiral screw to achieve vertical flight. Leonardo's drawing anticipated the helicopter. Francis I of France invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France, and hired Italian artists and architects to rebuilt and decorate his castle at Fontainebleau. The castle became a showcase for Renaissance art.

Fransisco Pizarro

(1475 -1541) Ambitious, brave, and ruthless, he determined to make his fortune as an explorer and conqueror.

Michelangelo Buonarroti

(1475-1564) Like Leonardo, Michelangelo was a Renaissance man. He excelled as a painter, sculptor, architect, and poet. Michelangelo is most famous for the way he portrayed the human body in painting and sculpture. Influenced by classical art, he created figures that are forceful and show heroic grandeur. Among his achievements are the dome of St. Peter's, the paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the statue of David. Michelangelo's David shares stylistic qualities with ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. Influenced by classical statues, Michelangelo sculptured David from 1501 to 1504. Michelangelo portrayed the biblical hero in the moments just before battle. David's posture is graceful, yet his figure also displays strength. The statue, which is 18 feet tall, towers over the viewer.

Benedict

(480-543) An Italian monk, who, around 520 began writing a book describing a strict yet practical set of rules for monasteries. These guidelines became a model for many other religious communities in Western Europe. At age 15, Benedict left school and hiked up to the Sabine Hills, where he lived in a cave as a hermit. After learning about Benedict's deep religious conviction, a group of monks persuaded him to lead their monastery. In his book describing the rules for a monastic life, Benedict emphasized a balance between work and study. Such guidelines turned monasteries into centers of stability and learning.

Scholastica

(480-543) She is thought to be the twin sister of Benedict. She was born into a wealthy Italian family in the late Roman Empire. Little is known of her early life, except that she and Benedict were inseparable. Like her brother, she devoted her life to the Church. She is thought to be the abbess of a convent near the monastery founded by Benedict and is considered the first nun of the Benedictine order. She was a strong influence on her brother as he developed rules the guide Benedictine monasteries to this day. They died in the same year and are buried in the same grave.

The Vikings

(800 - 1000) This were a fearsome group of invaders which set sail from Scandinavia, a wintry, wooded region in Northern Europe. These people, also known as Northmen or Norsemen, were a Germanic people. They worshiped warlike gods and took pride in nicknames such as Eric Bloodaxe and Thorfinn Skullsplitter. The Vikings carried out their raids with terrifying speed. Clutching swords and heavy wooden shields, these helmeted seafarers beached their ships, struck quickly, and then moved out to sea quickly. They were gone before locals could mount a defense. Viking warships were awe-inspiring. The largest of these warships held 300 warriors, who took turns rowing the ship's 72 oars. The prow of each ship swept grandly upward, often ending with the carved head of a sea monster. A ship might weigh 20 tons when fully loaded. Yet, it could sail in a mere three feet of water. Rowing up shallow creeks, the vikings looted inland villages and monasteries. The Vikings were not only warriors but also traders, farmers, and explorers. They ventured far beyond western Europe. Vikings journeyed down rivers into the heart of Russia, to Constantinople, and even across the icy waters of the North Atlantic. They discovered North America in the year 1000, and, about the same time, the Viking reign of terror in Europe faded away. As Vikings gradually accepted Christianity, they stopped raiding monasteries. Also, a warming trend in Europe's climate made farming easier in Scandinavia. As a result, fewer Scandinavians adopted the sea-faring life of Viking warriors.

Conquistadors

(Conquerors) Lured by rumors of vast lands filled with gold and silver, _____________ carved out colonies in regions that would become Mexico, South America, and the United States.

Flanders

(Now part of France and the Netherlands). By 1450 the population of northern Europe, which had declined due to bubonic plague, was beginning to grow again. When the destructive Hundred Years' War between France and England ended in 1453, many cities grew rapidly. Urban merchants became wealthy enough to sponsor artists. This happened first in Flanders, which was rich from long-distance trade and the cloth industry. Then, as wealth increased increased in other parts of Northern Europe, patronage of artists increased as well. The support of wealthy merchant families in Flanders helped to make Flanders the artistic center of Northern Europe. Flemish painting included that of oil paintings and reached its peak after 1550 with the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder.

New France

(Quebec), the base of France's colonial empire in North America.

Pharos

A 350 foot enormous glass lighthouse which soared over Alexandria's harbor. It contained a polished bronze mirror that, at night, reflected the light from the blazing fire.

Bartolome de Las Casas

A Dominican monk that wrote, "There is nothing more detestable or more cruel than the tyranny which the Spaniards use toward the Indians for the getting of pearl [riches]."

Heinrich Schliemann

A German Archaeologist that led excavations in northwestern Turkey during the 1870s in which evidence was found suggesting the legend of the Trojan War possibly true.

Franks

A Germanic people which held power in the Roman province of Gaul in France/Switzerland. Their leader was Clovis. The Franks controlled the largest and strongest of Europe's kingdoms, the area that was formerly the Roman province of Gaul.

The Reason (Legend) of the Trojan War

A Greek army besieged and destrowed Troy because a Trojan prince had (possibly) kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king. (You wrote about this in the DBQ).

Zeno

A Greek philosopher (335 - 263 B.C.) that founded the school of philosophy called Stoicism.

Herodotus

A Greek who lived in Athens for a time pioneering the accurate reportings of events.

Susan Shown Harjo

A Native American that disputes the benefits that resulted from Columbus's voyages and the European colonization of the Americas that followed.

Gaul

A Roman province in what is mainly now France and Switzerland in which the Franks held power.

Protagoras

A Sophist who questioned the existence of the traditional Greek gods. He argued that there was no universal standard of truth, saying, "Man [the individual] is the measure of all things." These were radical and dangerous ideas to many Athenians.

Bernardino de Sahagun

A Spanish missionary in Mexico that described the effects of smallpox on the Aztecs.

Homer

A blind man who became the greatest storyteller during the Dorian Age about history when the Greeks lacked writing. He also composed epics between 750 and 700 B.C.

Thebes

A city-state in central Greece that joined forces with Athens to fight Philip in 338 B.C. By then, it was to late.

Athens

A city-state in which the idea of representative government began to take place and went through power struggles between rich and poor. They, however, avoided major political upheavals by making timely reforms. The reformers therefore turned towards democracy.

Polis

A city-state that was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece by 750 B.C. It was made up of a city and its surrounding countryside, which included numerous villages. Most city-states controlled between 50 to 500 square miles in territory. They were often home to fewer than 10,000 residents.

Trade

A common shared Greek culture.

Comedy

A contrast to a Greek tragedy which contained scenes filled with slapstick situations and crude humor. These playwrights often made fun of politics and respected people and ideas of the time.

Factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sights for colonies:

A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland.

Isabella d'Este

A few women, such as Isabella d'Este, did exercise power. Born into the ruling family of the city-state of Ferrara, she married the ruler of another city-state, Mantua. She brought many Renaissance artists to her court and built a famous art collection. She was also skilled in politics. When her husband was taken captive in war, she defended Mantua and won his release. (She also had written a letter to Leonardo da Vinci on May 14, 1504). She as well was a patron of the arts.

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives. This became an important legacy of Periclean Athens. Few other city-states practiced this tyle of government. In Athens, male citizens who served in the assembly established all the important government policies that affected the polis.

Aristocracy

A government ruled by a small group of noble, landowning families. These very rich families often gained political power after serving in a king's military cavalry. Later, as trade expanded, a new class of wealthy merchants and artisans emerged in some cities.

Sophists

A group of philosophers that questioned people's unexamined beliefs and ideas about justice and other traditional values. One of the most famous Sophists was Protagoras.

French

A large number of _________ colonists had no desire to build towns or raise families.

Mercantilism

A nation's ultimate goal under _____________ was to become self-sufficient, not dependent on other countries for goods.

Dorians

A new group of people which moved to the war-torn countryside left after the collapse of the Mycenaeans. This group of people spoke a dialect of Greek and may have been distant relatives of the Bronze Age Greeks. They were far less advanced than the Mycenaeans and their economy collapsed and trade ended soon after their arrival.

Draco

A nobleman in which the first step towards democracy came when in 621 B.C. took power and developed a legal code based on the idea that all Athenians, rich and poor, were equal under the law. Draco's code dealt very harshly with criminals, making death the punishment for practically every crime. It also upheld debt slavery.

Peasant Wedding

A painting painted by the Flemish painter, Pieter Bruegel the Elder in 1568 that provides much information of peasant life in the 1500s. The bride sits under the paper crown hanging on the green cloth. The servers are men who may be her brothers that are passing out the plates. The guests consist of several children that have come to the party. The musicians are carrying bagpipes. One glances hungrily at the food.

Feudalism

A political and economic system based on land ownership and personal loyalty. The worst years of the invader's attacks spanned roughly 850 to 950. During this time, rulers and warriors like Charles and Rollo made similar agreements in many parts of Europe. The system, called feudalism, had emerged in Europe. A similar feudal system existed in China under the Zhou Dynasty, which ruled from around 11th century B.C. until 256 B.C. Feudalism in Japan began in A.D. 1192 and ended in the 19th century. The feudal system was based on rights and obligations. In exchange for military protection and other services, a lord, or landowner, granted rights called a fief. The person receiving the fief was called a vassal. Charles the simple, the lord, and Rollo, the vassal, showed how this two sided bargain worked. Feudalism depended on the control of the land.

Ptolemy

A renowned astronomer who incorrectly place the Earth in the center of the solar system in second century B.C., and the idea was believed for the next 14 centuries.

Phidias

A sculptor of whom Pericles entrusted much of the work on the Parthenon on. He crafted a giant statue of Athena that not only contained such precious materials as gold and ivory but stood 30 feet tall. He and other sculptors during the Golden Age aimed to make sculptures that were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed.

Tragedy

A serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal. These dramas often featured a main character, or tragic hero. The hero usually was an important person and often gifted with extraordinary abilities. A tragic fall usually caused the hero's downfall. Often this flaw was hubris.

Pomander

A small pomander, a metal container filled with spices, was crafted in the shape of orange segments. Well-to-do Londoners held pomanders to their noses to shield themselves from the stench of the rotting garbage that littered the streets.

Gaugamela

A small village near the ruins of ancient Nenevah where the desperate Persian king with 250,000 men meet with Alexander's cavalry. Here, Alexander launched a massive phalanx attack followed by a cavalry charge. As Persian lines crumbled, Darius panicked and fled. Alexander's victory at Gaugamela ended Persia's power.

Samuel Eliot Morison

A strong supporter of Columbus that lamented that the sea captain died without realizing the true greatness of his deeds.

Plato

A student of Socrates was in his late 20s when his teacher died. He later wrote his conversations with Socrates down.

Oresteia

A three-play tragedy series based on the family of Agamnon, the Mycenaean king who commanded the Greeks at Troy. The play examines the idea of justice.

The Golden Age of Athens

A time of about 50 years from 477 to 431 B.C. when Athens experienced a growth in intellectual and artistic learning. During this age, drama, sculpture, poetry, philosohy, architecture, and science al reached new heights. The artistic and literary legacies of the time continued to inspire and instruct people acround the world.

Oligarchy

A type of government usually formed when groups became dissatisfied with aristocratic rule where the government is ruled by a few powerful people.

The Persian War

A war fought between Greece and the Persian empire beginning in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia. Greeks had long been settled there but around 546 B.C., the Persians conquered the area. When Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens sent ships and soldiers to their aid.

Merchants

A wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian city-state. Because city-states like Milan and Florence were relatively small, a high percentage of citizens could be intensely involved in political life. Merchants dominated politics. Unlike nobles, merchants did not inherit social rank. To succeed in business, they used their wits. As a result, many successful merchants believed they deserved wealth and power because of their individual merit. This belief in individual achievement became important during the Renaissance. Since the late 1200s, the city-state of Florence had a republican form of government.

Pericles

A wise and able statesman that led Athens during much of its golden age. He was honest and fair, holding onto popular support for 32 years. He was a skillful politician, an inspiring speaker, and a respected general. He dominated the life of Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

Plutarch

A writer that described how Archimedes demonstrated to an audience of curious onlookers how something heavy can be moved by a small force.

Amerigo Vespucci

A year later after Cabral, ____________, an Italian in the service of Portugal, also traveled along the eastern coast of South America.

Virginia

About four month after departing, the English ships in 1607 reached the coast of ________.

Dorain Age

According to historians, the time period where Greeks appear to have temporarily lost the art of writing. No written record exists during this 400 year period between 1150 and 750 B.C. As a result, little is known about this period of Greek history.

Renaissance Woman

According to the Courtier, upper-class woman also should know the classics and be charming. Yet they were not expected to seek fame. They were expected to inspire art but rarely to create it. Upper-class Renaissance women were better educated than medieval woman. However, most Renaissance women had little influence in politics. A few women, such as Isabella d'Este, did exercise power. Born into the ruling family of the city-state of Ferrara, she married the ruler of another city-state, Mantua. She brought many Renaissance artists to her court and built a famous art collection. She was also skilled in politics. When her husband was taken captive in war, she defended Mantua and won his release.

Mercantilism

According to the theory of ______________, a nation could increase its wealth and power in two ways.

Privateers

Acting on behalf of their government, privately owned ships, known as _________, attacked merchant ships of enemy nations and sank or robbed them.

Sacraments

Administered by priests and other clergy, these were important religious ceremonies. These rites paved the way for achieving salvation. For example, through the sacrament of Baptism, people became a part of the Christian community.

Three Notable Greek Dramatists

Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.

United States

African Slaves were also brought to what is now the _____ _____.

Labor

African slaves' greatest contribution was their _________.

Skin Color

African's _____________ made it easier to catch them if they escaped and tried to live among others.

Triangular Trade

Africans transported to the Americas were part of a transatlantic trade network known as the _____________.

Atlantic

Africans were not the only cargo transported across the _______ during the colonization of the Americas.

Charlemagne

After Carloman's death in 771, Charles, who was known as Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, ruled the kingdom. An imposing figure, he stood six feet four inches tall. He also had an admiring secretary, a monk named Einhard who describes Charlemagne's achievements on page 356. Charlemagne built an empire greater than any known since Rome. Each summer he led his armies against his enemies that surrounded his kingdom. He fought Muslims in Spain and tribes from other Germanic kingdoms. He conquered new lands both to the south and to the east. Through these conquests, Charlemagne spread Christianity. He reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. By 800, Charlemagne's empire was larger than the Byzantine empire. He had become the most powerful king in western Europe. In 800, Charlemagne traveled to Rome to crush an unruly mob that had attacked the pope. In gratitude, Pope Leo III crowned him emperor. The coronation was historic. A pope had claimed the political right to confer the title "Roman Emperor" on a European king. This event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne strengthened his royal power by limiting the authority of the nobles. To govern his empire, he sent out royal agents. They made sure that the powerful landholders, called counts, governed their country justly. Charlemagne regularly visited every part of his kingdom. He also kept a close watch on the management of his huge estates - the source of Carolingian wealth and power. One of his greatest accomplishments was the encouragement of learning. He surrounded himself with English, German, Italian, and Spanish scholars. For his many sons and daughters and other children at the court, Charlemagne opened a palace school. He also ordered monasteries to open schools to train future monks and priests.

Inflation

After Europe's economic shift, prices began to rise due to ___________. At that time of Europe, the costs of many goods rose.

Atahualpa

After _________ was captured and held for ransom by the Spanish, the Incan people throughout the empire brought gold and silver that the Spanish then had melted down into bullion and ingots.

Africans

After being captured, _________ men and women were shipped to the Americas as a part of a profitable trade network. Along the way, millions of _________ died.

Servants

After being sold, slaves worked in mines or fields or as domestic __________.

Spanish

After colonizing several Caribbean islands, the ____________ had turned their attention to the American mainland.

Ferdinand Magellan

After exploring the island of Guam, ____________ and his crew eventually reached the Philippians. Unfortunately, _____________ became involved in a local war there and was killed.

Hernando Cortes

After marching for weeks through difficult mountain passes, __________ and his force of roughly 600 men finally reached the magnificent Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.

Atahualpa

After receiving the ransom, the Spanish strangled the Incan king, __________.

Appearance of the Great Thinkers

After the war, many Athenians lost confidence in democratic government and began to question their values. At this time of uncertainty, philosophers appeared.

Powhatan

After they killed 350 settlers in 1622, colonists struck back over the next few years and massacred hundreds of __________.

Montezuma II

Agreed to give the Spanish explorer Cortes a share of the Aztec's Empire gold supply.

Alexander's March

Alexander marched into Egypt, a Persian territory, in 332 B.C. The Egyptians welcomed Alexander as a liberator. They crowned him pharaoh, the god-king.

Alexander's Fate

Alexander returned home in the spring of 323 B.C in Babylon. Restless as always, he announced plans to organize and unify his empire. He would construct new cities, roads, and harbors, and conquer Arabia. However, Alexander never carried out his plans because he became seriously ill with a fever and died a few days later at just 32 years old.

Effects from Alexander

Alexander's conquests had an interesting cultural impact. Alexander himself adopted Persian dress and customs and married a Persian woman. He included Persians and people from other lands in his army. As time passed, Greek settlers throughout the empire also adopted new ways. A vibrant new culture emerged from the blend of Greek and Eastern customs.

Alexandria's Museum

Alexandria's most famous attraction. It was a temple dedicated to the Muses. It contained art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, and even a dining hall. It was an institute of advance study. It also contained a small observatory in which astronomers could study the planets and stars.

Canon Law

All medieval Christians, kings and peasants alike, were subjects to canon law, or Church law, in matters such as marriage and religious practices. The Church also established courts to try people accused of violating canon law. Two of the harshest punishments that offenders faced were excommunication or interdict.

The Spartans' Valiant Sacrifice

All were killed when they stayed to fight the remaining Persians at Thermopylae when the Greeks retreated to stop the Persians passing through the "shortcut" mentioned earlier.

Wealth

Allowed nations to build strong navies and purchase vital goods.

Political Differences between the Germanic and Roman People

Along with shifting boundaries, the entire concept of government changed. Loyalty to public government and written law had unified ROMAN SOCIETY. Family ties and personal loyalty, rather than citizenship in a public state, held GERMANIC SOCIETY together. Unlike ROMANS, GERMANIC PEOPLES lived in small communities that were governed by unwritten rules and traditions.

San Salvador

Also known as "Holy Savior," this name was given to the island that Christopher Columbus claimed for Spain.

Charles Martel

Also known as Charles the Hammer, he was the mayor of the palace in 719. He held more power than the king. He extended the Franks' reign to the north, south, and east. He also defeated Muslim raiders from Spain at the Battle of Tours in 732. This made him a Christian hero. Soldiers mounted on horseback became valuable in combat during the reign of Charlemagne's grandfather, Charles Martel, in the 700s. Charles Martel had observed that the Muslim cavalry often turned the tide of battles. As a result, he organized Frankish troops of armored horsemen, or knights. At his death, Charles Martel passed his power to his son, Pepin the Short.

Gregory I

Also known as Gregory the Great, who, in 590, became pope. As head of the Church in Rome, Gregory broadened the authority of the papacy, or pope's office, beyond its spiritual role. Under Gregory, the papacy also became a secular, or worldly, power involved in politics. The pope's palace was the center of Roman government. Gregory used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor. He also negotiated peace treaties with invaders such as the Lombards. According to Gregory, the region from Italy to England and from Spain to Germany fell under his responsibility. Gregory strengthened the the vision of Christendom. It was a spiritual kingdom fanning out from Rome to the most distant churches. This idea of a churchly kingdom, ruled by a pope, would be a central theme of the Middle Ages. Meanwhile, secular rulers expanded their political kingdoms.

Conquerors

Although Spanish ___________ lived among the native people, they also oppressed them.

Poor

Although merchants and traders enjoyed social mobility, the majority of Europeans remained ________.

Fur Trade

Although the Dutch company profited from its __________, it was slow to attract Dutch colonists.

Jamestown

Although the Puritan colony experienced early difficulties, it gradually took hold. This was due in large part to the numerous families in the colony, unlike the most single, male population in ___________.

Silver

Although they were not risking their lives in ________ mines, the natives still felt the weight of Spanish force.

Alexandria

Among the many cities of the Hellenistic world, this Egyptian city became the foremost center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization. It occupied a strategic site on the western edge of the Nile. Trade ships from all around the Mediterranean docked in its spacious harbor. It's thriving on commerce enabled it to grow and prosper. By the third century B.C., it had become an international community, with a rich mixture of customs and traditions from Egypt and from the Aegean. Its diverse population exceeded half a million people.

No more than a few million people at any given time.

Amount of people to have lived in Greece estimated by Historians.

Olaudah Equiano

An African that recalled the inhumane conditions of his trip from West Africa to the West Indies at age 12 in 1762.

Thucydides

An Athenian considered the greatest historian of the classical age as he believed that certain types of events and political situations recur over time. Studying those events and situations, he felt, would aid in understanding the present. This approach is still used by historians today.

Themistocles

An Athenian leader of whom convince the debating Athenians to evacuate the city and fight at sea.

Thomas Mun

An English author of the time that wrote about the new economic idea of Mercantilism.

Giovanni da Verrazzano

An Italian explorer in the service of France.

The Delian League

An alliance formed by several Greek city-states a year after the Battle of Plataea. League members continued to press the war against the Persians for several more years. This ended the threat of future attacks.

Lombard League

An alliance of Italian merchants formed in the 1100s in response to Frederick's brutal tactics of invading the rich cities of Italy. The angered pope also decided to join the alliance. This led to the Battle of Legnano. In 1176, the foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted horses knights. In an astonishing victory, the Italian foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat feudal knights for the first time in history. In 1177, Frederick made peace with the pope and returned with the German princes. After he drowned in 1190, his empire fell to pieces.

Aristarchus

An astronomer of Samos that reached two significant scientific conclusions.

Bartolome de Las Casas

An early Spanish missionary who watched fellow Spaniards unleash attack dogs on Native Americans.

Mercantilism

An economic theory practiced in Europe in the 16th and 18th centuries.

Troy

An independent trading city located in Anatolia.

Eastern

And they included animals such as turkey, which became a source of food in the __________ hemisphere.

Cleisthenes

Another Athenian ruler from about 500 B.C. introduced further reforms by breaking up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten group based on where they lived rather than their wealth. He also increased the the power of assembly by allowing all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage. He also created thee Council of Five Hundred.

Archimedes

Another Hellenistic scientist of Syracuse that studied at Alexandria. He accurately estimated the value of pi - the ratio of circumference of a circle to its diameter. He also explained the law of the lever. Gifted in both geometry and physics, he also put his genius to practical use. He invented the Archimedes screw, a device that raised water from the ground, and the compound pulley to lift heavy objects. Using his ideas, Hellenistic scientists later built a force pump, pneumatic machines, and even a steam engine.

Artemisia Gentileschi

Another accomplished women artist that trained with her father and helped with his work. In her own paintings, Gentileschi painted pictures of strong, heroic women.

Joint-Stock Company

Another business venture that developed after and around capitalism.

Theogony

Another epic, written by Hesiod is the source of much of Greek mythology. Greeks tried to understand mysteries of nature and the power of human passions.

Hellenic

Another word for Greek.

Johann Gutenberg

Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. The process made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply. Using this improved process, Gutenberg printed a complete Bible, the Gutenberg bible, in about 1455. It was the first full-sized book printed with movable type. Many inventions are creative combinations of known technologies. In 1452, Johann Gutenberg combined known technologies from Europe and Asia with his idea for molding movable type to create a printing press that changed the world.

Printing Press

Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg, a craftsman from Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way. The process made it possible to produce books quickly and cheaply. Using this improved process, Gutenberg printed a complete Bible, the Gutenberg bible, in about 1455. It was the first full-sized book printed with movable type. The printing press enabled a printer to produce hundreds of copies of a single work. For the first time, books were cheap enough that people could buy them. At first printers produced mainly religious works. Soon they began to produce other works such as travel guides and medical manuals. Many inventions are creative combinations of known technologies. In 1452, Johann Gutenberg combined known technologies from Europe and Asia with his idea for molding movable type to create a printing press that changed the world. The printer used a screw-type press; an adaptation of Asian olive-oil presses making it workable. With the movable type, letters that could be put together in any fashion and reused was a Chinese idea. Using paper masses produced by Chinese techniques rather than vellum (calf or lambskin), made printing books possible. Oil-based inks from 10th-century Europe worked better on type than tempera ink. A copyist took five months to produce a single book. One man and the printing press could produce 500 books in the same amount of time. Some results of the printing press include: Printing changed society by making more information available and inexpensive enough for society at large. A greater availability of books prompted an increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy throughout Europe. Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further discoveries in a variety of fields. Published legal proceedings made the laws clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights.

Henry Hudson

Arrived by ship in the bay of New York on September 12, 1609.

Effects of Athens' Rise

As Athens grew in wealth an power, other city-states began to view it with hostility. Ill will was especially strong between Sparta and Athens. Many people thought a war between the two was inevitable. Instead of trying to avoid conflict, leaders in Athens and Sparta pressed for war to begin, as both groups of leaders believed their own city had an advantage. Eventually, Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 B.C.

Loss of a Common Language

As German-speaking peoples mixed with the Roman population, Latin changed. While it was still an official language, it was no longer understood. Different dialects developed as new words and phrases became a part of everyday speech. By the 800s, French, Spanish, and other Roman-based languages had evolved from Latin. The development of various languages mirrored the continued breakup of a once-unified empire.

Population Shifts

As Roman centers of trade and government collapsed, nobles retreated to the rural areas. Roman cities were left without a strong leadership. Other city dwellers also fled to the countryside, where they grew their own food. The population of western Europe became mostly rural.

Hernando Cortes Fransisco Pizarro

As ____1____ and _____2______ conquered the civilizations in the Americas, fellow conquistadors defeated other native peoples.

England

As ___________'s presence in the United States grew, it came to dominate the Atlantic slave trade.

Priests

As a result of finding little gold, Spanish monarchy assigned mostly ________ to explore and colonize the future United States.

Spanish

As a result of mainland colonization, the __________ imported and enslaved thousands more Africans.

Wealth

As a result of mercantilism, the goal of every nation became the attainment of as much __________ as possible.

Dutch

As a result of opening doors to a variety of people, more _________, as well as Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other Europeans, settled the area.

British

As a result of the war, the _________ seized control of the eastern half of North America.

Spanish

As a result of their colonization, the _________ greatly enriched their empire and left a mark on the cultures of North and South America that exists today.

Women

As a result to the peninsulares, relationships between Spanish settlers and native _________ were common.

Hispaniola

As early as 1522, about 20 slaves on _________ attacked and killed several Spanish colonists.

Powhatan

As early as 1622, a __________ tribe attacked colonial villages around Jamestown and killed about 350 settlers.

Atahualpa

As he was about to be burned at the stake, the Spanish offered him a more merciful death by strangulation if he agreed to convert to Christianity, which he did. Thus died the last emperor of the Inca.

Native Americans

As in Mexico and South America, the arrival of Europeans in present-day United States had a great impact on ____________.

New Mexico

As late as the end of the 17th century, natives in _______ fought Spanish rule.

Humanism

As scholars studied Greek manuscripts, they became more influenced by classical ideas. These ideas helped them develop a new outlook on life and art. The study of classical texts led to humanism, an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievements. Instead of trying to make classical texts agree with Christian teaching as medieval scholars had, humanists studied them to understand ancient Greek values. Humanists influenced artists and architects to carry on classical traditions. Also, humanists popularized the study of subjects common to classical education, such as history, literature, and philosophy. These subjects are called the humanities. In the Middle Ages, some people had demonstrated their piety by wearing rough clothing and eating plain foods. However, humanists suggested that a person might enjoy life without offending God. In Renaissance Italy, the wealthy enjoyed material luxuries, good music, and fine foods. The work of such artists as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael showed Renaissance spirit. All three artists demonstrated an interest in classical culture, a curiosity about the world, and a belief in human potential. Humanist writers expanded ideas about individuality. These ideas impressed scholars, students, and merchants who visited Italy. By the late 1400s, Renaissance ideas had spread to Northern Europe - especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders (now part of France and the Netherlands). Italian humanists were very interested in reviving classical languages and classical texts. When the Italian humanist ideas reached the north, people used them to examine the traditional teachings of the Church. The northern humanists were critical of the failure of the Christian Church to inspire people to live a Christian life. The criticism produced a new movement known as Christian humanism. The focus of Christian humanism was the reform of society. Of particular importance to humanists was education. The humanists promoted the education of women and founded schools attended by both boys and girls. Christian humanists' attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived.

Sugar

As the colony's _________ industry grew, so too did European's colonists' demand for cheap labor.

Labor

As the other European nations establish colonies in the Americas, their demand for cheap _______ grew.

African

As the slave trade grew, some __________ rulers voiced their opposition to the practice. Nonetheless the slave trade steadily grew.

France England

As their colonies expanded, ___1___ and ___2___ began to interfere with each other. It seemed that a major conflict was on the horizon.

Colonial Supremacy

As they expanded their settlements in North America, the nations of France, England, and the Netherlands battled each other for ________ ________.

Colonies

Aside from providing silver and gold, ___________ provided raw materials that could not be found in the home country such as wood or furs.

Distance Greeks had to travel to reach the coastline.

At most 85 miles.

404 B.C.

Athenians finally surrender including their allies. Athens had lost its empire, power, and wealth.

Delian League and Pericles

Athens, as mentioned earlier, took over leadership of the league and dominated the city-states in it. Pericles used the money from the league's treasury to make the Athenian navy the strongest in the Mediterranean.

48 F

Average temperature in the Winter in ancient Greece.

80 F

Average temperature in the summer in ancient Greece.

Baldassare Castiglione

Baldassar Castiglione wrote a book called The Courtier (1528) that taught how to become a Renaissance Man. A young man should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should sing, dance, play music, and write poetry. In addition, he should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. According to the Courtier, upper-class woman also should know the classics and be charming. Yet they were not expected to seek fame. They were expected to inspire art but rarely to create it.

The Courtier

Baldassar Castiglione wrote a book called The Courtier (1528) that taught how to become a Renaissance Man. A young man should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should sing, dance, play music, and write poetry. In addition, he should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman. According to the Courtier, upper-class woman also should know the classics and be charming. Yet they were not expected to seek fame. They were expected to inspire art but rarely to create it.

Joint-Stock Companies

Because __________________ involved numerous investors, the individual members paid only a fraction of total colonization cost.

Hereditary

Because black people were inferior, slavery in the Americas was __________.

St. Croix

Before finally surrendering to Columbus, the inhabitants of _________ defended themselves by firing poison arrows.

Africans

Beginning around 1500, European colonists in the Americas who needed cheap labor began using enslaved __________ on plantations and farms.

Africans

Between 1500 and 1600, nearly 300,000 __________ were transported to the Americas. During the next century the number climbed to almost 1.3 million.

Africans

Between 650 and 1600, Muslims transported about 17 million _________ to the Muslim lands of North Africa and Southwest Asia.

Alexandria's Attractions

Both residents and visitors admired it's great beauty. Broad avenues lined with statues of the Greek gods divided the city into blocks. Ruler built magnificent royal palaces overlooking the harbor. A much visited tomb contained Alexander's elaborate glass coffin.

Corn and Potatoes

Both were inexpensive to grow and nutritious. ( 1 and 2)

Europe West Indies India

Britain and France, along with their European allies, also battled for supremacy in ____1____, the ____2____, and ___3___.

Frederick I

By 1152, the seven princes who elected the German king realized that Germany needed a stronger ruler to keep the peace. They chose Frederick I, nicknamed "Barbarossa" for his red beard. Frederick I was the first ruler to call his lands the Holy Roman Empire. However, this region was actually a patchwork of feudal territories. His forceful personality and military skills enabled him to dominate the German princes. Yet, whenever he left the county, disorder returned. Following Otto's example, Frederick repeatedly invaded the rich cities of Italy. His brutal tactics spurred Italian merchants to unite against him. He also angered the pope, who joined the merchants in an alliance called the Lombard League. In 1176, the foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted horses knights at the Battle of Legnano. In an astonishing victory, the Italian foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat feudal knights for the first time in history. In 1177, Frederick made peace with the pope and returned with the German princes. After he drowned in 1190, his empire fell to pieces.

Mexico Peru

By 1540, after building an empire that stretched from _____1_____ to ______2______, the Spanish once again looked to the land that is now the United States.

Africans

By 1650, nearly 300,000 __________ labored throughout Spanish America on plantations and in gold and silver mines.

Portuguese

By 1650, the ____________ had surpassed the Spanish in the importation of Africans to the Americas.

Maine Georgia

By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers lived in 13 colonies from ____1____ to _____2_____.

New France

By 1760, the European population of ___________ had grown to only about 65,000.

Slaves

By 1830, roughly 2 million ________ toiled in the United States.

France

By pushing farther west, the English collided with _________'s North American holdings.

New France

By the early 1700s, _______ covered much of what is now the mid-western united States and eastern Canada.

Spain

By the end of the 16th century, ________ had created an American empire.

Aztec

By the time Cortes launched his counterattack, the _________ population had been greatly reduced by smallpox and measles.

Atlantic Slave Trade

By the time the ________________________ ended around 1870, Europeans had imported about 9.5 million Africans to the Americas.

English

By the time the slave trade ended, the _________ had transported nearly 1.7 million Africans to their colonies in the West Indies.

Philosophers

Called by the Greeks meaning "lovers of wisdom."

Solon

Came into power in 594 B.C. and created far more democratic reforms by first stating that no citizen should own another citizen, and therefore outlawed slavery. He organized all Athenian citizens into four different social classes based on wealth in which the top three classes could hold political office. All citizens, regardless of class, could participate in the Athenian assembly. Also the concept that a citizen can bring charges against another was introduced.

Sante Fe

Capital of New Mexico also known as "Holy Faith."

St. Lawrence

Cartier named a river leading into Canada the ________.

Mont Real

Cartier named the mountaijn he discovered _________ (Mount Royal), which later became known as Montreal.

Patrons

Church leaders during the Renaissance beautified Rome and other cities by spending huge amounts of money for art. They became patrons of the arts by financially supporting artists. Renaissance merchants and wealthy families also were patrons of the arts. By having their portraits painted or by donating art to the city to place in public squares, the wealthy demonstrated their own importance.

Pedro Alvaras Cabral

Claimed Brazil for Portugal.

Sieur de La Salle

Claimed the entire Mississippi valley for France.

Sugar Plantations

Clearing out huge swaths of forest lands, the Portuguese built giant ________ ________.

Atahualpa

Commanded a force of about 30,000 and brought several thousand of unarmed men for a meeting with Pizarro.

Christopher Columbus

Competition for wealth in Asia among European nations was fierce prompting a Genoese sea captain named ________ to make a daring voyage from Spain in 1492.

Assembly

Composed of all Spartan citizens, elected officials and voted on major issues.

Spartan Government

Composed of several branches.

The Spartan Social Order

Consisted of several groups. The first descended from the original inhabitants of the region. This group included the ruling families who owned the land. A second group, non-citizens who were free, worked in industry and commerce. The helots, at the bottom of Spartan society were a little better than slaves. They worked in the fields or as house servants.

Conquistadors

Cortes and the many other Spanish explorers who followed him were known as ____________.

Cosimo de Medici

Cosimo de Medici was the wealthiest European of his time. In 1434, he won control for Florence's government. He did not seek political policy for himself, but influenced members of the ruling council by giving them loans. For 30 years, he was director of Florence. Cosimo de Medici died in 1464, but his family continued to control Florence. His grandson, Lorenzo de Medici, came to power in 1469. Known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, he ruled as dictator yet kept up the appearance of having an elected governor.

Lorenzo de Medici

Cosimo de Medici's grandson, Lorenzo de Medici, came to power in 1469. Known as Lorenzo the Magnificent, he ruled as dictator yet kept up the appearance of having an elected governor. A rival family grew so jealous of the Medici family that they plotted to kill Lorenzo and his brother Giullano. As the Medici attended Mass, assassins murdered Giullano at the altar. Drawing his sword, Lorenzo escaped to a small room and held off his attackers until help arrived. Later, he had the killers brutally, publicly executed. More positively, Lorenzo was a generous patron of the arts who collected many rare manuscripts. Eventually, the Medici made their library available to the public.

African

Countless ___________ families were torn apart. Many of them were never reunited.

Tiny Fertile Valleys

Covered the remaining one-fourth of Greece.

Darius Negotiation Attempt

Darius tried to negotiate a peace settlement by offering all of his lands west of the Euphrates River. Alexander's advisers urged him to accept. However, the rapid collapse of Persian resistance fired Alexander's ambition. He rejected Darius's offer and confidently announced his plan to conquer the entire Persian empire.

Cajamarca

Demoralized by their leader's death, the remaining Incan force retreated from ______________.

Hernando Cortes

Despite being greatly outnumbered, __________ and his men conquered the Aztecs in 1521.

English

Despite their nightmarish start, the ________ colonists eventually gained a foothold of their new land.

The 2nd Year of the Peloponnesian War

Disaster struck Athens. A frightful plague swept through the cty, killing about one-third of the population, including Pericles. Although weakened, Athens continued to fight for several years. Then in 421 B.C., the two sides, worn down by the war, signed a truce.

Giovanni da Verrazzano

Discovered New York harbor.

Jacques Cartier

Discovered and named Mont Real.

Mountains

Divides the land into a number of different regions, which caused a significant impact on Greek political life. Instead of a single-government, the Greeks developed small, independent communities within each little valley and it's surrounding mountains. Greeks then gave loyalty to these small communities (caused by what)?

Plato's Writings

Dominated philosophic thought in Europe for nearly 1,500 years. His only rivals in importance were his teacher, Socrates, and his own pupil, Aristotle.

Southwestern

Dreams of new conquests prompted Spain to back a series of expeditions into the _____________ United States.

Merchants

Due to overseas colonization and trade, numerous ________ had obtained great wealth.

Tobacco

Due to want to populate their colonies, the English pushed natives off their land. They seized more land for their population - and to grow ____________.

Hans Holbein the Younger

Durer's emphasis upon realism influenced the work of another German artist, Hans Holbein the Younger. Holbein specialized in painting portraits that are almost photographic in detail. He emigrated to England where he painted portraits of King Henry VIII and other members of the English royal family.

Alexander and Egypt

During his time as pharoah, Alexander founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile. After leaving Egypt, Alexander moved east into Mesopotamia to confront Darius.

Ancestors

During slavery, Africans kept alive such things as their musical traditions as well as the stories of their ____________.

Colonists

During the 1530s, colonists began settling Brazil's coastal region.

Brazil

During the 1600s, ________ dominated the European sugar market.

North America

During the 17th century, many skirmishes between the colonists and natives erupted throughout ______________.

Brazil

During the 17th century, more than 40 percent of all Africans brought to the Americas went to __________.

Tithe

During the Middle Ages in Europe, a part of the manor system in the feudal system was that all peasants were to pay a tithe. This was the church tax. A tithe represented a tenth of the peasant's income.

Seven

During the first few years at Jamestown, _______ out of every ten people died of hunger, disease, or battles with the Native Americans.

War and Plague

During the late Middle Ages, Europeans suffered from both war and plague. Those that survived wanted to celebrate life and the human spirit. They began to question institutions of the Middle Ages, which had been unable to prevent war or relieve suffering caused by the plague. Some people questioned the Church, which taught Christians to endure suffering while they awaited their rewards in heaven. In northern Italy, writers and artists began to express this new spirit and to experiment with different styles. These men and woman would greatly change how Europeans saw themselves and their world. It was because of the war and plague that led people into this new era of civilization.

Christine de Pizan

During the period of northern reforms, the vast majority of Europeans were unable to read or write. Those families who could afford formal schooling usually sent only their sons. One woman spoke out against this practice. Christine de Pizan was highly educated for the time and was one of the first woman to earn a living as a writer. Writing in French, she produced many books, including short stories, biographies, novels, and manuals on military techniques. She frequently wrote about the objections men had to educating woman. In one book, The Book of The City of Ladies, she wrote about her opposition. Christine de Pizan was one of the first European writers to question different treatment of boys and girls. However, her goal of formal education for children of both sexes would not be achieved for several centuries.

Mercantilism

During the time of economic shift, the nations of Europe adopted a new economic policy known as ____________.

Summary of Alexander

During the wars of conquest, he actively sought to meld the conquered culture with that of the Greeks. He started new cities as administrative centers and outposts for Greek culture. These cities, from Egyptian Alexandria in the south to the Asian Alexandrias in the east, adopted many Egyptian patterns and customs. After Alexander's death, trade, a shared Greek culture, and a common language continued to link cities together. But each region had its own traditional ways of life, religion, and government that no ruler could afford to overlook.

The Dorian Age

During what age did Greek civilization experience a decline?

Dutch West India Company

Dutch merchants formed the ___________________________.

What Spartans Valued

Duty, Strength, and Discipline over freedom, individuality, beauty, and learning.

Land Religion

Early relations between English settlers and Native Americans were cooperative, however, unlike with the French and Dutch, quickly worsened over the issues of ____1____ and _____2_____.

Wealth

Economist of the 16th and 18th centuries believed a country's power came from its wealth.

Fransisco Pizarro

Embarked on a voyage of conquest down the west coast of South America, __________ was ordered by the governor of Panama to abandon the expedition to prevent the loss of lives. ___________ took his sword and drew a line in the dust, inviting those of his followers who desired wealth and fame to cross thee line and follow him. Thus began the conquest of Peru.

Francis I

England and France were unified under strong monarchs. These rulers often sponsored the arts by purchasing paintings and by supporting artists and writers. Francis I of France invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France, and hired Italian artists and architects to rebuilt and decorate his castle at Fontainebleau. The castle became a showcase for Renaissance art.

Warrior-King

Especially in Mycenae, the ______ ruled the surrounding villages and farms. Strong rulers controlled other areas Mycenaean cities such as Tiryns and Athens, dominating Greece from about 1600 to 1100 B.C.

Puritans

Established a larger colony at nearby Massachusetts Bay.

Elements

Euclid's best known book that contained 465 carefully presented geometry propositions and proofs.

Colonization

European ____________ brought mostly disaster for the land's original inhabitants.

Native Americans

European owners had originally planned to use ________________ as a source of cheap labor.

Africans

Europeans began to import a large number of __________.

Africans

Europeans saw advantages in using ___________ in the Americas.

Black

Europeans viewed _______ people as naturally inferior.

Hubris

Excessive Pride, often the flaw of the hero in a tragedy.

Sugar

Finding little gold or silver in Brazil, the settlers began growing sugar.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder

Flemish painting reached its peak after 1550 with the work of Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Bruegel was also interested in realistic details and individual people. He was very skillful in portraying large numbers of people. He captured scenes from everyday peasant life such as weddings, dances, and harvests. Bruegel's rich colors, vivid details, and balanced use of space give a sense of life and feeling. His paintings provide information about peasant life in the 1500s. Peasant Wedding (1568) portrays a wedding feast.

Jacques Cartier

Followed the St. Lawrence river until reaching a large island dominated by a mountain.

Dutch

Following the English and French into North America were the _______.

Africa

Foods from _________ (including some that originated in Asia) migrated west in European ships.

Army

For a century and a half, Spain's ______ seldom lost a battle.

Native American

For the most part, however, the French and Dutch colonists lived together peacefully with their ________________ hosts.

Southwest

For the next 12 years, until the Spanish regained control of the area, the ________ region of the United States once again belonged to its original inhabitants.

Peasant Women

For the vast majority of women of the lower classes, life had remained unchanged for centuries. Peasant women performed endless labor around the home and often in the fields, bore children, and took care of their families. Young peasant girls learned practical household skills from their mother at an early age, unlike daughters in rich households who were educated by tutors. Females in peasant families were poor and powerless. Yet, the economic contribution they made was essential to the survival of the peasant household.

Prisoners of War

For thousands of years, farmers used __________________ to work for them.

Christopher Columbus

Found no gold on San Salvador and therefore explored other islands staking his claim to each one.

Epicurus

Founded the school of thought called Epicureanism. He taught that gods who had no interest in humans ruled the universe. He believed that the only real objects were those that the five senses perceived. He taught that the greatest good and the highest pleasure came from virtuous conduct and the absence of pain.

Fontainebleau

Francis I of France invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France, and hired Italian artists and architects to rebuilt and decorate his castle at Fontainebleau. The castle became a showcase for Renaissance art.

Fransisco Petrarch

Fransisco Petrarch was one of the earliest and most influential humanists. Some have called him the father of Renaissance humanism. He was also a great poet. Petrarch wrote both in Italian and in Latin. In Italian, he wrote sonnets - 14-line poems. They were about a mysterious woman named Laura, who was his ideal. (Little is known of Laura except that she died of the plague in 1348). In classical Latin, he wrote letters to many important friends.

Cuzco

Fransisco Pizarro captured _________ without a struggle in 1533.

England

From 1690 until __________ abolished the slave trade in 1807, it was the leading carrier of enslaved Africans.

South Carolina Missouri

From _____1_____ to _____2_____, nearly whole tribes fell to smallpox, measles, and other diseases.

Invaders

From about 800 to 1000, invasions destroyed the Carolingian Empire. Muslim invaders from the south seized Sicily and raided Italy. In 846, they sacked Rome. Magyar invaders struck from the east. Like the earlier Huns and Avars, they terrorized Germany and Italy. And from the north came the fearsome Vikings.

African-American

From the United States to Brazil, many of the nations of the Western Hemisphere today have substantial _____________ populations.

Frederick II

German kings after Frederick, including his grandson Frederick II, continued their attempts to revive Charlemagne's empire and his alliance with the Church. This policy led to wars with Italian cities and to further clashes with the pope. These conflicts were one reason why the feudal states of Germany did not unify during the Middle Ages. Another reason was that the system of German princes electing the king weakened royal authority. German rulers controlled fewer lands to use as a base of power than French and English kings of the same period.

Athena

Goddess of wisdom, Zeus' daughter, and his favorite child. Also thought by the Greeks as the guardian of cities, especially of Athens, named after her.

The Hellenistic Culture

Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences.

Macedonians

Hardy people that lived in mountain villages rather than city-states. Most nobles thought of themselves as Greeks. The Greeks, however, looked down on them as uncivilized foreigners who had no great philosophers, sculptors, or writers. They did however have their shrewd and fearless kings.

Western Civilization

Has its roots from the Minoan and Mycenean (early Meditterranean) civilizations.

Antigonus

He became king of Macedonia and took control of the Greek city-states.

King Phillip

He became king of Macedonia in 359 B.C. He took note of that rapid decline of power in Greece. He dreamed of taking control of Greece and then moving against Persia to seize its vast wealth. He hoped to avenge the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C. When only 23, he proved to be a brilliant general and ruthless politician. He transformed the rugged peasants to a well-trained professional army.

Christopher Columbus

He did not reach the East Indies but an island in the Bahamas in the Caribbean Sea.

Hudson

He did, however, explore three waterways that were later named after him - the _________ River, ________ Bay, and _________ Strait.

Alexander the Great

He earned this name due to his accomplishments over 13 years. He was only 20 years-old when he became king but prepared to lead. He had learned science, geography, and literature. He especially enjoyed Homer's description of the heroic deeds performed by Achilles during the Trojan war. To inspire himself, he kept a copy of the Iliad. He learned how to ride a horse, use weapons, and command troops as a young boy. Once he became king, he promptly demonstrated that his military training had not been wasted.

Aristarchus' Conclusions

He estimated the Sun was at least 300 times larger than the Earth. Although he greatly underestimated the size he disproved the belief that the Sun was smaller than Greece. He also proposed that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun but other astronomers refused to support his theory.

Alexander's Other Conquests

He had now reigned much of southwest Asia, but he looked forward to expanding his empire rather than governing it. He left Persepolis to pursue Darius and conquer Persia's remote Asian provinces. Darius' trail led Alexander to a deserted spot south of the Caspian Sea. There he found Darius already dead, murdered by one of his provincial governors. Rather than return to Babylon, Alexander continued east. During the next three years his army fought across the desert wastes and mountains of Central Asia. He pushed on, hoping to reach the farthest edge of the continent.

Christopher Columbus

He miscalculated where he was.

Philip's Fate

He never got the chance to invade Persia. At his daughter's wedding in 33 B.C., he was stabbed to death by a former guardsman. Philip's son Alexander immediately proclaimed himself king of Macedonia.

Phillip's Army Tactics

He organized his troops into phalanxes of 16 men across and 16 deep, each armed with an 18-foot pike. Then he used his fast moving cavalry to crush his disorganized opponents. After he employed these tactics successfully against northern opponents, Philip began to prepare for an invasion with Greece.

Christopher Columbus

He returned from his exploration in early 1493 with reports of his journey that delighted the Spanish monarchs.

Ptolemy

He seized Egypt, took the title of pharaoh, and establish a dynasty.

Seleucus

He took most of the old Persian Empire, which became known as the Seleucid kingdom.

Leif Ericson

He was a Viking explorer who had reached North America around the year 1000, almost 500 years before Columbus.

Euclid

He was a highly regarded mathematician who taught in Alexandria. His best known book is Elements and his work is still the basis for courses in geometry.

Pheidippides

He was a runner chosen by the Athenians (because the stood defenseless) to run back to Athens bringing news of the Persian defeat so the Athenians wouldn't give up their city without a fight. He dashed 26 miles from Marathon to Athens and delivered the message, "Rejoice, we conquer," before collapsing. The Greek army was therefore able to return to Athens and defend the city when the Persians sailed into the harbor causing them to retreat.

Hernando Cortes

He was able to enlist into the help of various native groups to defeat the Aztecs.

Louis the Pious

He was crowned by his father, Charlemagne who died a year later in 814. Louis was a devotedly religious man but an ineffective ruler. He left three sons: Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German. They fought won another for control of the Empire. In 843, the brothers signed the Treaty of Verdun, dividing the empire into three kingdoms. As a result, Carolingian kings lost power and central authority broke down. The lack of strong rulers led to a new system of governing, feudalism. The three grandsons broke the kingdom even further. Part of this territory also became a battleground as new waves of invaders attacked Europe. The political turmoil and constant warfare led to the rise of European feudalism.

Clovis

He was the leader of the Germanic people, the Franks, in Gaul. He would bring Christianity to the region. According to legend, his wife, Clothilde, had urged him to convert to her faith, Christianity. In 496, Clovis led his warriors against another Germanic army. He feared defeat and prayed to the Christian God: "For I have called on my gods, but I find they are far from my aid...Now I call on Thee. I long to believe in Thee. Only, please deliver me from my enemies." The tide of battle shifted and the Franks won. Afterward, Clovis and 3,000 of his warriors asked a bishop to baptize them. The Church in Rome welcomed Clovis's conversion and supported his military campaigns against other Germanic peoples. By 511, Clovis had united the Franks into one kingdom and the church marked the start of a partnership between two powerful forces. When the Franks' first Christian king, Clovis, died in 511, he had extended Frankish rule over most of what is France now.

Raphael Sanzio

He was younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo. He learned from studying their works. One of Raphael's favorite subjects was the Madonna and child. Raphael often portrayed their expressions as gentle and calm. He was famous for his use of perspective, as depicted in his 1504 painting, Marriage of the Virgin. In his greatest achievement, Raphael filled the walls of Pope Julius II's library with paintings. One of these, School of Athens, conveys the classical influence on the Renaissance. Raphael painted famous Renaissance figures, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself, as classical philosophers and their students. The value of humanism is shown in Raphael's School of Athens, a depiction of the greatest Greek philosophers. The painting School of Athens (1508) for the pope's apartments in the Vatican shows that the scholars of ancient Greece were highly honored. Under the center arch stand Plato and Aristotle. To their right, Socrates argues with several young men. Towards the front, Pythagoras draws a lesson on a slate and Ptolemy holds a globe.

Aristophanes

He wrote one of the first great comedies for the stage including The Birds and Lysistrata.

Christopher Columbus

He wrote: "It was my wish to bypass no island without taking possession."

Tobacco

High demand in England for ________ turned it into a profitable cash crop.

Joint-Stock Company

If a colony failed in a __________________, investors lost only a small share.

Joint-Stock Company

If a colony thrived in a __________________, investors shared in the profits.

North America

If it existed, a northwest trade route through _________ to Asia would become highly profitable.

The Three Leader's Ways of Governing

Ignoring the democratic traditions of the Greek polis, these rulers and their descendants governed with complete power over their subjects.

Battle of Legnano

In 1176, the foot soldiers of the Lombard League faced Frederick's army of mounted horses knights at the Battle of Legnano. In an astonishing victory, the Italian foot soldiers used crossbows to defeat feudal knights for the first time in history. In 1177, Frederick made peace with the pope and returned with the German princes. After he drowned in 1190, his empire fell to pieces.

Naples

In 1494, a French king claimed the throne of Naples in southern Italy and launched an invasion through northern Italy. As the war dragged on, many Italian artists and writers left for a safer life in Northern Europe. They brought with them the styles and techniques of the Italian Renaissance. In addition, Northern European artists who studied in Italy carried Renaissance ideas back to their homelands.

Pedro Alvares Cabral

In 1500, the Portuguese explorer ___________________ reached the shores of modern-day Brazil and claimed the land for his country.

German Mapmaker

In 1507, a _________________ named the new continent "America" in honor of Amerigo Vespucci.

The Praise of Folly

In 1509, Desiderius Erasmus wrote his most famous work, The Praise of Folly. This book poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests. Erasmus believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies and rules. He thought that in order to improve society, all people should study the Bible.

Juan Ponce de Leon

In 1513, Spanish explorer _________________ landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain.

Utopia

In 1516, Thomas More wrote the book Utopia. In Greek, utopia means "no place." In English it has come to mean an ideal place as depicted in More's book. The book is about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out. In Utopia, because there was little greed, Utopians had little use for money. More wrote in Latin. As his work became popular, More's works were translated into a variety of languages including French, German, English, Spanish, and Italian.

Ferdinand Magellan

In 1519, Portuguese explorer _________________ led the boldest exploration yet.

Hernando Cortes

In 1519, as Magellan embarked on his historic voyage, a Spaniard named _____________ landed on the shores of Mexico.

Francisco Pizarro

In 1532, another conquistador, _____________, marched a small force into South America.

Fransisco Vasquez de Coronado

In 1540-1541, ______________________ led an expedition throughout much of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. ___________ was searching for another wealthy empire to conquer.

King James

In 1606, a company of London investors received from _________ a charter to found a colony in North America.

Samuel de Champlain

In 1608, another French explorer, __________, sailed up the St. Lawrence with about 32 colonists.

Henry Hudson

In 1609, __________, an Englishman in the service of the Netherlands, sailed west.

Smallpox

In 1616, for example, an epidemic of _________ ravaged Native Americans living along the New England coast.

Pilgrims

In 1620, a group known as _________ founded a second English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts.

Dutch West India Company

In 1621, the Dutch government granted the ____________________ permission to colonize the region and expand the fur trade.

Dutch

In 1634, the _______ captured what are now the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba from Spain.

Charles II

In 1644, the English king, _________, granted his brother, the Duke of York, permission to drive out the Dutch.

Jacques Marquette Louis Jo

In 1673, French Jesuit priest ____1____, and trader ____2____ explored the Great Lakes and the upper

Pope

In 1680, _________, a Pueblo ruler, led a well-organized rebellion against the Spanish.

Ohio Valley

In 1794 a dispute over land claims in the ____________ led to a war between the British and French on the North American continent.

Alexander in India

In 326 B.C., Alexander and his army reached the Indus Valley after fighting for 11 years crossing 11,000 miles.

The Trial

In 399 B.C., when Socrates was 70 years old, he was brought to trial for corrupting the youth of Athens and neglecting the city's gods. Socrates said his teachings were good for Athens because they forced people to think about their values and actions in his own defense.

Rollo

In 911, two former enemies faced each other in a peace ceremony. Rollo was the head of a Viking army. Rollo and his men had been plundering the rich Seine River Valley for years. Charles the Simple was the king of France but held little power. Charles granted the Viking leader a huge piece of French territory. It became known as Northmen's land or Normandy. In return, Rollo swore a pledge of loyalty to the king. Rollo was the vassal (that would receive the fief) and Charles was the lord. These two presented the ideal example of the way feudalism, which lasted throughout the medieval ages, worked.

Traders

In Africa, _________ exchange manufactured goods for captured Africans.

Joint-Stock Companies

In Europe during the 1500s and 1600s, the common purpose of ____________ was American colonization.

Serf

In Europe in the Middle Ages (500s-1500s), the vast majority of people were peasants. Most peasants were serfs. Serfs were people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born. Though bound to land, serfs were not slaves. Their lords could not buy or sell them. But what their labor produced belonged to the lord. These people were at the lowest status of feudalism. Serfs lived in crowded cottages, close to their neighbors. The cottages had only one or two rooms. If there were two rooms, the main room was used for cooking, eating and household activities. The second was the family bedroom. Peasants warmed their dirt-floor houses by bringing pigs inside. At night, the family huddled on a piece of straw that often crawled with insects. Peasants' simple diet consisted mainly of vegetables, coarse brown bread, grain, cheese, and soup. For most serfs, both men and woman, life was work and more work. Their days revolved around raising crops and livestock and taking care of home and the family. As soon as children were old enough, they were put to work in the fields or in the home. Many children did not survive until adulthood. Illness and malnutrition were constant afflictions in medieval peasants. Average life expectancy was 35 years. And during that short lifetime, most peasants never traveled more than 25 miles from their homes. Yet, despite the hardships they endured, serf's accepted their lot in life as part of the Church's teachings. They, like most Christians during medieval times, believed that God determined a person's place in society.

Hernando Cortes

In June of 1520, the Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish intruders and drove out __________'s forces.

Army

In North America, the British colonists, with the help of the British ________, defeated the French in 1763

St. Croix

In November of 1493, Christopher Columbus encountered resistance in his attempt to conquer the present-day island of ____________.

Christopher Columbus

In November of 1493, _________ encountered resistance in his attempt to conquer the present-day island of St. Croix.

Africa

In _________, numerous cultures lost generations of their fittest members - their young and able- to European traders and plantation owners.

African

In __________ ports, European traders packed ___________s into the dark holds of a large ship.

African

In ___________ societies, slaves could escape their bondage in numerous ways, including marrying into the family they served.

Caribbean

In addition to North, South, and Central America, during the 1600s, the nations of Europe also colonized the _____________.

Market

In addition to playing the role of a supplier, the colonies also provided a ____________.

Chinese Renaissance

In addition to the Italian Renaissance, there have been rebirths and revivals in other places around the world. For example, the Tang (618-907) and Song (960-1279) dynasties in China saw periods of great artistic and technological advances. Like the Italian Renaissance, the achievements of the Tang and the Song had roots in an earlier time, the Han Dynasty (202 B.C. to A.D. 220). After the Han collapsed, China experienced turmoil. When order was restored, Chinese culture flourished. The Chinese invented gunpowder and printing. Chinese poets wrote literary masterpieces. Breakthroughs were made in architecture, painting, and pottery. The Song painting, Waiting for Guests by Lamplight, was done with ink and color on silk.

Agriculture

In addition to their muscle, enslaved Africans brought their expertise, especially in _________.

Africans

In all, nearly 400,000 ________ were sold to Britain's North American colonies.

Reconquista

In building their new American empire, the Spaniards drew from techniques used during the ___________ of Spain.

Christianity

In converting the natives to _______, Spanish priests and soldiers burned their sacred objects and prohibited native rituals.

Pope Gelasius I

In crowning Charlemagne as the Roman Emperor in 800, the Church sought to influence both spiritual and political matters. Three hundred years earlier, Pope Gelasius recognized the conflicts that could arise between the two forces - the Church and the state. He wrote, "There are two powers by which this world is chiefly rules: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of the kings." Gelasius suggested and analogy to solve such conflicts. God had created two symbolic swords. One sword was religious. The other was political. The pope held the spiritual sword. The emperor wielded the political one. Gelasius thought that the pope should bow to the emperor in political matters. In turn, the emperor should bow to the pope in religious matters. If each ruler kept the authority in his own realm, Gelasius suggested, the two leaders could share power in harmony. In reality, though, they disagreed on the boundaries of either realm. Throughout the Middle Ages, the Church and various European rulers competed for power.

Slaves

In most African and Muslim societies, _________ had some legal rights and an opportunity for social mobility.

Slavery

In much of the Americas, __________ was a lifelong condition, as well as a hereditary one.

Military Supremecy

In order to have this, Spartans had to pay a high price. All forms of individual expressions were discouraged. As a result, Spartans did not value the arts, literature, or other artistic and intellectual pursuits.

Africans

In order to meet their growing labor needs, European colonists soon turned to another group: __________, whom they would enslave by the million.

The Literature of Chivalry

In the 1100s, the themes of medieval literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal warfare. Many stories idealized castle life. They glorified knighthood and chivalry, tournaments and real battles. Songs and poems about a knight's undying love for for a lady were also very popular. Feudal lords and ladies enjoyed listening to epic poems. These poems recounted a hero's deeds and adventures. Many epics retold stories about legendary heroes such as King Arthur and Charlemagne. Under the code of chivalry, a knight's duty to his lady became as important as his duty to his lord. In many medieval poems, the hero's difficulties resulted from conflict between those two obligation.

The Bubonic Plague

In the 1300s, the bubonic plague struck city-states hard, killing up to 60 percent of the population. This brought economic changes. Because there were fewer laborers, survivors could demand higher wages. With few opportunities to expand business, merchants began to pursue other interests, such as art.

Muslim

In the ___________ world, a few slaves even occupied positions of influence and power.

Religious Festival

In the late spring of 1520, some Cortes's men killed many Aztec warriors and chiefs while they were celebrating a ________ ________.

Natives

In the months that followed, both sides massacred hundreds of victims. After a year of fierce fighting, the colonists defeated the natives.

Pueblo

In the next two decades, a string of Christian missions arose among the ________, the native inhabitants of the New Mexico region.

Pedro de Peralta

In the winter of 1609, ___________, governor of Spain's northern holdings called New Mexico, led settlers to a tributary on the upper Rio Grande.

Encomienda

In their effort to exploit the land for its precious resources, the Spanish forced Native Americans to work within a system known as ____________.

Disease

In time, European _________ would truly devastate the natives of central Mexico, killing millions of them.

African Slave Trade

In time, the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas - known as the __________________ - became a massive enterprise.

Sugar

In time, the colonists pushed farther west into Brazil. They settled even more land for the production of _________.

Favorable Balance of Trade

In which a country sold more goods than it bought.

Portuguese

Initially, ___________ traders were more interested in trading for gold than for captured Africans.

Christopher Columbus

Instead of sailing south around Africa and the east, ________ sailed west across the Atlantic in search of an alternate trade route to Asia and its riches.

Ancient Greece

It consisted of mainly a mountainous peninsula that jutted out into the Meditterranean Sea. It included about 2,000 Islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas. Lands on the eastern edge of the Aegean were also a part of Ancient Greece.

The "Afterwar" Truce Failure

It did not last long as in 415 B.C, the Athenians sent a huge fleet carrying more than 20,000 soldiers to the island of Sicily. Their plan was to destroy the city-state of Syracuse, one of Sparta's wealthiest allies. The expedition ended with a crushing defeat in 413 B.C. Thucydides recalled how Athenians were totally destroyed. Athens, however, was able to defend Sparta somehow, being so weak, for another nine years.

The Alexandrian Library

It had a collection of half a million papyrus scrolls including many of the masterpieces of ancient literature. As the first true research library in the world, it helped promote the work of a gifted group of scholars.

The Roots in which a New Society Submerged:

It had roots in: (1) The classical heritage of Rome. (2) The beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. (3) The customs of various Germanic tribes.

Joint-Stock Company

It involved a number of people combining their wealth for a common purpose.

Results of the Peloponnesian War

It severely weakened several Greek city-states. This caused a rapid decline in their military and economic power.

Colonies

It took large amounts of money to establish overseas __________.

Joint-Stock Company

It was a ___________________ that was responsible for establishing Jamestown, England's first North American colony.

Christian Humanism

Italian humanists were very interested in reviving classical languages and classical texts. When the Italian humanist ideas reached the north, people used them to examine the traditional teachings of the Church. The northern humanists were critical of the failure of the Christian Church to inspire people to live a Christian life. The criticism produced a new movement known as Christian humanism. The focus of Christian humanism was the reform of society. Of particular importance to humanists was education. The humanists promoted the education of women and founded schools attended by both boys and girls. The best known of the Christian humanists were Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England the two were close friends.

Monarch

Italy was divided into city-states. In contrast, England and France were unified under strong monarchs. These rulers often sponsored the arts by purchasing paintings and by supporting artists and writers. For example, Francis I of France invited Leonardo da Vinci to retire in France, and hired Italian artists and architects to rebuilt and decorate his castle at Fontainebleau. The castle became a showcase for Renaissance art.

Plants

Items from the Americas included __________ such as tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, and cacao beans (for chocolate).

Hera

Jealous of her husband Zeus.

Metacom

King Philip's War began in 1675 when the Native American ruler ___________ (also known as King Philip) led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts.

Chivalry

Knights were expected to display courage in battle and loyalty to their lord. By the 1100s, the code of chivalry, a complex set of ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in defense of three masters. He devoted himself to his earthly feudal lord, his heavenly Lord, and his chosen lady. The chivalrous knight also protected the weak and poor. The ideal knight was loyal, brave, and courteous. Most knights, though, failed to meet all of these high standards. For example, they treated the lower class brutally.

Spanish

Large slave revolts occurred throughout ___________ settlement during the 16th century.

Saddles and Stirrups

Leather saddles and stirrups changed the way warfare was conducted in Europe during the 700s. Both had been developed in Asia around 200 B.C. The saddle kept a warrior firmly seated on a moving horse. Stirrups enabled him to ride and handle heavier weapons. Without stirrups to brace him, a charging warrior was likely to topple off his own horse. Frankish knights, galloping full tilt, could knock over enemy foot soldiers and riders on horseback. Gradually, mounted knights became the most important part of an army. Their warhorses played a key military role.

Germanic Chief

Led a band of warriors that had pledged their loyalty to him. In peacetime, these followers lived in their lord's hall. He would give them food, weapons, and treasure. In battles, warriors fought to the death at their lord's side. They thought it a disgrace to outlive him. But Germanic warriors felt no obligation to obey a king they did not even know. Nor would they obey an official sent to collect taxes or administer justice in the name of an emperor they had never met. The Germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly government for large territories.

Spartan Girls

Led hardy lives receiving some military training. They ran, wrestled, and played sports. Taught to put service for Sparta above everything, including love of family. They had much freedom and were able to run their estates when men were in the military. This surprised men in other Greek city-states.

Branches of the Athenian Democracy

Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judaical Branch

Diseases

Like the Spanish in Central and South America, the Europeans who settled North America brought with them several __________.

Church (continued)

Like the system of feudalism, the Church had its own organization. Power was based on status. Church structure consisted of different ranks of clergy, or religious officials. Feudalism and the manor system created divisions among people. But the shared beliefs in the teachings of the Church bonded people together. The Church was a stable force during an era of warfare and political turmoil. It provided Christians with a sense of security and of belonging to a religious community. In the Middle Ages, religion occupied center stage. Medieval Christians' everyday lives were harsh. Still, they could follow the same path to salvation - everlasting life in heaven. At the local level, the village church was a unifying force in the lives of most people. It served as a religious and social center. People worshiped together at the church. They also met with other villagers. Religious holidays, especially Christmas and Easter, were occasions for festive celebrations. The Church's authority was both religious and political. The Church also created a system of justice to guide people's conduct.

Seaways

Linked most parts of Greece allowing Greece to connect with other societies.

Laura

Little is known of her other than that she was Francisco Petrarch's ideal and depicted in many of his Italian sonnets. She died of the plague in 1348.

Attributed Qualities of the Greek Gods

Love, hate, jealousy....The gods quarreled and competed constantly. They lived forever.

The Council of Elders

Made up of 30 older citizens, proposed laws on which the assembly voted.

Crew

Magellan's ______ were the first persons to circumnavigate, or sail, around the world.

Drowning

Many Africans committed suicide by ____________.

Immunity

Many Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had built up some ____________.

Farming

Many Africans had experience in _________ and could be taught plantation work.

Latin American

Many ________ ________ countries have a sizable mixed-race populations.

African

Many _________ rulers and merchants played a willing role in the Atlantic Slave Trade.

African

Many _________ rulers continued to participate in the slave trade.

Landlords

Many abused the natives and worked many laborers to death, especially inside dangerous mines.

United States

Meanwhile, Spain enlarged its American empire by settling in parts of what is now the ________ ________.

Disruption of Trade

Merchants faced invasions from both land and sea. Their businesses collapsed. The breakdown of trade destroyed Europe's cities as economic centers. Money became scarce.

David

Michelangelo's David shares stylistic qualities with ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. Influenced by classical statues, Michelangelo sculptured David from 1501 to 1504. Michelangelo portrayed the biblical hero in the moments just before battle. David's posture is graceful, yet his figure also displays strength. The statue, which is 18 feet tall, towers over the viewer.

Indo-Europeans

Migrated from the Eurasian steppes to Europe, India, and Southwest Asia.

Native Americans

Millions of _______________ died from disease, warfare, or brutal treatment.

Missionaries

Missionaries also helped spread Christianity These religious travelers often risked their lives to bring religious beliefs to other lands. During the 300s and 400s, they worked among the Germanic and Celtic groups that bordered the Roman Empire. In southern-Europe, the fear of coastal attacks of Muslims also spurred many people to become Christians in the 600s.

Another Reason Pericles Used Money From the Delian League

Money was used as well to beautify the city of Athens. Pericles persuaded the Athenian assembly to vote huge sums of the league's money to buy gold, ivory, and marble. Even more money went to pay the artists, architects, and workers who used those materials.

Diseases

More destructive than the Europeans' weapons were their __________.

Wealth

More than anything else, the economic revolution increased the _________ of European nations.

European

Most __________ traders, rather than travel inland, waited in ports along the coasts of Africa.

Secular

Most people remained devout Catholics. However, the basic spirit of Renaissance society was secular - worldly rather than spiritual and concerned with the here and now. Even church members became more worldly. Some lived in beautiful mansions, threw lavish banquets, and wore expensive clothes.

Medieval Women

Most women in feudal society were powerless, just as most men were. But woman had the added burden of being thought inferior to men. This was the view of the Church and was generally accepted in feudal society. Nonetheless, women played important roles in the lives of both noble and peasant families. Under the feudal system, a noble woman could inherit an estate from her husband. Upon the lord's request, she could also send his knights to war. When her husband was off fighting, the lady of the medieval castle of might act as military commander and warrior. At times, noblewoman played a key role in defending the castles. They hurled rocks and fired arrows at attackers. In reality, however, the lives of most noblewomen were limited. Whether young or old, females in noble families generally were confined to activities in the home or the convent. Also, noblewoman held held little property because lords passed down their fiefs to sons and not daughters. For the vast majority of women of the lower classes, life had remained unchanged for centuries. Peasant women performed endless labor around the home and often in the fields, bore children, and took care of their families. Young peasant girls learned practical household skills from their mother at an early age, unlike daughters in rich households who were educated by tutors. Females in peasant families were poor and powerless. Yet, the economic contribution they made was essential to the survival of the peasant household. The Church significantly influenced the status of medieval women.

Jacques Cartier

Named the St. Lawrence river.

Sieur de La Salle

Named the land he claimed Louisiana.

Epic

Narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds.

Trapping

Native Americans did most of the _________ and then traded the furs to the French for items such as guns, hatchets, mirrors, and beads.

Immunity

Native Americans never developed a natural ___________ to the diseases brought by the Europeans to the Americas.

Trade

New wealth from the Americas was coupled with a dramatic growth of overseas _______.

Americas

New wealth from the ____________ was coupled with a dramatic growth of overseas trade.

Government

No longer were the ____________s the sole owners of great wealth (after Capitalism took rise).

Albrecht Durer

Northern European artists who studied in Italy carried Renaissance ideas back to their homelands. Perhaps the most famous person to do this was the German artist Albrecht Durer. He traveled to Italy to study in 1494. After returning to Germany, Durer produced woodcuts and engravings. Many of his prints portray religious subjects. Others portray classical myths or realistic landscapes. The popularity of Durer's work helped to spread Renaissance styles. Durer's emphasis upon realism influenced the work of another German artist, Hans Holbein the Younger.

French English Dutch

Not finding their desired northwest trade route to Asia, the ____1____, ____2____, and ____3____ instead established colonies in North America.

Result of Pericles Strengthening Democracy

Now even the poorest citizen could serve if elected or chosen by lot. Athens therefore had more citizens engaged in self-government than any other city-state in Greece. This reform made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history. This introduced direct democracy.

Africans

Numerous __________ died from disease or physical abuse aboard the slave ship.

Stono Rebellion

Occasional uprisings also occurred in Brazil, the West Indies, and North America. In 1739, a group of slaves in South Carolina led an uprising known as the ___________.

Slaves

Often, _________ were captured prisoners of ware, or people of a different nationality or religion.

Rum

On another triangular trade route, merchants carried ______ and other goods from the New England colonies to Africa. There they exchanged their merchandise for Africans.

Diseases

On board, Africans endured whippings and beating from merchants, as well as ___________ that swept through the vessel.

Cotton Sugar

On these islands, the Europeans built large ____1____ and ____2____ plantations.

Holy Roman Empire

Once called the Roman Empire of the German Nation, this German-Italian empire which Otto had created remained the strongest state in Europe until about 1100.

Slave

Once in America the _______ population steadily grew.

Brazil

One area outside of South America that remained outside of Spanish control was ________.

Socrates

One critic of the the Sophists that unlike them, he believed that absolute standards did exist for truth and justice. However, he encouraged Greeks to go farther and question themselves and their moral character. He was admired by many that understood his ideas, however, others were puzzled.

Alexander

One of Aristotle's most famous pupils and son of King Philip II of Macedonia. Around 343 B.C., Aristotle accepted the king's invitation to tutor the 13-year-old prince. His status as a student abruptly ended three years later, when his father called him back to Macedonia.

The Iliad

One of Homer's great epics, holds the backdrop of the Trojan War.

Parthenon

One of architecture's noblest work, the center of Pericles' goal plan. This was a masterpiece of architectural design and craftsmanship but not unique in style. Greek architects constructed the 23,000 square-foot building in the traditional style that had been used to create Greek temples for 200 years. It was built to honor Athena and contained examples of Greek art that set standards for future generations of artists around the world.

Edwards B. Teach

One of the best known pirates whose prominent beard earned him the nickname Blackbeard.

King Phillip's War

One of the bloodiest conflicts between colonists and Native Americans was known as ________________.

Labor

One of the effects of the loss of Indians was a severe shortage of _________ in the colonies.

Capitalism

One of the first main aspects of the European economic revolution was the growth of ____________.

Natives

Opposition to the Spanish method of colonization came not only from Spanish priests, but also from the ________ themselves.

Pacific

Other European countries hoped to find a more direct route to the ________.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Other European countries ignored the ________ setting out to build their own empirtes in the Americas. This resulted in a struggle for North America.

Americas

Other effects of European settlement of the ____________ were less noticeable but equally important.

Spain

Out of Magellan's original crew, only 18 men and one ship arrived back in _______ in 1522, nearly three years after they had left.

Manufactured Goods

Over one trade route, Europeans transported ___________ ___________ to the west coast of Africa.

European Explorers

Over the next two centuries, other _________ __________ began sailing across the Atlantic in search of new lands to claim.

Corn Potatoes

Over time, both ___1___ and ___2___ became an important and steady part of diets throughout the world.

Puritans

Over time, many _________ viewed the Native Americans as agents of the devil and as a threat to their godly society. Native Americans developed a similarly harsh view of the European invaders.

Overseas Trade

Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades, led to the growth of large city-states in northern Italy. The region had many sizable towns. Thus, northern Italy was urban while the rest of Europe was still mostly rural. Since cities are often places where people exchange their ideas, they were the ideal breading ground for an intellectual revolution.

City-States

Overseas trade, spurred by the Crusades, led to the growth of large city-states in northern Italy. The region had many sizable towns. Thus, northern Italy was urban while the rest of Europe was still mostly rural. Since cities are often places where people exchange their ideas, they were the ideal breading ground for an intellectual revolution. In the 1300s, the bubonic plague struck these cities hard, killing up to 60 percent of the population. This brought economic changes. Because there were fewer laborers, survivors could demand higher wages. With few opportunities to expand business, merchants began to pursue other interests, such as art. A wealthy merchant class developed in each Italian city-state. Because city-states like Milan and Florence were relatively small, a high percentage of citizens could be intensely involved in political life. Merchants dominated politics. Unlike nobles, merchants did not inherit social rank. To succeed in business, they used their wits. As a result, many successful merchants believed they deserved wealth and power because of their individual merit. This belief in individual achievement became important during the Renaissance. Since the late 1200s, the city-state of Florence had a republican form of government.

Helots

Peasants forced to stay on the land they worked. Each year, Spartans demanded half their crop.

Manor

Peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from their own manor. By standing in the center of a plowed field, they could see their entire world at a glance. A manor usually covered only a few square miles of land. It typically consisted of the lord's manor house, a church, and workshops. Generally, 15 to 30 families lived in the village on a manor. Fields, pastures, and woodlands surrounded the village. Sometimes a stream would wound through the manor. Streams and ponds provided fish, which served as an important source of food. The mill for grinding the grain was often located on the stream. The manor was largely a self-sufficient community. The serfs and peasants raised or produced nearly everything that they and their lord needed for daily life - crops, milk, and cheese, fuel, cloth, leather goods, and lumber. The only outside purchases were salt, iron, and a few unusual object such as millstones. Crops grown on the manor usually included grains, such as wheat, rye, barley, and oats, and vegetables, such as peas, beans, onions, and beets.

Pilgrims

Persecuted for their religious beliefs in England, these colonists sought religious freedom.

Persepolis

Persia's royal capital that was burned to the ground by Alexander's army. It is said Alexander left thee cities in ashes as a signal that he had destroyed the Persian empire.

Rugged Mountains

Physical feature that covered three-fourths of Greece. It ran from the northwest to the southeast along the Balkan peninsula.

Blackbeard

Pirate attempted to scare victim by placing a lighten match underneath his hat.

Cajamarca

Pizarro and his army of about 200 met the Incan ruler, Atahualpa, near the city of ___________.

Atahualpa

Pizarro and his army of about 200 met the Incan ruler, _________, near the city of Cajamarca.

Cuzco

Pizarro then marched on the Incan capital, __________.

The Republic

Plato's most famous work written in the 370s B.C. where he set forth his vision of a perfectly governed society. It was not a democracy but his ideal society where all citizens would fall naturally into three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class. The person with the greatest insight and intellect from the ruling class would be chosen philosopher-king.

Church (continued)

Politics played a key role in spreading Christianity. By 600, he Church, with the help of Frankish rulers, had converted many Germanic peoples. These new people had settled in Rome's former lands. Amid the weak central governments in feudal Europe, the Church emerged as a powerful institution. It shaped the lives of people from all social classes. As the Church expanded its political role, strong rulers began to question the pope's authority. Dramatic power struggles unfolded in the Holy Roman Empire, the scene of mounting tensions between popes and emperors.

Excommunication

Popes used the threat of excommunication, or banishment of the Church, to wield power over political rulers. For example, a disobedient king's quarrel with a pope might result in excommunication. This meant the king would be denied salvation. Excommunication also freed all the king's vassal's from their duties to him. If an excommunicated king continued to disobey the pope, the pope, in turn, could use an even more frightening weapon, the interdict.

Lysistrata

Portrayed the woman of Athens forcing their husbands to end the Peloponnesian War. The fact that Athenians could show criticism of themselves showed the freedom and openness of public discussion. that existed in democratic Athens.

Investment

Profits from _____________s enabled merchants and traders to reinvest even more money in other enterprises. As a result, businesses across Europe grew and flourished.

Christopher Columbus

Reached the new world on August 3, 1492 thinking he had successfully reached the East Indies, _________ called the surprised inhabitants who greeted him, los indios.

The Battle at Issus

Realizing that he was outnumbered, Alexander surprised his enemies. He ordered his finest troops to break through a weak point in the Persian lines. The army then charged straight at Darius. To avoid capture, the frightened Darius III fled, following his panicked army. This victory gave control over Anatolia.

Education

Received only by the sons of the wealthy families, Schooling began around age seven and largely prepared boys to be good citizens. They studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, mathematics, and music. They also received training in logic and public speaking since they were expected to debate issues in the assembly. They thought it was important to train the body so part of each day was spent with athletic activities.

Scholars

Renaissance scholars looked down on the art and literature of the Middle Ages. Instead, they wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans. They achieved this in several ways. First, the artists and scholars of Italy drew inspirations from the ruins of Rome that surrounded them. Second, Western scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts that had been preserved in monasteries. Third, Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome with Greek manuscripts when the Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453.

Sofonisba Anguissola

Renaissance society generally restricted women's roles. However, a few Italian women became notable painters. Sofonishba Anguissola was the first women artist to gain an international reputation. She is known for her portraits of her sisters and of prominent people such as King Phillip II of Spain.

The Renaissance Man

Renaissance writers introduced the idea that all educated people were expected to create art. In fact, the ideal individual strove to master almost every area of study. A man who excelled in many fields was praised as a "universal man." Later ages called such people "Renaissance men." Baldassar Castiglione wrote a book called The Courtier (1528) that taught how to become a Renaissance Man. A young man should be charming, witty, and well educated in the classics. He should sing, dance, play music, and write poetry. In addition, he should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman.

Dante

Renaissance writers produced works that reflected their time, but they also used techniques that writers rely on today. Some followed the example of the medieval writer Dante. He wrote in the vernacular, his native language, instead of Latin. Dante's native language was Italian.

Vernacular

Renaissance writers produced works that reflected their time, but they also used techniques that writers rely on today. Some followed the example of the medieval writer Dante. He wrote in the vernacular, his native language, instead of Latin. Dante's native language was Italian. In addition, Renaissance writers wrote either for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects. In these ways, writers of the Renaissance began trends that modern writers still follow.

Domination

Resistance to Spain's attempt at _________ began shortly after the Spanish arrived in the Caribbean.

Uprisings

Revolts by slaves occurring up into the 1800s.

Democracy

Rule by the people. In Athens, citizens participated directly in political decision making.

Two Kings

Ruled over Sparta's military forces.

Zeus

Ruler of the gods living on the Mount Olympus with his wife Hera.

Mycenaean Traders

Sailed across much of the eastern Meditterranean, making stops at the Aegean islands, coastal towns in Anatolia, and ports in Syria, Egypt, Italy, and Crete.

New Mexico

Scattered missions, forts, and small ranches dotted the lands of ____________. These became the headquarters for the advancing Catholic religion.

Twenty

Scholars estimate that roughly __________ percent of the Africans aboard each slave ship perished during the brutal trip.

The School of Athens

School of Athens, conveys the classical influence on the Renaissance. Raphael painted famous Renaissance figures, such as Michelangelo, Leonardo, and himself, as classical philosophers and their students. The value of humanism is shown in Raphael's School of Athens, a depiction of the greatest Greek philosophers. The painting School of Athens (1508) for the pope's apartments in the Vatican shows that the scholars of ancient Greece were highly honored. Under the center arch stand Plato and Aristotle. To their right, Socrates argues with several young men. Towards the front, Pythagoras draws a lesson on a slate and Ptolemy holds a globe.

Knights

Serving beneath the vassals were the knights. Knights were mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lord's lands in exchange for fiefs during the Middle Ages in Europe. The were in the third status of the Feudal pyramid. As the lord's vassal, a knight's main obligation was to serve in battle. From his knights, a lord typically demanded about 40 days of combat a year. Knight's pastimes also often revolved around training for war. Wrestling and hunting helped them gain strength and practice the skills they would need on the battlefield.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Several years earlier, Spanish explorer __________ had marched through modern-day Panama and had become the first European to gaze upon the Pacific Ocean.

Middle Passage

Sickening cruelty characterized this journey.

The Treaty of Verdun

Signed by the three brothers, Lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German, in 843, this treaty divided the empire into three kingdoms. As a result, Carolingian kings lost power and central authority broke down. The lack of strong rulers led to a new system of governing and landholding, feudalism.

The Medici Family

Since the late 1200s, the city-state of Florence had a republican form of government. But during the Renaissance, Florence came under one the rule of one power banking family, the Medici. The Medici family bank had branch offices throughout Italy and in the major cities of Europe. Cosimo de Medici was the wealthiest European of his time. In 1434, he won control for Florence's government. He did not seek political policy for himself, but influenced members of the ruling council by giving them loans. For 30 years, he was director of Florence. A rival family grew so jealous of the Medici family that they plotted to kill Lorenzo and his brother Giullano. As the Medici attended Mass, assassins murdered Giullano at the altar. Drawing his sword, Lorenzo escaped to a small room and held off his attackers until help arrived. Later, he had the killers brutally, publicly executed. More positively, Lorenzo was a generous patron of the arts who collected many rare manuscripts. Eventually, the Medici made their library available to the public.

Slaves

Some ________ pushed their resistance to open revolt.

Slaves

Some _________ served as generals in the army.

Columbian Exchange

Some aspects of the _________________ had a tragic impact on many Native Americans due to disease.

A Knight's Training

Sons of nobles began training for knighthood at an early age and learned the code of chivalry. At age 7, a boy would be sent off to the castle of another lord. As a page, he waited on his hosts and began to practice fighting skills. At around age 14, the page reached the rank of a squire. A squire acted as a servant to a knight. At around age 21, a squire became a full fledged knight. After being dubbed a knight, most young men traveled for a year or two. The young knights gained experience fighting in local wars. Some took part in mock battles called tournaments.

Ferdinand Magellan

Soon after Nunez, _____________ convinced the king of Spain to fund his voyage into the newly discovered Pacific Ocean.

Aztec

Soon after landing in Mexico, Cortes learned of the vast and wealthy __________ Empire in the region's interior.

Priests

Spanish _________ worked to spread Christianity in the Americas and also pushed for better treatment of Native Americans.

Maya

Spanish explorers also conquered the __________ in Yucatan and Guatemala.

Stoicism

Stoics proposed that people should live virtuous lives in harmony with the will of God or the natural laws that God established to run the universe. They also preached that human desires, power, and wealth were dangerous distractions that should be checked. It promoted social unity and encouraged its followers to focus on what they could control.

Workers

Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required a large amount of ____________ to make them profitable for their owners.

Arable

Suitable for farming. (This type of land was rarely found in Greece where the land was mostly stony).

Perspective

Supported by patrons of the arts like Isabella d'Este, dozens of artists worked in northern Italy. As the Renaissance advanced, artistic styles changes. Medieval artists used religious subjects to convey a spiritual ideal. Renaissance artists often portrayed religious subjects, but they used realistic style copied from classical models. Greek and Roman subjects also became very popular. Renaissance painters used the technique of perspective, which shows three dimensions on a flat surface. Following the new emphasis on individuals, painters began to paint prominent citizens. These realistic portraits revealed what was distinctive about each person. In addition, artists, such as the sculptor, poet, architect, and painter Michelangelo Buonarroti used a realistic style when depicting the human body. Perspective creates the appearance of three dimensions. Classical artists had used perspective, but medieval artists abandoned the technique. In the 1400s, Italian artists rediscovered it. Perspective is based on an optical illusion. As parallel lines stretch away from the viewer, they seem to draw together, until they reach a spot on the horizon called the vanishing point. The use of perspective was a feature of most western painting for the next 450 years.

Sieur de La Salle

Ten years after Marquette and Joliet, __________ explored the lower Mississippi.

Puritans

Ten years after the Pilgrims, a group known as _________ also sought freedom from England's Anglican church.

Jacques Cartier

Ten years later, the Frenchman ________ reached a gulf off the eastern coast of Canada that led into a broad river.

Trojan War

The 10-year war fought against the Troy by the Mycenaeans and believed to have been fictional, however, excavations conducted in Northwestern Turkey in the 1870s suggests that the stories of this war might have been based on real cities, peoples, and events. The nature of this war yet remains unclear and is believed to have been the last Mycenaean battle campaigns.

New Spain

The American empire included _____________ (Mexico and parts Guatemala), as well as other lands in Central and South America and the Caribbean.

Demosthenes

The Athenian orator that tried to warn the Greeks of the threat Philip and his army posed. He urged them to unite against Philip. However, the Greek city-states could not agree on a single policy.

Tenochtitlan

The Aztec capital reached by Cortes.

Montezuma II

The Aztec emperor that was convinced at first that Cortes was a god wearing armor.

Bi Sheng

The Chinese invented block printing, in which a printer carved words or letters on a wooden block, inked the block, and then used it to print on paper. Around 1045, Bi Sheng invented movable type, or a separate piece of type for each character in the language. The Chinese writing system contained thousands of different characters, so most Chinese printers found movable type impractical.

Block Printing

The Chinese invented block printing, in which a printer carved words or letters on a wooden block, inked the block, and then used it to print on paper. Around 1045, Bi Sheng invented movable type, or a separate piece of type for each character in the language. The Chinese writing system contained thousands of different characters, so most Chinese printers found movable type impractical. However, the method would prove practical for Europeans because their languages have a very small number of letters in their alphabets. During the 13th century, block printing items reached Europe from China. European printers began to use block printing to create whole pages to bind into books. However, this process was too slow to satisfy the Renaissance demand for knowledge, information, and books.

Pope Gregory VII

The Church was not happy that kings, such as Otto, had control over clergy and their offices. It especially resented the practice of lay investiture, a ceremony in which kings and nobles appointed church officials. Whoever controlled lay investiture held the real power in naming bishops, who were very influential clergy that the kings sought to control. Church reformers felt that kings should not have that power. In 1075, Pope Gregory VII banned investiture. Henry IV then ordered him to step down from papacy, however, he excommunicated him. While visiting a castle in the Italian Alps, Henry begged for forgiveness in the snow for three days and so the pope did forgive him and ended his excommunication. He and Henry later resolved the conflict at the Concordat of Worms.

Church

The Church was one of the few institutions that survived the fall of the Roman Empire and time of upheaval between 400 and 600. During the time of political chaos, the Church provided order and security.

Fur-Trading

The Dutch also cooperated with the Native Americans in order to establish a _________ enterprise.

Fort Orange

The Dutch built trading posts along the Hudson River at ___________ (now Albany) and on Manhattan Island.

Iroquois

The Dutch established a fur trade with the __________ Indians.

New Netherlands

The Dutch holding in North America became known as _______________.

Jamestown

The English colonist named their settlement ___________ in honor of their king.

Tobacco

The English colony's outlook improved greatly after farmers discovered ________.

Jamestown

The English colony's start at _________ was disastrous.

Heathens

The English settlers considered Native Americans __________, people without faith.

Land

The English soon became hungry for more ______ for their colonial population. They therefore pushed farther west into the continent.

Africa

The Europeans in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America soon turned to ____________ for workers.

Fur Trade

The French and Dutch developed cooperative relationships with the Native Americans mostly due to the __________.

Seven Year's War

The French and Indian War became part of a larger conflict known as the _____________.

Fur Trade

The French settlers also included young, single men engaged in what had become New France's main economic activity, the ___________.

Catholic Priests

The French settlers included _______ ________ who sought to convert Native Americans.

The Decline of Learning

The Germanic invaders who stormed Rome could NOT READ OR WRITE! Among Romans themselves, the level of learning sank sharply as more and more families left for rural areas. Few people except priests and other church officials were literate. Knowledge of Greek, long important in Roman Culture, was almost lost. Few people could read Greek works of literature, science and philosophy. The Germanic tribes, though, had a rich ORAL tradition of SONGS AND LEGENDS. But they had no written language.

Hesiod

The Greek author of the epic, Theogony.

The Persian War Aftermath

The Greek city-states feel a new sense of confidence and freedom. During the 470s B.C., Athens emerged the leader of the Delian League, which had grown to 200 city-states. Military force was used to members that challenged the authority. This prestige of victory is what caused Athens to enter the Golden Age.

Muses

The Greek goddesses of art and sciences.

Arete

The Greek heroic ideal meaning virtue and excellence. This ideal could be displayed by a Greek on the battlefield in combat or in athletic contests on the playing field.

Arrian

The Greek historian who wrote 500 years after Alexander's time suggesting that fire was set in revenge for the Persian burning of Athens. However, the cause of the fire remains a mystery.

Greek Theatre

The Greeks invented drama as an art form and built the first theaters in the west. Theatrical productions in Athens were both an expression of civic pride and a tribute to the gods. As a part of their civic duties, wealthy citizens bore the cost of producing plays.

Mycenaeans

The Indo-Europeans that settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. After 1500 B.C., through trade or war they came into contact with the Mineoan civilization.

Giovanni Boccaccio

The Italian writer that is best known for the Decameron, a series of realistic, sometimes off-color stories. The stories are supposedly told by a group of worldly young people waiting in a rural villa to avoid the plague sweeping through Florence. The Decameron presents both tragic and comic views of life. In its stories, the author uses cutting humor to illustrate the human condition. Boccaccio presents his characters in all of their individuality and all their folly.

Decameron

The Italian writer, Giovanni Boccaccio, is best known for the Decameron, a series of realistic, sometimes off-color stories. The stories are supposedly told by a group of worldly young people waiting in a rural villa to avoid the plague sweeping through Florence. The Decameron presents both tragic and comic views of life. In its stories, the author uses cutting humor to illustrate the human condition. Boccaccio presents his characters in all of their individuality and all their folly.

The Three New Macedonian Leaders

The Macedonian generals harshly fought for who would hold control after Alexander's death. Three ambitious leaders won out: Antigonus Ptolemy Seleucus

Minoan Influences

The Mycenaeans also adapted their writing systemto the Greek language and decorated vases with Minoan designs. This produced the core of Greek religious practice, art, politics, and literature.

Darius the Great

The Persian king that defeated the rebels and vowed to destroy Athens in revenge.

Darius III

The Persian king who became alarmed of Alexander's victory at Granicus. He vowed to crush the invaders and raised an army between 50,000 to 75,000 men to face the Macedonians near Issus.

Niccolo Machiavelli

The Prince (1513) by Niccolo Machiavelli also examines the imperfect conduct of human beings. It does so by taking the form of a political guidebook. In the Prince, Machiavelli a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies. In answering this question, he began with the idea that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt. To succeed in such a wicked world, Machiavelli said, a prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox. He might have to trick his enemies and even his own people for the good of the state. In The Prince, Machiavelli was not concerned with what was morally write but with what was politically effective. He pointed out that most people think it is praiseworthy in a prince to keep his word and live with integrity. Nevertheless, Machiavelli argued that in the real world of power and politics a prince must sometimes mislead the people and lie to his opponents. As a historian and political thinker, Machiavelli suggested that in order for a prince to accomplish great things, he must be crafty enough not to only overcome the suspicions but also gain the trust of others.

The Prince

The Prince (1513) by Niccolo Machiavelli also examines the imperfect conduct of human beings. It does so by taking the form of a political guidebook. In the Prince, Machiavelli a ruler can gain power and keep it in spite of his enemies. In answering this question, he began with the idea that most people are selfish, fickle, and corrupt. To succeed in such a wicked world, Machiavelli said, a prince must be strong as a lion and shrewd as a fox. He might have to trick his enemies and even his own people for the good of the state. In The Prince, Machiavelli was not concerned with what was morally write but with what was politically effective. He pointed out that most people think it is praiseworthy in a prince to keep his word and live with integrity. Nevertheless, Machiavelli argued that in the real world of power and politics a prince must sometimes mislead the people and lie to his opponents. As a historian and political thinker, Machiavelli suggested that in order for a prince to accomplish great things, he must be crafty enough not to only overcome the suspicions but also gain the trust of others.

Queen Elizabeth I

The Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500s. This period was known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth reigned from 1558 to 1603. She was well educated and spoke French, Italian, Latin, and Greek. She also wrote poetry and music. As queen she did much to support the development of English art and literature.

Elizabethan Age

The Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500s. This period was known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth reigned from 1558 to 1603. She was well educated and spoke French, Italian, Latin, and Greek. She also wrote poetry and music. As queen she did much to support the development of English art and literature.The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age was William Shakespeare.

Atahualpa

The Spaniards waited in ambush, crushed the Incan force, and kidnapped __________.

Ransom

The Spanish accumulated 24 tons of gold and silver, the richest _________ in history.

United States

The Spanish actually had settled in parts of the _______ _______ before they even dreamed of building an empire on the American mainland.

Natives

The Spanish also forced _______ to work for them and sometimes abused them physically.

Army

The Spanish also strengthened their other military forces, creating a skillful and determined ________.

Atahualpa

The Spanish executed __________ despite the ransom paid by his people.

Encomieda

The Spanish government abolished the _______ system in 1542.

Colonies

The Spanish intended to transform the islands of the Caribbean into _________, or lands that are controlled by another nation.

Peninsulares

The Spanish settlers to the Americas, known as ___________, were mostly men.

Nike

The Winged Victory of Samothrace which was another magnificent Hellenistic statue on the island of Rhodes. It was created in 203 B.C. to commemorate a Greek naval victory.

Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

The ___1___, ____2___, and ___3____ sailed out of a Spanish port around dawn on August 3, 1492. In a matter of month, Columbus's fleet would reach the shores of what Europeans saw as an astonishing new world.

Dutch

The ________ claimed the regions along the (Hudson) waterways.

English

The ________ colonists claimed the Virginia land as theirs.

French

The ________ surrendered their North American holdings.

Treaty of Tordesillas

The ________, signed in 1494, had divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal.

Diseases

The _________ devastated the native population in North America.

Diseases

The __________ Europeans brought with them, which included smallpox and measles, led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans.

French

The __________ seized control of present-day Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.

English

The __________ settled Barbados and Jamaica.

Spaniards

The __________ struck back at the rebelling Aztecs.

Spanish

The __________ took an early lead in importing Africans to the the Americas.

Puritans

The __________ wanted to build a model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow.

Spanish

The ___________ were the first European settlers in the Americas.

Africans

The ___________ were then transported across the Atlantic and sold in the West Indies.

Economic

The _____________ changes that swept through much of Europe during the age of American colonization also led to changes in European society.

Duke of York

The _____________ claimed the colony for England and renamed it New York.

Economic

The _____________ revolution spurred the growth of towns and the rise of a class of merchants who controlled great wealth.

Middle Passage

The ______________ was considered the middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle.

Philippines

The ________________ is the location where Ferdinand Magellan became killed.

Joint-Stock Company

The _________________ worked much like a modern-day corporation, with investors buying shares of stock in a company.

Atlantic Slave Trade

The __________________ had a profound impact on both Africa and the Americas.

French and Indian War

The ___________________ was a conflict over North American land between France and England.

Acropolis

The agora or marketplace on a fortified hilltop where citizens gathered to discuss city governments.

Euripides

The author of the play Medea, often featuring strong woman in his works.

The Battle of Plataea

The battle where the Greeks routed (defeated) the Persians in 479 B.C. causing the Persians afterwards to always be on the defensive side.

Battle of Chaeronea

The battle where the Macedonians soundly defeated the Greeks, which marks the end to their independence. The city-states retained self-government in local affairs, however, Greece itself remained firmly under control of a succession o foreign powers.

Desiderius Erasmus

The best known of the Christian humanists were Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England the two were close friends. In 1509, Erasmus wrote his most famous work, The Praise of Folly. This book poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests. Erasmus believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of ceremonies and rules. He thought that in order to improve society, all people should study the Bible.

Thomas More

The best known of the Christian humanists were Desiderius Erasmus of Holland and Thomas More of England the two were close friends. Thomas More tried to show a better model of society. In 1516, he wrote the book Utopia. In Greek, utopia means "no place." In English it has come to mean an ideal place as depicted in More's book. The book is about an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out. In Utopia, because there was little greed, Utopians had little use for money. More wrote in Latin. As his work became popular, More's works were translated into a variety of languages including French, German, English, Spanish, and Italian.

Council of Five Hundred

The body that proposed laws and counciled the assembly. Members were chosen by lot, or by random.

Rural

The changes in European society, however, only went so far. While towns and cities grew in size, much of Europe's population continued to live in _________ areas.

Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis

The cities Alexander's army occupied after he defeated the Persian Empire at the Battle of Gaugamela. These cities yielded a huge treasure, which Alexander distributed among his army.

Plymouth

The city founded by the Pilgrims in 1620.

Voluntary Forced

The colonization of America prompted both __________ and ___________ migration of millions of people. It led to the establishment of new and powerful societies.

World

The colonization of the Americas dramatically changed the _________.

Hernando Cortes

The conquistador that was not satisfied at Montezuma II's share of the Aztec gold supply.

Sugar

The demand for __________ in Europe was great and therefore the Brazilian colony soon enriched Portugal.

Slave Trade

The demand for cheap labor resulted in the brutalities of the _____ _____.

Eratosthenes

The director of the Alexandrian Library that tried to calculate Earth's true size. Using geometry, he computed Earth's circumference at between 28,000 and 29,000 miles. (It is actually 24,860 miles. As well as a highly regarded astronomer and mathematician, Eratosthenes also was a poet and historian. (He and Aristarchus used a geometry text compiled by Euclid).

French

The early ________ explorers sailed west with dreams of reaching the East indies.

Europe

The establishment of colonial empires in the Americas influenced the nations of _________ in still other ways.

English

The explorations of the Spanish and French inspired the ________.

Phalanx

The fearsome formation of the hoplites which became a powerful fighting force in the ancient world.

Portuguese

The first Europeans to explore Africa were the ___________ during the 1400s.

Jan van Eyck

The first great Flemish Renaissance painter was Jan van Eyck. Van Eyck used recently developed oil-based paints to develop techniques painters still use. By applying layer upon layer of paint, van Eyck was able to create a variety of subtle colors in clothing and jewels. Oil painting became popular and spread to Italy. In addition to new techniques, van Eyck's paintings display unusually realistic details and reveal the personality of their subjects. His work influenced later artists in Northern Europe.

Hoplites

The foot soldiers of the army which stood side by side each holding a spear in one hand and a shield in the other.

Columbian Exchange

The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas is known as the ______________.

Hellenistic Scholars

The greatly respected the earlier works of classic literature and learning. They produced commentaries that explained these works (similar to what we do in Mr. Bradley's class). They preserved Greek and Egyptian learning in the sciences providing much of the scientific knowledge available to the West until the 16th and 17th centuries.

Land Trading

The groups did not live together with complete harmony. The Dutch settlers fought with various Native American groups over ___1___ claims and ___2___ rights.

Encomiendas

The holders of _____________ promised the Spanish rulers that they would act fairly and respect the native workers.

Colonies

The home country could sell its goods to its __________.

Warfare

The hostility between the English settlers and Native Americans led to __________.

Europe

The increase in economic activity in __________ led to an overall increase in many nation's money supply.

Africans

The influx of so many ________ to the Americas also has left its mark on the very population itself.

The Main Results of the 3 Invasions

The invasions by Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims caused widespread disorder and suffering. Most western Europeans lived in constant danger. Kings could not effectively defend their lands from invasion. As a result, people no longer looked to a central ruler for security. Instead, many turned to local rulers who had their own armies. Any leader who could fight the invaders gained followers and political strength.

Salamis

The island having a narrow channel where the Athenians positioned their fleet, a few miles southwest of Athens. The channel was so narrow the Persian ships had trouble turning while the Greek ships attacked and punctured holed at the enemy. After burning the city of Athens, Xerxed later watched in horror as more than 1/3 of his fleet sank.

Macedonia

The kingdom located just to the north of Greece which had a rough terrain and cold climate.

Louisiana

The land claimed by Sier de La Salle and named in honor of the French king Louis XIV.

Colossus of Rhodes

The largest known Hellenistic statue created on the island of Rhodes. It was a bronze statue standing over 100 feet high. This became one of the seven wonders of the world but toppled in an earthquake in about 225 B.C. Later, the bronze was sold for scrap.

Mycenae

The leading kingdom of the Mycenaeans located in southern Greece on a steep, rocky rigde protected by a 20 foot thick wall. This fortified city could almost withstand any attack.

East Indies

The location Christopher Columbus had thought he had reached.

Bahamas

The location where Christopher Columbus really had reached.

Hydaspes River

The location where a powerful India army blocked Alexander and his army's path. Alexander won the battle and marched some 200 miles farther, but their morale was low. They had endured scorching deserts and drenching monsoon rains. The exhausted soldiers yearned to turn home. Alexander decided to do so bitterly disappointed.

The Manor System

The manor was the lord's estate. During the Middle Ages, the manor system was the basic economic arrangement. The manor system rested on a set of rights and obligations between a lord and his serfs. The lord provided the serfs with housing, farmland, and protection from bandits. In return, serfs tended the lord's lands, cared for his animals, and performed other tasks to maintain the estate. Peasant woman shared in the farm work with their husbands. All peasants, whether free or serf, owed the lord certain duties. These included at least a few days of labor each week and a certain portion of their grain.

Otto I

The most effective ruler of medieval Germany was Otto I, known primarily as Otto the Great. Otto, crowned king in 936, followed the policies of his hero, Charlemagne. Otto formed a close alliance with the Church. To limit the nobles' strength, he sought help from the clergy. He built up his power base by gaining support of the bishops and abbots, the heads of monasteries. He dominated the Church in Germany. He also used his power to defeat German princes. Following in Charlemagne's footsteps, Otto also invaded Italy on the pope's behalf. In 962, the pope rewarded Otto by crowning him emperor. The German-Italian empire Otto created was first called the Roman Empire of the German Nation. It later became the Holy Roman Empire and remained the strongest until 1100. However, Otto's attempt to revive Charlemagne's empire caused trouble for future German leaders. Popes and Italian nobles, too, resented German power over Italy.

William Shakespeare

The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age was William Shakespeare. Many people regarded him as the greatest playwright of all time. Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small town about 90 miles northwest of London. By 1592 he was living in London and writing poems and plays, and soon he would be performing at the Globe Theater. Like many Renaissance writers, Shakespeare revered the classics and drew on them for inspiration and plots. His works display a masterful command of the English language and deep understanding of human beings. He revealed the souls of men and woman through scenes of dramatic conflict. Many of these plays examine human flaws. However, Shakespeare also had one of his characters deliver a speech that expresses the Renaissance's high view of human nature in Hamlet. Shakespeare's most famous plays include the tragedies Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, and King Lear, and the comedies A Midsummer Night's Dream and The Taming of the Shrew. Even though Shakespeare has been dead for 400 years, he is one of the favorite writers of filmmakers. His works are both produced in period costumes and modern attire. The themes or dialogue have been adapted for many films, including some in foreign languages. This includes Othello (done in period costume), Romeo and Juliet in a modern setting; a Japanese film, Ran, an adaptation of King Lear; and 10 Things I Hate About You, an adaptation of The Taming of the Shrew.

Corn Potatoes

The most important item to travel from the Americas to the rest of the world were ____1____ and ____2____.

Renaissance

The movement that started in Italy caused an explosion of creativity in art, writing, and thought that lasted approximately from 1300 to 1600. Historians call this period the Renaissance. This term means rebirth, and in context, it refers to the revival of art and learning. The educated men and woman hoped to bring back to life the culture of classical Greece and Rome. Yet in striving to revive the past, the people of the Renaissance created something new.The contributions made during this period led to innovative styles of art and literature. They also led to new values, such as the importance of the individual. The renaissance eventually spread from northern Italy to the rest of Europe. Italy had three advantages that made it the birthplace of the Renaissance: thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome. In Renaissance Italy, the wealthy enjoyed material luxuries, good music, and fine foods. The Renaissance of Italy produced extraordinary achievements in many different forms of art, including painting, architecture, sculpture, and drawing. These art forms were used by talented artists to express important ideas and attitudes of the age. By the late 1400s, Renaissance ideas had spread to Northern Europe - especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders (now part of France and the Netherlands). As Renaissance ideas spread out of Italy, they mingled with northern traditions. As a result, the northern Renaissance developed its own character. For example, the artists were especially interested in realism. The Renaissance ideal of human dignity inspired some northern humanists to develop plans for social reform based on Judeo-Christian values. The European Renaissance was a period of great artistic and social change. It marked a break with the medieval-period ideals focused around the Church. The Renaissance belief in dignity of the individual played a key role in the gradual rise of democratic ideas. Furthermore, the impact of the movable-type printing press was tremendous. Some historians have suggested that its effects were often more dramatic than the arrival of personal computers in the 20th century. Many changes resulted. Art drew on techniques and styles of classical Greece and Rome. Paintings and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic and lifelike ways. Artists created works that were secular as well as those that were religious. Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas. The arts praised individual achievement. Ultimately, people began to question political structures and religious practices.

Los Indios

The name given to the surprised inhabitants that greeted Columbus by him mistakenly thinking he had reached the East Indies.

Lookout

The name of the person's job that first spotted new land while aboard on the Pinta and shouted "Tierra! Tierra!" (Land! Land!).

Thermopylae

The narrow mountain pass where Xerxes was blocked by 7,000 Greeks including 300 Spartans. Xerxes underestimated and his army was stopped after three days. A traitor, however, let the Persians know of a shortcut elsewhere...

New Spain

The native fighters of New Mexico drove the Spanish back into __________ in 1680.

Human Sacrifice

The native groups hated the Aztec's harsh practices, including _______ _______.

Disease

The natives could do little to stop the invisible warrior that marched alongside the Spaniards - ________.

Taino

The natives of the Bahamas that Christopher Columbus thought were Indians.

Monarchs

The new economic practices helped expand the power of European ___________, who became powerful rulers.

Spain

The new found wealth helped usher in a gold of art and culture in _______.

Europe

The new wealth from the Americas resulted in new business and trade practices in _________.

Realism

The northern Renaissance developed its own character. For example, the artists were especially interested in realism. The Renaissance ideal of human dignity inspired some northern humanists to develop plans for social reform based on Judeo-Christian values.

Gold

The original settlers at Jamestown were more interested in finding ______ than planting crops.

Free Adult Male Poverty Owners Born in Athens

The people considered citizens (in Athens).

Woman, Slaves, and Foreigners

The people excluded from citizenship and had few rights.

Aristotle

The philosopher that questioned the nature of the world and of human belief, thought, and knowledge up to his time. He invented a method for arguing according to rules of logic. He later applied hiis method to problems in the fields of psychology, physics, and biology. His work provides the basis of the scientific method used today.

China

The planting of the first white potato in Ireland and the first sweet potato in ___________ probably changed more lives than the deeds of 100 kings.

Ireland

The planting of the first white potato in ___________ and the first sweet potato in China probably changed more lives than the deeds of 100 kings.

Koine

The popular spoken language used in Hellenistic cities and was the direct result of cultural blending. The word came from the Greek word for "common." The language was a dialect of Greek. This language enabled educated people and traders from diverse backgrounds to communicate in cities throughout the Hellenistic world.

Massachusett

The population of one tribe, the _____________, dropped from 24,000 to 750 by 1631.

Tyrants

The powerful individuals mention before, not considered harsh and cruel but rather looked upon as leaders who would work for the interest of the ordinary people. Once in power, they often set up building programs to provide jobs and housing for their supporters.

Classical Art

The proportional values of harmony, order, balance, and proportion found in this type of art.

Epicureans

The proposed that the main goal of humans was to achieve harmony of the body and mind. Today, the word means a person devoted to pursuing human pleasures, especially the enjoyment of good food. They, however, during their lifetime, advocated moderations in all things.

Natives

The purpose of trading with Africa changed with the colonization of the Americas, as ___________ began dying by the millions.

Mona Lisa

The realism of Renaissance art is seen in a portrait such as the Mona Lisa, which is an expression of the subject's unique features and personality. The Mona Lisa (1504-1506) is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, who, at 16, married Francesco del Giocondo, a wealthy merchant of Florence who commissioned the portrait. Mona Lisa is a shortened form of Madonna Lisa (Madam, or My Lady, Lisa). Renaissance artists showed individuals as they really looked.

New Mexico

The rebellion of 1680 involved more than 8,000 warriors from villages all over ________.

Messenia

The region that the Spartans conquered and took over the land in 725 B.C., which later caused them to become helots. After Spartan's harsh rule, they revolted in 650 B.C.

Mestizo

The relationships created a large _______ - or mixed Spanish and Native American - population.

Mantua

The ruler of another city-state that married Isabella d'Este. Isabella brought many Renaissance artists to her court and built a famous art collection. Isabella was also skilled in politics. When Mantua was taken captive in war, Isabella d'Este defended Mantua and won his release.

Europe America

The rulers of Spain had far greater concerns. The other nations of ___1____ had begun to establish their own colonies in ___2____.

Americas

The settlement of the __________ brought many different items from Europe, Asia, and Africa to North and South America. It also introduced items from the __________ to the rest of the world.

Pinta

The ship of Columbus's fleet in which a lookout first spotted a shoreline in the distance in the early hours of October 12, 1492.

Guns

The slave trade devastated African societies in another way: by introducing ________ into the continent.

Race

The slavery that developed in the Americas was largely based on _______.

Castles

The small-scale violence of tournament did not match the bloodshed of actual battles, especially those fought at castles. By the 1100s, massive walls and guard towers encircled stone castles. These castles dominated much of the countryside in western Europe. Lord and lady, their family, knights and other men-at-arms, and servants made their home in the castle. The castle was also a fortress, designed for defense. A castle under siege was a gory sight. Attacking armies used a wide range of strategies and weapons to force castle residents to surrender. Defenders of a castle poured boiling water, hot oil, or molten lead on enemy soldiers. Expert archers were stationed on the roof of a castle. Armed with crossbows, they fired deadly bolts that could pierce full armor.

Pepin the Short

The son of Charles Martel; Pepin wanted to be king. He shrewdly cooperated with pope. On behalf of the Church, Pepin agreed to fight the Lombards, who had invaded central Italy and had threatened Rome. In exchange, the pope anointed Pepin "king by the grace of God." Thus began the Carolingian Dynasty, the family that would rule the Franks from 751 to 987. Pepin the Short died in 768. He left a greatly strengthened Frankish kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and Charles.

Xerxes

The son of Darius the Great, ten years later in 480 B.C., who assembled an enormous invasion force to crush Athens. The Greeks at the time were divided, some said "Ay, lets protect Athens and fight," while the other half thought wiser, "just let the Persians destroy Athens." As a consequence, Xerxes' army found no resistance.

Peloponnesus

The southern part of Greece of where Sparta was located.

Islam

The spread of _________ into Africa during the seventh century, however, ushered in an increase in slavery and the slave trade.

The Feudal Pyramid

The structure of feudal society was much like a pyramid. At the peak reigned the king. Next came the powerful vassals - wealthy landowners such as bishops and nobles. Serving beneath these vassals were knights. Knights were mounted horsemen who pledged to defend their lord's land in exchange for fiefs. At the base of the pyramid were landless peasants who toiled in the fields. In the feudal system, status determined a person's prestige and power. Medieval writers classified people into three groups: those who fought (nobles and knights), those who prayed (men and woman of the Church), and those who worked (the peasants). Social class was usually inherited. In Europe in the Middle Ages, the vast majority of people were peasants. Most peasants were serfs. Serfs were people who could not lawfully leave the place where they were born. Though bound to land, serfs were not slaves. Their lords could not buy or sell them. But what their labor produced belonged to the lord.

Concordat of Worms

The successors of Gregory and Henry continued to fight over lay investiture until 1122. That year, representatives of the Church and the emperor met in the city of Worms. They reached a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms. By its terms, the Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. During Henry's struggle, German princes regained power lost under Otto. But a later king, Frederick I, would resume the battle to build royal authority.

Inflation

The supply of goods is less than the demand for them and the goods become both scarce and more valuable.

Philosophy and Art

The teachings of Plato and Aristotle continued to be very influential in Hellenistic philosophy. In the third century B.C., however, philosophers became concerned with how people should live their lives. Two major philosophies developed out of this concern.

Los Indios

The term translated into "Indian," a word mistakenly applied to all the native peoples of the Americas.

Mercantilism

The theory of ____________ held that a country's power depended mainly on wealth.

Climate

The third environmental influence on Greek civilization. This varied, with up to cool temperatures in the winter and only warm in the summer. This supported and promoted outdoor life for many Greek Citizens.

The Age of Pericles

The time between 461 to 429 B.C. in which Pericle dominated the life of Athens during the Golden Age.

Sugar Molasses

The traders transported the Africans to the West Indies and sold them for _____1_____ and ______2______.

The Aegean and Ionian Seas

The two bodies of water which included the 2,000 islands of Greece. These also were important transportation routes for the Greek people.

Achilles and Hector

The two heroic warriors from thee Iliad, courageous and noble.

Vassal/Lord

The vassals were nobles or Church Officials which were at the second status of the feudal system. They were given fiefs (land) in exchange for military services for the lord. The lords were the "rulers" of their estates. The lord had serfs which would labor and provide the specific necessities needed for the lord. In exchange, the lord would provide housing, farmland, and protection to the serfs. These two status groups were the main people which kept order in the feudal system, especially the lord. An example is: Charles the Simple was a lord, Rollo was the vassal. Charles gave a fief, a huge piece of land, to Rollo because Rollo plundered the rich Seine River Valley (military protection) and pledged loyalty to the king/lord, Charles. During the Middle Ages, nobles constantly fought another. Their feuding kept Europe in a fragmented state for centuries. Through warfare, feudal lords defended their own estates, seized new territories, and increased their wealth. Lords and their armies lived in a violent society that prized combat skills. By the 1100s, though, a code of behavior began to arise. High ideals guided warriors' actions and glorified their roles. By the 11th century, western Europe was a battleground of warring nobles vying for power. To defend their territories, feudal lords raised private armies of knights. In exchange for military service, feudal lords used their most abundant resource - land. The rewarded knights, their most skilled warriors, with fiefs from their sprawling estates. Wealth from these fiefs allowed knights to devote their lives to war. Knights could afford to pay for costly weapons, armor, and warhorses.

Middle Passage

The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies and later to North and South America was known as the ______________.

The Peloponnesian War

The war fought between Athens and Sparta beginning in 431 B.C. When the war began, Athens had the stronger navy, but Sparta had the stronger army and an inland location making it hard for it to be attacked by sea.

Vittoria Colonna

The woman writers who gained fame during the Renaissance usually wrote about personal subjects, not politics. Yet, some had a great influence. Vittoria Colonna (1492-1547) was born of a noble family. In 1509, she married the Marquis of Pescara. He spent most of his life away from home on military campaigns. Vittoria Colonna exchanged sonnets with Michelangelo and helped Castiglione publish The Courtier. Her own poems express personal emotions. When her husband was away at the Battle of Ravenna in 1512, she wrote to him a famous poem.

New France

Then after finding __________, the French penetrated the North American continent.

Landlords

These Spanish __________ had received the rights to the natives' labor from Spanish authorities.

Clergy

These are the religious officials of the Church. The pope in Rome headed the Church. All clergy, including bishops and priests, fell under his authority. Bishops supervised priests, the lowest ranking members of the clergy. Bishops also settled disputes over Church teachings and practices. For most people, local priests served as the main contact with the Church. Priests and other clergy administered the sacraments, or important religious ceremonies

Corn and Potatoes

These foods helped people live longer. ( 1 and 2 )

Enslaved Africans

These products (sugar, cotton), although profitable, demanded a large and steady supply of labor. __________ __________ eventually would supply this labor.

Monasteries

These were religious communities built by the Church to adapt to rural conditions. There, men called MONKS gave up their private possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. Women who followed this way of life were called NUNS and lived in convents. Monks and nuns devoted their lives to prayer and good works. Monasteries became Europe's best-educated communities. Monks opened schools, maintained libraries, and copied books. In the 600s and 700s, monks made beautiful copies of religious writings, decorated with ornate letters and brilliant pictures. These illuminated manuscripts preserved at least part of Rome's intellectual heritage.

Troubadours

These were traveling poet-musicians at the castles and courts of Europe. They composed short verses and songs about the joys and sorrows of romantic love. Sometimes troubadours sang their own verses in castles of their lady. Under the code of chivalry, a knight's duty to his lady became as important as his duty to his lord. In many medieval poems, the hero's difficulties resulted from conflict between those two obligation. Troubadours also sent roving minstrels to carry their songs to courts. A troubadour might sing about love's disappointments: "My loving heart, my faithfulness, myself, my world she deigns to take. Then leave me bare and comfortless to longing thoughts that ever wake." Other songs told of lovesick knights who adored ladies they would probably never win: "Love of a far-off land/For you my heart is aching/And I can find no relief." The code of chivalry promoted a false image of knights, making them seem more romantic than brutal. In turn these songs created an artificial image of woman. In the troubadour's eyes, noblewoman were always beautiful and pure.

Culture

They also brought their _______. Their art, music, religion, and food continue to influence American societies.

Germanic Kingdoms

They began to replace Roman provinces in the years of upheaval between 400 and 600. The borders of these kingdoms changed constantly with the fortunes of war.

Five Elected Officials

They carried out the laws passed by the Spartan assembly. They also controlled education and prosecuted court cases.

Romance Languages

They derived from Latin in the 800s during the Middle Ages in Western Europe as a result to the fall of the Roman Empire and loss of Latin knowledge. Dialects from Latin became these languages such as French and Spanish.

Athenian Girls

They did not attend school but were educated at home by their mothers and other female members of the household. They had very little to do with Athenian life.

Native Americans

They died by the hundreds of thousands due to disease.

Hellenistic Sculptors

They flourished during thee Hellenistic age like science. Rulers, wealthy merchants, and cities all purchased statues to honor gods, commemorate heroes, and portray ordinary people in everyday situations.

Spanish Rulers

They funded Christopher Columbus' journey and agreed to finance three more trips.

Monks

They gave up their private possessions and devoted their lives to serving God. They devoted their lives to prayer and good works. In the 600s and 700s, they made beautiful copies of religious writings, decorated with ornate letters and brilliant pictures. These illuminated manuscripts preserved at least part of Rome's intellectual heritage.

Greek Governments

They had many different kinds: Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Oligarchy.

What Athenian Girls Learned

They learned about child-rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, managing the household, and other skills that helped them become good mothers and wives. (Some were even able to learn to read and write but this was very rare).

Hellenistic Sculptors

They made the statues move away from the harmonic balance and idealized forms of the classical age. Instead of the serene face and perfect body of an idealized man or woman, they created more natural works. They felt free to explore new subjects, carving ordinary people such as an old, wrinkled peasant woman.

Spartan Strategy

They marched into Athenian territory and swept over the countryside, burning Athenian food supply. Pericles responded by bringing residents from the surrounding region inside city walls. The city was safe from hunger as long as ships could sail into port with supply from Athenian colonies and foreign states.

Corn and Potatoes

They played a significant role in boosting the world's population. ( 1 and 2 )

The Epic Poems of Homer

They recount stories, but are not accurate recordings of what took place.

Slaves

They then delivered the __________ in exchange for gold, guns, and other goods.

Greek Plays

They were about leadership, justice, and the duties served to the gods. They often included a chorus that danced, sang, and recited poetry. Actors used colorful costumes, masks, and sets to dramatize stories.

Men Serving in the Spartan Military

They were expected to serve until the age of 60 and their daily life was centered on the military. Boys left home at 7 and moved to army barracks until they were 30. They spent days marching, exercising, and fighting. This was done in all weather and conditions. They slept with no blankets on hard benches. The daily diet consisted of black porridge or were encouraged to steal food.

Greek Sculptures

They were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed. Their faces showed neither joy nor anger, only serenity. Greek sculptors also tried to capture the grace of the idealized human body in motion. They wanted to portray ideal beauty, not realism.

Slaves

They worked long days and suffered beatings.

Pirates

They would attack any ship for their valuables not caring what nation the vessels represented.

Sparta

This city in peloponnesus was nearly cut off by the rest of Greece by the Gulf of Corinth. This city greatly contrasted sharply with other city-states such as Athens. Instead of a democracy, this city built a military state.

Bronze spears, shields, breastplates, and chariots.

This could only be afforded by the rich during the Dorian age. The rich also were the only to serve in armies.

Prosperity

This depended on gaining access to the surrounding waterways. Athens needed overseas trade to obtain supplies of grain and other raw materials.

Greece's Physical Geography

This feature is what directly shaped Greek traditions and customs.

Columbian Exchange

This global transfer of plants, animals, disease, and especially food brought together the Eastern and Western hemispheres and touched, in some way, nearly all people of the world.

Peasants

This group consisted of the lowest class of the feudal and manor system. For the privilege for living on the lord's land, peasants paid a high price. They paid a tax on all grain ground in the lord's mill. Any attempts to avoid taxes by baking bread elsewhere was treated as a crime. Peasants also paid a high price on marriage. Weddings could only take place with the lord's consent. After all these payments to the lord, peasant families owed the village priest a tithe, or church tax.

The Muslims

This group of people struck from the south. They began their encroachments from their strongholds in North Africa, invading through what is now Italy and Spain. In the 600s and 700s, the Muslim plan was to conquer and settle in Europe. By the 800s and 900s, their goal was also to plunder. Because the Muslims were expert seafarers, they were able to attack settlements on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. They also struck as far as Switzerland.

Germanic Invaders

This group of people, in the fifth century, overran the western half of the of the Roman Empire. Repeated invasions and constant warfare caused a series of changes that altered the economy, government, and culture:

The Mycenaean civilization collapsed.

This happened not long after the Trojan War when Sea Raiders attacked and burned many of the civilization's cities.

Inflation

This in turn brought on ___________, or the steady rise in price of goods.

Middle Ages

This is known as the medieval period spanning the years 500-1500 of the gradual decline of the Roman Empire which ushered this era of European history. During these centuries, a new society slowly emerged. Religion occupied center stage.

The Song of Roland

This is one of the earliest and most famous medieval epic poems. It praises a band of French soldiers who perished in battle during Charlemagne's reign. The poem transforms the events into a struggle. A few brave French knights led by Roland battle an overwhelming army of Muslims from Spain. Roland's friend, Turpin the Archbishop, stands as a shining example of medieval ideals. Turpin represents courage, faith, and chivalry.

Iron

This later replace bronze in the manufacture of weapons as it was harder, cheaper, and more common. This therefore allowed ordinary citizens to defend themeselves. The army therefore could be composed by merchants, artisans, and small landowners.

Uneven Terrain

This made transportation land difficult causing the roads that existed only to be little dirt paths. It often therefore took travelers several days to complete a journey that takes a few hours today.

Athenian Military

This may have allowed Pericles to treat other members of the Delian League as part of the empire. Some cities in Peloponnesus, however, resisted Athens and formed their own alliances. Sparta in particular was at odds with Athens.

Pope Leo II

This pope was attacked by a mob, then saved by Charlemagne in the year 800. In gratitude, he crowned Charlemagne emperor; this coronation was historic. A pope had claimed the political right to confer the title of "Roman Emperor" on a European king. This event signaled the joining of Germanic power, the Church, and the heritage of the Roman Empire. When Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800, he unknowingly set the stage for future conflicts between popes and emperors. These clashes would go on for centuries.

Voyages of Columbus

This prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the Americas.

The Seas of Greece

This shaped Greek civilizations just as the rivers of shaped the ancient civilizations of Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, India, and China. The Greeks did not live ON a land but AROUND the sea.

England

This splintered into seven tiny kingdoms and held a good example of the small kingdoms that sprang up all over Europe after the Roman Empire dissolved. Some of them were no larger than the state of Connecticut.

Battle of Tours

This was a battle that was highly significant for Christian Europeans in 732. This was a battle between the Muslim raiders of Spain against the Franks led by Charles Martel. If the Muslims had won, western Europe might have become a part of the Muslim Empire. Martel, however, defeated the Muslims and by this battle became known as Christian hero.

Piers Plowman

This was a book written by William Langland in 1362 in Europe, which reveals the hard life of English peasants. This provides historians with a primary source of the life of a peasant, giving us the knowledge we have today on that manor.

Carolingian Dynasty

This was a dynasty of Frankish rulers, lasting from A.D. 751 to 987 founded by Pepin the Short and included his son Charlemagne:

The Magyars

This was a group of nomadic people, of which attacked Europe from the east, from what is now Hungary as Viking invasions declined. Superb Horsemen, the Magyars swepts across the plains of the Danube River and invaded western Europe in the late 800s. They attacked isolated villages and monasteries. They overran northern Italy and reached as far west as Rhineland and Burgundy. The Magyars did not settle conquered land. Instead, they took captives to sell as slaves.

The Minoans

This was a group of people that lived on the large Greek island of Crete by 3000 B.C. They created an elegant civilization that had great power in the Mediterranean world.

Henry IV

This was a young German Emperor that became furious and immediately called a meeting of the German bishops he had appointed after Pope Gregory banned lay investiture. With their approval, the emperor ordered Gregory to step down from the papacy. Gregory then excommunicated Henry. Afterward, German bishops and princes sided with the pope. To save his throne, Henry tried to win the pope's forgiveness. In January 1077, Henry crossed the snowy Alps to the Italian town of Canossa. He approached the castle where Gregory was a guest. The Pope was obligated to forgive any sinner who begged so humbly. Still, Gregory kept Henry waiting in the snow for three days before ending his excommunication. Their meeting actually solved nothing. The pope had humiliated Henry, the proudest ruler in Europe. Yet, Henry felt triumphant and rushed home to punish rebellious nobles. The successors of Gregory and Henry continued to fight over lay investiture until 1122. That year, representatives of the Church and the emperor met in the city of Worms. They reached a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms. By its terms, the Church alone could appoint a bishop, but the emperor could veto the appointment. During Henry's struggle, German princes regained power lost under Otto. But a later king, Frederick I, would resume the battle to build royal authority.

Major Domo

This was an official or mayor of the palace which had become the most powerful person in the Frankish kingdom by the year 700. Officially, he had charge of the royal household and estates. Unofficially, he led armies and made policy. In effect, he ruled the kingdom.

Millstones

This was one of the unusual "outside" purchase for the manor. These were huge stones used to grind flour in Europe used by the serfs and peasants to produce the food that was needed for themselves and their lords during the Middle Ages in Europe.

A Strong Navy

This was very important because it helped Athens strengthen the safety of its empire.

Sea Travel

This was very important in Greek society since Greece lacked natural resources, such as timber, precious metals, and usable farmland.

Malinche

Through _________, Cortes convinced the natives to fight on his side.

London

Throughout the 1500s, the vast majority of Europeans - more than 75 percent - lived in rural areas. However, the capital and port cities of most European countries experienced remarkable growth during this time. The population of London, for example, stood at about 200,000 in 1600, making it perhaps the largest city in Europe. In London, and in other large European cities, a distinctively urban way of life developed in the Renaissance era. Many newcomers to London struggled to find jobs and shelter. Some turned to crime to make a living. Others became beggars. However it was illegal for able-bodied people to beg. To avoid a whipping or prison time, beggars had to be sick or disabled. Performances at playhouses like the Globe were often wild affairs. If audiences did not like the play, they booed loudly, pelted the stage with garbage, and sometimes attacked the actors. A small pomander, a metal container filled with spices, was crafted in the shape of orange segments. Well-to-do Londoners held pomanders to their noses to shield themselves from the stench of the rotting garbage that littered the streets. A typical meal for wealthy Londoners might include fish, several kinds of meat, bread, and a variety of vegetables, served on silver or pewter tableware. The diet of the poor was simpler. They rarely ate fish, meat, or cheese. Usually, their meals consisted of pottage - a kind of soup - of vegetables. And the poor ate their meals from a trencher, a hollowed-out slab of stale bread or wood. Many of London's streets were so narrow that walking was the only practical means of transportation. Often, however, the quickest way to get from here to there in the city was to take the river. Boat traffic was especially heavy when the playhouses were opened. On those days, as many as 4,000 people crossed the Thames from the city to Southwark, where most of the theaters were located.

Spain

Throughout the 16th century, ________ also increased its military might.

600 to 371 B.C.

Time period in which Sparta had the most powerful army in Greece.

Pericles' War Strategy

To avoid land battles with the Spartan army and wait for an opportunity to strike Sparta and its allies from sea.

Cultural Heritage

To cope with the horrors of slavery, Africans developed a way of life based on their _______ _______.

Settlers

To encourage _____________, the Dutch colony opened its doors to a variety of peoples.

Pericles' Goal

To have the greatest Greek artists and architects create magnificent sculptures and buildings to glorify Athens.

Wealth

To increase a country's ___________, it could obtain as much gold and silver as possible.

Wealth

To increase a country's ____________, it could establish a favorable balance of trade.

Navy

To protect its treasure filled ships, Spain built a powerful ________.

English

To the _________, New Netherlands separated their northern and southern colonies.

Circumnavigate

To travel (such as by sail) around the world.

Tournaments

Tournaments combined recreation with combat training. Two armies of knights charged each other. Trumpets blared, and lords and ladies cheered. Like real battles, tournaments were fierce and bloody competitions. Winners could usually demand large ransoms from defeated knights.

New England

Traders sold sugar and molasses to rum produces in new England.

Myths

Traditions and Stories, (about the Greek gods).

Livestock Animals

Traffic across the Atlantic did not flow in just one direction, however. Europeans introduced various _________ _________ into the Americas.

The Two Kinds of Drama Greeks Wrote

Tragedy and Comedy.

False, it was a collection of seperate lands where Greek-speaking people lived.

True of False: Greece was a united country in ancient times.

True

True or False: There was no written record in the Dorian period.

Muskets Cannons

Two advantages for the Spanish victory against the Aztecs: The had superior Weaponry. Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniards' ____1____ and ____2____.

Weaponry

Two advantages for the Spanish victory against the Aztecs: The had superior ___________. Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniards' muskets and cannons.

Europe

Two factors together prompted a wave of new business and trade practices in __________ during the 16th and 17th centuries. These practices, many of which served as the root of today's financial dealings, dramatically changed the economic atmosphere of __________.

Interdict

Under an interdict, many sacraments and religious services could not be performed in the king's lands. As Christians, the king's subjects believed that without such sacraments they might be doomed to hell. In the 11th century, excommunication and the possible threat of an interdict would force a German emperor to submit to the pope's commands.

Noblewomen

Under the feudal system, a noble woman could inherit an estate from her husband. Upon the lord's request, she could also send his knights to war. When her husband was off fighting, the lady of the medieval castle of might act as military commander and warrior. At times, noblewoman played a key role in defending the castles. They hurled rocks and fired arrows at attackers. In reality, however, the lives of most noblewomen were limited. Whether young or old, females in noble families generally were confined to activities in the home or the convent. Also, noblewoman held held little property because lords passed down their fiefs to sons and not daughters.

Encomienda

Under this system, natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords.

English

Unlike the French and Dutch, the _________ sought to populate their colonies in North America.

English

Unlike the __________, the French were less interested in occupying territories than they were in making money off the land.

Bidder

Upon arriving in the Americas, captured Africans were usually auctioned off to the highest _________.

Amerigo Vespucci

Upon his return to Europe, ____________ claimed the land was not part of Asia, but a "new" world.

Powerful Individuals

Usually nobles or other wealthy citizens which sometimes seized control of the government by appealing to the common people for support.

Triangular Trade

Various other transatlantic routes existed. The ____________ encompassed a network of trade routes crisscrossing the northern and southern colonies, the West Indies, England, Europe, and Africa. The network carried a variety of traded goods.

Henry Hudson

Was searching for a northwest sea route to Asia in 1609 but did not find it.

Francisco Pizarro

Was the son of an infantry captain and parents never married. Raised by mother's poor family, never learning how to read.

Hemlock

What Socrates was forced to drink, a poison, after the jury disagreed and condemned him to death.

He increased the number of officials with paid salaries as earlier in Athens, most positions in public office were unpaid and therefore only wealthier Athenian citizens could afford to hold public office.

What did Pericles do to strengthen democracy?

Herodotus' book on the Persian war.

What is considered the first work of history?

Struggles between the rich and the poor.

What led Athens to become a democracy?

Danger of a helot revolt.

What led Sparta to become a military state?

Gold

What many explorers like Christopher Columbus were interested in finding.

Clashes between the rulers and common people.

What occurred often in city-states?

Seaborn Trade

What the Mycenaean saw as a value after their contact with the Minoans.

People migrated and settled in mainland Greec

What was happening at the same time when the people of Crete, the Minoans, were thriving on their civilization?

Cultural, Military, and Political

What were Alexander's ambitions?

Invasion of Persia

When Greece was secure, Alexander wanted to follow his father's idea to invade Persia. He led 35,000 soldiers across Hellespont into Anatolia. Persian messengers raced along the Royal Road to spread the news of invasion. About 40,000 men went to defend Persia. The two forces met at the Granicus River. Instead of waiting for the Persians to make the first move, Alexander urged his cavalry to attack. Leading troops into battle, Alexander smashed the Persian defenses.

Monarchy

When a single person, called a king, ruled the government.

Muslims

When conquering the __________, the Spanish lived among them and imposed their culture upon them.

Duke of York

When the _______________'s fleet arrived at New Netherlands, the Dutch surrendered without firing a shot.

Destruction of Thebes

When the people of Thebes rebelled, Alexander destroyed the city and about 6,000 Thebans were killed. The survivors were sold into slavery. This caused the other Greek cities to be afraid to rebel.

Military School

Where Athenian boys would go after they became older to help them prepare for another important duty of citizenship, defending Athens.

Debt Slavory

Where debtors worked as slaves to repay their debts.

Outdoor Public Events

Where men spent much of their leisure time and often met to discuss public issues, exchange news, and take part in an active civic life.

Africa

Where was this from? : Bananas, Black-eyed Peas, and Yams.

Europe

Where was this from? : Horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs.

New York

While he did not find the route, Verrazzano did discover what is today _______ harbor.

Rome

While the Hellenistic world was in decline in 150 B.C., this new city was gaining strength. Through this city, Greek-style drama, architecture, sculpture, and philosophy were preserved and eventually became the core of the western world.

African Slaves

While they were unwilling participants in the growth of the colonies, _______________ contributed greatly to the economic and cultural development of the Americas.

Europeans

Who brought these? : Influenza, Typhus, Malaria, and Diphtheria.

The Mycenaeans against Troy

Who fought against who in the Trojan War during the 1200s B.C. for 10 years?

Because they were outnumbered by the Messenians 8 to 1 and barely put down the revolt.

Why did Sparta dedicate itself to become a strong city-state?

Greece had very little amounts of fertile farmland and fresh water for irrigation which are essential to support a population.

Why was Greece not able to support a large population?

Joint-Stock Companies

With ________________, profits were great, but so were the risks. Many ships, for instance, never completed the long and dangerous ocean voyage.

Ferdinand Magellan

With about 250 men and five ships, __________ sailed around the southern end of South America and into the waters of the Pacific. The fleet sailed for months without seeing land, except some small islands. Food supplies soon ran out.

Atlantic

With the Dutch gone, the English colonized the __________ coast of North America.

Malinche

With the aid of a native woman translator named __________, Cortes learned that some natives resented the Aztecs.

Downfall of Cities

With the fall of the Roman Empire, cities were abandoned as centers of administration.

Haiti Barbados

Without their back-breaking work, colonies such as those on ___1___ and ___2___ may have not survived.

Sophocles

Wrote more than 100 plays including Oedipus the King and Antigone.

Aeschylus

Wrote more than 80 plays, his most famous being Oresteia.

French Dutch

_____1_____ and _____2_____ settlers developed a mostly cooperative relationship the Native Americans.

Measles Mumps Small Pox Typhus

_____1_____, _____2_____, _____3_____, and _____4_____ were just some of the diseases Europeans were to bring with them to the Americas.

Christopher Columbus

_______ claimed the island for Spain. He named it San Salvador, or "Holy Savior."

Christopher Columbus

_______ never reached Asia. Instead, _______ stepped onto an island in the Caribbean. That event would bring together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Bartolome de Las Casas

_______ suggested Africans to meet the colonies' need for labor and said, "The labor of one . . . [African] . . . [is] more valuable than that of four Indians." The priest later changed his view and denounced African slavery.

Catholic Priests

________ _________ had accompanied conquistadors from the very beginning of American colonization, not in search of gold, but in search of converts.

Native Americans

________ _________ had never been exposed to the diseases brought by the Europeans to the Americas.

Jamestown

________ became England's first permanent settlement in North America.

Spain

________ claimed the route around the southern tip of South America.

Christopher Columbus

________ commanded a fleet of some 17 ships that carried over 1,000 soldiers, crewman, and colonists.

Priests

________ criticized the harsh pattern of labor that emerged under the encomienda system.

Christopher Columbus

________ embarked on a second voyage to the Americas in September of 1493.

Slaves

________ found ways to resist by making themselves less productive by uprooting plants, breaking tools, and working slowly. Thousands also ran away.

Samuel de Champlain

________ founded Quebec, which became the base of France's colonial empire in North America, known as New France.

Christopher Columbus

________ journeyed no longer as an explorer, but as an empire builder.

Slaves

________ lived a grueling existence. Many lived on little food in small, dreary huts.

Priests

________ spoke out against the cruel treatment of natives.

France

________'s North American empire was immense. But it was also sparsely populated.

Ships

_________ filled with treasures from the Americas continually sailed into Spanish harbors.

Spain

_________ moved on from the Caribbean and began to colonize the American mainland.

Muslim

_________ rulers in Africa justified enslavement with the _________ belief that non-_________ prisoners of war could be bought and sold into slavery.

Race

_________ was not always a factor in slavery.

Atahualpa

_________ was the last ruler of the Incan empire in Peru.

Africans

_________ who survived their ocean voyage faced a difficult life in the Americas. Forced to work in a strange land, enslaved _________ coped in a variety of ways.

Spain

_________'s American colonies helped make it the richest, most powerful nation in the world during much of the 16th century.

Spain

_________'s successful colonization efforts in the Americas did not go unnoticed. Other European nations, such as England, France, and the Netherlands, soon became interested in obtaining their own valuable colonies.

Religious

__________ differences also heightened tensions between the English and Native Americans.

Slavery

__________ had existed in societies around the world. People were enslaved in civilizations from Egypt to China to India.

Inflation

__________ occurs when people have more money to spend and thus demand more goods and services.

Disease

__________ was just as much a part of the Columbian Exchange as goods and food.

Africans

__________ were less likely to escape because they did not know their way around the new land.

Ferdinand Magellan

__________'s voyage showed that ships could easily reach Asia by way of the Pacific Ocean.

Hernando Cortes

___________ admitted that he and his comrades had a "disease of the heart that only gold can cure."

Merchants

___________ bought sugar, coffee, and tobacco in the West Indies and sailed to Europe with these products.

Merchants

___________ continued to invest their money in trade and overseas exploration.

Spain

___________ endured a crushing bought of inflation during the 1600s, as boatloads of gold and silver from the Americas greatly increased the nation's money supply.

Ships

___________ from the Americas brought back a wide array of items that Europeans, Asians, and Africans had never seen before.

Grains

___________ introduced to the Americas included wheat, rice, barley, and oats.

African

___________ merchants developed new trade routes to avoid rulers who refused to cooperate.

African

___________ merchants, with the help of local rulers, captured Africans to be enslaved.

Atahualpa

___________ offered the Spaniards to fill a room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his release.

Slavery

___________ probably began with the development of farming about 10,000 years ago.

Potatoes

___________, especially, supplied many essential vitamins and minerals.

Francisco Pizarro

____________ conquered the Incan Empire.

Mercantilism

____________ contributed to the creation of a national identity.

Slavery

____________ had existed in Africa for centuries and was brought to the Americas. In most regions of Africa, it was a relatively minor institution.

Giovanni da Verrazzano

____________ in 1524 sailed to North America in search of a sea route to the Pacific.

Capitalism

____________ is an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources, such as money, for profit.

Fransisco Vasquez de Coronado

______________ found little gold amidst the dry deserts of the Southwest.

Hernando Cortes

______________ marched inland, looking to claim new lands for Spain.

Colonization

______________ resulted in the exchange of new items that greatly influenced the lives of people throughout the world.

Mercantilism

_______________ went hand in hand in colonization, for colonies played a vital role in this new economic practice.

Ferdinand Magellan

________________'s crew, greatly reduced by disease and starvation, continued sailing west toward home.

Fransisco Pizarro

________founded thee city of Lima, Peru's capital, in 1535. He became the governor of Peru and encouraged settlers from Spain.

English

in late 1606, the company's three ships, and more than 100 settlers, pushed out of an _______ harbor.