MRK Ch 8

*T/F* Differences in idiom and the difficulty of exact translation create problems in eliciting the specific information desired and in interpreting the respondents' answers

true

*T/F* In terms of efficiency, local analysts appear able to provide information more rapidly and accurately than a staff research department

true

*T/F* Most problems in collecting primary data in international marketing research stems from cultural differences among countries and range from the inability or unwillingness of respondents to communicate their opinions to inadequacies in questionnaire translation

true

*T/F* In general, the availability and accuracy of recorded secondary data does not change as the level of economic development increases

False In general, the availability and accuracy of recorded secondary data increases as the level of economic development increases

in foreign markets, marketing researchers: a. must often emphasize different kinds of information b. cannot provide organizations with accurate information c. can depend only on external agencies to translate their questionnaires d. must use new and exotic research tools

a. must often emphasize different kinds of information

the process through which a document is repeated, translated from one language to another and back, each time by a different translator, is known as: a. back translation b. parallel translation c. decentering d. deciphering

c. decentering

____ involves countries that have different languages, economies, social structures, behavior, and attitude patterns. a. marketing research b. multicultural analysis c. marketing analysis d. multicultural research

d. multicultural research

____ research is used in international marketing research to formulate and define a problem more clearly and to determine relevant questions to be examined in subsequent research. It is also used to stimulate ad message ideas and where interest centers on gaining an understanding of a market rather than quantifying relevant aspects.

qualitative

the most universal survey research problem in foreign countries is ____

the language barrier

*T/F* Back translations are sometimes inaccurate because both languages may use the same idioms.

true

*T/F* A disadvantage to decentralization of the research function is that control rests in hands closer to the market

*False* An obvious *advantage* to decentralization of the research function is that control rests in hands closer to the market

*T/F* A researcher's self-reference bias can affect the research design and questionnaire design, but rarely affects the interpretation of the data

*false* A researcher's self-reference bias can affect the research design, questionnaire design, and the interpretation of the data

*T/F* A decreasingly important issues related to international marketing research is the decreasing potential for governmental controls on the activity

*false* An *increasingly* important issues related to international marketing research is the increasing potential for governmental controls on the activity. In many countries, consumer privacy issues are being given new scrutiny as the Internet expands companies' capabilities to gather data on consumers' behaviors

*T/F* The challenge facing international marketers over the cross-cultural concerns about privacy has been mitigated somewhat as the Internet continues to grow by making it easier to find and enlist cooperative consumer and customer groups.

*false* As is the case in so many international marketing contexts, privacy is and will continue to be matter of personal and legal considerations. *A vexing challenge facing international marketers will be the cross-cultural concerns about privacy and the enlistment of cooperative consumer and customer.*

*T/F* There has been a trend toward centralization of the research function

*false* there has been a trends toward the *decentralization* of the research function

*T/F* The Internet continues to automate traditional economic roles of customers, such as searching for information about products and services, comparison shopping among alternatives, interacting with service providers, and maintaining the customer-brand relationship.

*true* More and more of these Internet processes look and feel like research processes themselves. The methods are often are often embedded directly into the actual purchase (*embedded research*) and use situations and therefore are more closely tied to actual economic behavior than traditional research methods.

a marketing research study is always a compromise dictated by: a. time b. human elements c. cost d. present state of the art

a. time c. cost d. present state of the art

The adequacy of sampling techniques is also affected by a lack of detailed ____ and ____ information a. ethnic and economic information b. ethnic and social information c. social and economic information d. demographic and economic information

c. social and economic information

*T/F* A country's political stability, cultural attributes, and geographical characteristics are some of the kinds of information ordinarily gathered by domestic research departments

False A country's political stability, cultural attributes, and geographical characteristics are some of the kinds of information *not* ordinarily gathered by domestic research departments, but they are required for sound assessment of foreign markets

*T/F* A comprehensive view of the different approaches to multicountry research suggests that the ideal approach is to have local researchers in each country, with close coordination and networking between the client company and the local research companies.

True

In some cases of multicultural research, the entire research design may have to be varied between countries to maximize the: a. validity of the results b. consistency of the results c. equivalency of the results d. comparability of the results

d. comparability of the results

*T/F* Market researchers should always accept primary data at face value

false

in which aspects of market research should decision makers be involved? o question formulation o cultural exclusion o problem definition o fieldwork

o question formulation o problem definition o fieldwork

*T/F* Networking among companies, even competing ones, through strategic alliances can also be important in the research and development effort

*true* This cooperation is important at all stages of the research project, from research design to data collection to final analysis.

As companies become global marketers and seek to standardize various parts of the marketing mix across several countries, ____ become more important. A company needs to determine to what extent adaptation of the ____ is appropriate. Thus, market characteristics across diverse cultures must be compared for ____ and ____ before a company proceeds with standardization on any aspect of marketing strategy.

As companies become global marketers and seek to standardize various parts of the marketing mix across several countries, *multicultural studies* become more important. A company need to determine to what extent adaptation of the *marketing mix* is appropriate. Thus, market characteristics across diverse cultures must be compared for *similarities* and *differences* before a company proceeds with standardization on any aspect of marketing strategy.

How does the growth of the Internet help international researchers overcome the linguistic barriers they face?

Some companies now provide translation services for questionnaires, including common used phrases such as "rate your satisfaction level." Surveys in multiple languages can be produced quickly, given the translation libraries now available from some application service providers.

after examining internal sources of data, the research process should begin with: a. a definition of the research problem and the establishment of specific research objectives b. considering the costs and benefits of research effort c. determining the sources of information to fulfill research objectives d. identifying problems that need research and determine the value of research effort

a. a definition of the research problem and the establishment of specific research objectives

Which of the following are problems of gathering primary data? a. ability to communicate opinions b. willingness to respond c. sampling in field surveys d. language, literacy, and comprehensions

a. ability to communicate opinions b. willingness to respond c. sampling in field surveys d. language, literacy, and comprehensions

During a research project, two stages of analysis are necessary. At the individual-country level: a. all issues involved in each country must be identified b. the information must be distilled into a format that addresses the client's objectives

a. all issues involved in each country must be identified

Nina, a marketing researcher, has gathered relevant primary and secondary data. Which step should Nina take next? a. analyse, interpret and summarize the results of her research b. define the research problem and establish research objectives c. analyze, interpret, and summarize the results d. consider the costs and benefits of research effort

a. analyse, interpret and summarize the results of her research

Which of the following are problems with secondary data? a. availability of data b. reliability of data c. comparability of data d. the manner in which data are collected and reported e. validity of data

a. availability of data b. reliability of data c. comparability of data d. the manner in which data are collected and reported

which three of the following are *not* typically gathered as part of domestic market research, but are necessary in order to assess a foreign market? a. cultural attributes b. a country's political stability c. industry trends in specific markets d. geographical characteristics

a. cultural attributes b. a country's political stability d. geographical characteristics

Which of the following explain the unwillingness or the inability of many to respond to research surveys? Check all that apply. a. cultural differences b. the role of the male c. the suitability of personal gender-based inquiries d. language barriers

a. cultural differences b. the role of the male c. the suitability of personal gender-based inquiries

Identify an accurate statement about marketing research. a. cultural differences can mean people will be unwilling to response to research questions b. it relies only on primary data gathered specifically at hand and not on secondary data c. marketing researchers must use the self-reference criterion in foreign markets d. it is imperative to use the same research tools in all countries

a. cultural differences can mean people will be unwilling to response to research questions

Place the research process steps in order. a. consider the costs and benefits of the research effort b. analyze, interpret, and summarize the results c. effectively communicate results to decision makers d. define the research problem and establish research objectives e. determine the sources of research information to fulfill the research objectives f. gather the relevant data from primary sources or secondary sources, or both

a. define the research problem and establish research objectives b. determine the sources of research information to fulfill the research objectives c. consider the costs and benefits of the research effort d. gather the relevant data from primary sources or secondary sources, or both e. analyze, interpret, and summarize the results f. effectively communicate results to decision makers

information is the key component in which of the following? Check all that apply. a. developing successful marketing strategies b. identifying potential consumers c.. avoiding major marketing blunders d. promoting efficient exchange systems

a. developing successful marketing strategies c.. avoiding major marketing blunders d. promoting efficient exchange systems

which of the following are problems associated with conducting marketing research in different countries? a. different emphasis on information b. cross-cultural communication c. difficulty in implementing the research process d. limited availability of appropriate research tools e. inability to provide accurate and reliable information

a. different emphasis on information b. cross-cultural communication c. difficulty in implementing the research process d. limited availability of appropriate research tools

Despite limitation, some approaches to demand estimation are usable with minimum information. The success of these approaches relies on the ability of the researcher to find meaningful substitutes or approximations for the needed ____. Check all that apply. a. economic relationships b. cultural relationships c. geographic relationships d. demographic relationships

a. economic relationships c. geographic relationships d. demographic relationships

which of the following are challenges the international marketing researchers face? a. emphases frequently differ on the kinds of information needed b. the limited variety of appropriate tools and techniques available c. language barriers d. the difficulty of implementing the research process

a. emphases frequently differ on the kinds of information needed b. the limited variety of appropriate tools and techniques available d. the difficulty of implementing the research process

For many market estimation problems, particularly in foreign countries that are new to the marketer, the ____ method of forecasting demand is advisable. a. expert opinion b. triangulation c. analogy d. decentering

a. expert opinion

In the ____ method of forecasting demand, experts are polled for their opinions about market size and growth rates. a. expert opinion b. triangulation c. analogy d. decentering

a. expert opinion

when viewed in terms of information needs, what are the 3 types of market research? a. general information about a country, area and/or market b. information necessary to obtain a list of primary and secondary sources c. information necessary to forecast future marketing requirements d. specific market information used to make decisions about the marketing mix

a. general information about a country, area and/or market c. information necessary to forecast future marketing requirements d. specific market information used to make decisions about the marketing mix

Reseaerch can be broken down into 3 types on the basis of information need. Which of the following are one of these 3? a. general information on the country, area, and/or market b. information needed to forecast future marketing requirements by anticipating social, economic, consumer, and industry trends within specific markets or countries c. a country's political stability, cultural attributes, and geographical characteristics d. specific market information to make product, promotion, distribution, and price (aka marketing mix) decisions and to develop marketing plans

a. general information on the country, area, and/or market b. information needed to forecast future marketing requirements by anticipating social, economic, consumer, and industry trends within specific markets or countries d. specific market information to make product, promotion, distribution, and price decisions and to develop marketing plans A country's political stability, cultural attributes, and geographical characteristics are some of the kinds of information not ordinarily gathered by domestic research departments, but they are required for sound assessment of foreign markets

In assessing current product demand and forecasting future demand, reliable ____ are required. a. historical data b. current data c. historical and current data d. relevant data

a. historical data

what are 2 crucial steps in the problem formulation phase? a. isolating the SCR b. defining business objectives c. determining compatibility d. asking the right questions

a. isolating the SRC d. asking the right questions

what is the name for the process by which information is collected, recorded and analyzed so that a company can make informed decisions about its marketing efforts? a. marketing research b. cultural gathering c. multicultural research d. international marketing research

a. marketing researchq

Which of the following are among the 8 different uses for the Internet in international research? check all that apply. a. online survey and buyer panels b. online focus groups and observational research (netnography) c. web visitor tracking and advertising measurement d. customer identification systems and embedded research e. e-mail marketing lists and pop-up advertisements

a. online survey and buyer panels b. online focus groups and observational research (netnography) c. web visitor tracking and advertising measurement d. customer identification systems and embedded research e-mail marketing lists are also included in the 8 Internet uses for international research, but not pop-up ads

In ____, more than two translators are used for the back translations; the results are compared, differences discussed, and the most appropriate translation selected a. parallel translation b. decentering c. back translation d. interpreting

a. parallel translation

A survey of marketing research professionals suggests that the most important influences on the industry are: a. the Internet and globalization b. the Internet and other technology c. globalization and the growth of social media d. the Internet and social media

a. the Internet and globalization New product concepts and advertising copy can be tested over the Internet for immediate feedback. Worldwide consumer panels have been created to help test marketing programs across international samples.

Today the real power of the Internet for international marketing research is: a. the ability to easily access volumes of secondary data b. the ability to easily conduct primary research c. the ability to access translation services for questionnaires and surveys d. the ability to track and analyze users on company websites

a. the ability to easily access volumes of secondary data these data have been available in print form for years, but now they are much easier to access and, in many cases, are more accurate and up-to-date

*When forecasting demand with analogy, first a relationship must be established between ____ and ____ in a country that is to serve as the basis for the analogy.* a. the item to be estimated and a measurable variable b. the item to be estimated a marketing metric to measure *Once a known relationship is established, the estimator attempts to draw an analogy between ____ and ____.* a. the known results and the country in question b. the known situation and the country in question

a. the item to be estimated and a measurable variable b. the known situation and the country in question

The ability to conduct primary research is one of the exciting aspects about the Internet. Which of the following are potential concerns and/or limitations? check all that apply. a. the potential bias of a sample universe composed solely of Internet respondents b. researchers' self-reference bias c. inability of researchers to determine respondents locations d. the firm's ability to to turn data collected into competitive advantages

a. the potential bias of a sample universe composed solely of Internet respondents d. the firm's ability to to turn data collected into competitive advantages

the first, most crucial step in research is more critical in foreign markets because: a. researchers fail to anticipate the influence of local culture on the problem b. an unfamiliar environment tends to cloud problem definitions c. researchers fail to identify the self-reference criterion (SCR), treating the problem definition as if it were in their home environment d. questions asked were more appropriate for domestic market than foreign market

all 4

a broader scope of international marketing research is reflected in Unisys Corporation's planning steps, which call for which of the following types of information? a. economic and demographic b. cultural, sociological, and political climate c. overview of market conditions d. summary of technological environment e. competitive situation

all the above. make more cards off of pg. 233

____ is one of the 8 uses of the Internet in international research. With this, servers track links to other sites, and their usefulness can therefore be asserted. a. embedded research b. advertising measurement c. observational research (netnography) d. web visitor tracking

b. advertising measurement

____ is one of the 8 uses of the Internet in international research. With this, many companies are installing registration procedures that allow them to track visits and purchases over time, creating a "virtual panel." a. online surveys and buyer panels b. customer identification systems c. embedded research d. advertising measurements

b. customer identification systems

____ is a successive process of translation and retranslation of a questionnaire, each time by a different translator. The two English versions are compared, and where there are differences, the original English version is modified and the process is repeated until the message repeated back matches the message originally translated a. parallel translation b. decentering c. back translation d. interpreting

b. decentering

a questionnaire is translated from Spanish to Chinese and then back to Spanish by a different translator. The two Spanish versions are compared, differences are noted, and the original Spanish questionnaire is modified accordingly. This process is repeated, using different translators each time, until there are no differences between the Spanish and the Chinese questionnaires. This scenario exemplifies _____. a. boundary spanning b. decentering c. parallelling d. back translating

b. decentering

identify the types of information collected by Unsys Corporation to make sound assessments of foreign markets. a. review of primary and secondary sources of information available b. economic and demographic information c. review of competitive situation d. summary of technological environment e cultural, sociological, and political information f. overview of market conditions

b. economic and demographic information c. review of competitive situation d. summary of technological environment e cultural, sociological, and political information f. overview of market conditions

other than directly observing the market, how do most companies get their market research? a. from newspaper advertorials b. from trusted research vendors c. from internal marketing research staff d. from advertising firms

b. from trusted research vendors c. from internal marketing research staff

what is one possible downside to decentralization? a. it grants complete control of research to people who are not involved in the market b. large-market studies may dominate marketing decisions c. it makes it impossible to collect or analyze secondary data d. it allows field personnel and resident managers to ignore the diversity of foreign markets

b. large-market studies may dominate marketing decisions

what is one possible downside to decentralizing? a. it allows field personnel and resident managers to ignore the diversity of foreign markets b. large-market studies may dominate marketing decisions c. it makes it impossible to collect or analyze secondary data d. it grants complete control of the research to people who are not involved in the market

b. large-market studies may dominate marketing decisions

In assessing current product demand and forecasting future demand, estimates of ____ must be attempted to plan effectively. a. market demand b. market size c. population salary d. acceptance

b. market size

____ is the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data to provide information useful to marketing decision making a. research b. marketing research c. marketing analysis d. multicultural research

b. marketing research

____ is one of the 8 uses of the Internet in international research. These can include incentives for participation, and they have better "branching" capabilities (asking different questions based on previous answers) than more expensive mail and phone surveys. a. online focus groups b. online survey and buyer panels c. embedded research d. e-mail marketing lists

b. online survey and buyer panels

other problems in foreign research stem from failures to establish ____ a. problem limits narrow enough to focus on all relevant variable b. problem limits broad enough to include all relevant variables c. problem limits narrow enough to include only those variables you think are relevant d. problem limits broad enough to include all market variables

b. problem limits broad enough to include all relevant variables

Caution must be used with analogy because the method assumes that ____ are similar in both countries. a. cultures b. tastes and consumption patterns c. factors other than the variable used d. availability of products and similar prices

b. tastes and consumption patterns *c. factors other than the variable used* d. availability of products and similar prices *because the method assumes that factors other than the variable used are similar in both countries, such as the same tastes, taxes, prices, selling methods, availability of products, or consumption patterns.*

During a research project, two stages of analysis are necessary. At the multicountry level: a. all issues involved in each country must be identified b. the information must be distilled into a format that addresses the client's objectives

b. the information must be distilled into a format that addresses the client's objectives

____ is comparing estimates produced by different sources. This is the key in using expert opinion to help forecast demand a. decentering b. triangulation c. scenario analysis d. back comparison

b. triangulation

the comparison of estimates formulated by different experts in order to predict demand is known as: a. expert opinion b. decentering c. triangulation d. analogy

c. triangulation

In ____, the questionnaire is translated from one language to another, and then a second party translates it back into the original, and the two original language versions are compared. This process often pinpoints misinterpretations and misunderstandings before they reach the public. a. parallel translation b. decentering c. back translation d. interpreting

c. back translation

____ may not always ensure an accurate translation because of commonly used idioms in both languages a. parallel translation b. decentering c. back translation d. interpreting

c. back translation

how can market researchers analyse the social customs, semantics and business customs of a country effectively? a. by using only secondary data b. by ignoring the natives of the target country c. by understanding the culture of the relevant market d. by accepting all information at face value

c. by understanding the culture of the relevant market

An important point to keep in mind when designing research to be applied across cultures is to ensure ____ and ____ of results a. comparability and validity of results b. validity and equivalency of results c. comparability and equivalency of results d. validity and consistency of results

c. comparability and equivalency of results

although the steps in the research process are similar in every country, variations and problems in implication occur because of differences in: a. languages and culture b. political requirements and economic development c. cultural and economic development d. political requirements and cultural differences

c. cultural and economic development

____ is one of the 8 uses of the Internet in international research. The methods are often are often embedded directly into the actual purchase and use situations and therefore are more closely tied to actual economic behavior than traditional research methods. a. online surveys and buyer panels b. customer identification systems c. embedded research d. advertising measurements

c. embedded research

Given the greater uncertainties and data limitations associated with foreign markets, two methods of forecasting demand are particularly suitable for international marketers. These are: a. expert opinion and triangulations b. triangulation and analogy c. export opinion and analogy

c. export opinion and analogy

which of the following is feature of qualitative research? a. it provides marketers with responses that can be presented with precise estimations b. it typically uses questionnaires administered by mail to seek responses c. it uses open-ended questions to seek in-depth responses d. it asks respondents to select an answer from a set of choices

c. it uses open-ended questions to seek in-depth responses

identify an accurate statement about decentralized research management. a. large markets cannot be represented in decisions about global standardization b. communications with home-office executives are always effective c. local analysts assume control of research d. local analysts are unable to provide rapid and accurate information

c. local analysts assume control of research

what are the two stages of analysis market data must undergo? Check all that apply a. classification of data into three levels of elevance b. elimination of any data that does not conform to prior expectations c. organization of data into a form that addresses the client's needs d. identification of issues present in each country

c. organization of data into a form that addresses the client's needs d. identification of issues present in each country

Back translations are sometimes inaccurate because both languages may use the same idioms. this problem can be overcome by using: a. decentering b. back translation c. parallel translation d. triangulation

c. parallel translation

When conducting marketing research in foreign markets, researchers should: a. abandon any research findings that are in conflict with popular opinion b. always use the same research methods in all countries c. use "catch as catch can" methods to obtain data d. ignore the natives and culture of that country

c. use "catch as catch can" methods to obtain data

This method of forecasting demand assumes that demand for a product develops in much the same way in all countries. a. expert opinion b. triangulation c. decentering d. analogy

d. analogy

once the problem is adequately defined and research objectives established, the researcher must: a. determine if other research problems are a bigger priority b. determine the costs and benefits of the research effort c. gather information from primary or secondary sources, or both d. determine the availability of the information needed

d. determine the availability of the information needed

____ is the key component in: 1. developing successful marketing strategies 2. avoiding major marketing blunders 3. promoting efficient exchange systems.

information

how does the lack of detailed social and economic information affect sampling? a. it provides researchers with a basis of comparison for the age distribution in a sample b. it makes it imperative for researchers to use probability techniques c. it makes the use of sampling impossible d. it causes researchers to use convenience samples gathered in public locations

d. it causes researchers to use convenience samples gathered in public locations

When the desired statistics are not available for demand estimation, a close approximation can be made using ____, with adjustments for ____. a. exports and current inventory levels; local production figures plus imports b. imports; exports c. local production figures; current inventory levels d. local production figures plus imports; export and current inventory levels

d. local production figures plus imports; export and current inventory levels These data are more readily available because they are commonly reported by the US and other international agencies. Once approximations for sales trends are established, historical series can be used as the basis for projections for growth.

____ is one of the 8 uses of the Internet in international research. This includes chat rooms, blogs, and personal websites that can all be systematically monitored to assess consumers' opinions about products and services. a. embedded research b. online surveys and buyer panels c. online focus groups d. observational research (netnography)

d. observational research (netnography)

the basic difference between domestic and foreign market research is: a. the narrower scope needed for foreign research, necessitated by higher levels of uncertainty b. the narrower scope needed for foreign research, necessitated by lower levels of uncertainty c. the broader scope needed for foreign research, necessitated by lower levels of uncertainty d. the broader scope needed for foreign research, necessitated by higher levels of uncertainty

d. the broader scope needed for foreign research, necessitated by higher levels of uncertainty

Brix Inc. a European cement manufacturer, decides to enter the Chinese market. It seeks the opinion of three experts to help forecast demand and then compares these estimates. In this case, Brix Inc. is engaging in a process known as: a. expert opinion b. analogy c. decentering d. triangulation

d. triangulation

____ is one of the 8 uses of the Internet in international research. With this, servers automatically track and time visitors' travel through websites a. embedded research b. advertising measurement c. observational research (netnography) d. web visitor tracking

d. web visitor tracking

____ is the systematic gathering, recording, and analyzing of data to provide information useful to marketing decision making; however this involves two additional complications: 1. information must be communicated across cultural boundaries 2. the environments in which research tool are applied are often different in foreign markets

international marketing research

Other than directly observing the market, how do most companies get their market research? Check all that apply. o From trusted research vendors o From advertising firms o From internal marketing research staff o From newspaper advertorials

o From trusted research vendors o From internal marketing research staff

what are the two stages of analysis market data must undergo? o identification of issues present in each country o organization of data into a form that addresses the client's needs o classification of data into three levels of relevance o elimination of any data that does not conform to prior expectations

o identification of issues present in each country o organization of data into a form that addresses the client's needs

Which of the following are disadvantages of decentralized research management? o possible ineffective communications with home-office executives o potential unwarranted dominance of large-market studies in decisions about global standardization o control rests in hands closer to the market

o possible ineffective communications with home-office executives o potential unwarranted dominance of large-market studies in decisions about global standardization

In _____ research, if questions are asked, they are almost always open ended or in-depth, and structured responses, including storytelling, that reflect the person's thoughts and feelings on the subject are sought

qualitative research

____ research is helpful in revealing the impact of sociocultural factors on behavior patterns and in developing research hypotheses that can be tested in subsequent studies designed to quantify the concepts and relevant relationships uncovered in qualitative data collection

qualitative research

____ research seeks to interpret what the people in the sample are like - their outlooks, their feelings, the dynamic interplay of their feelings and ideas, their attitudes and opinions, and their resulting actions.

qualitative research

marketing research can be grouped into was 2 basic types?

quantitative and qualitative research

In ____ research, usually a large number of respondents are asked to reply either verbally or in writing to structured questions using a specific response format (such as yes/no) or to selecting a response from a set of choices.

quantitative research

____ research provides the marketer with responses that can be presented with precise estimations. The structured responses received in a survey can be summarized in percentages, averages, or other statistics.

quantitative research

*T/F* The greatest problem in sampling stems from the lack of adequate demographic data and available lists from which to draw meaningful samples

true If current, reliable lists are not available, sampling becomes more complex and generally less reliable. In many countries, telephone directories, cross-index street directories, census tract and block data, and detailed social and economic characteristics of the population being studied are not available on a current basis, if at all.